Linear no-threshold model (original) (raw)

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Das Linear-No-Threshold-Modell oder Linear-Non-Threshold-Modell (LNT-Modell, deutsch „Linear ohne Schwellenwert“) ist ein Modell, welches im Strahlenschutz zur Anwendung kommt und dazu dient, die Exposition mit radioaktiven Strahlen zu quantifizieren und regulatorische Grenzwerte festzulegen. Da es aufgrund immer vorhandener Hintergrundstrahlung unmöglich ist, eine Kontrollgruppe für entsprechende Experimente zu erstellen, ist das LNT-Modell fundamental unbeweisbar und unwiderlegbar. Es handelt sich dabei um eine Arbeitshypothese auf Basis des Vorsorgeprinzips.

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dbo:abstract Das Linear-No-Threshold-Modell oder Linear-Non-Threshold-Modell (LNT-Modell, deutsch „Linear ohne Schwellenwert“) ist ein Modell, welches im Strahlenschutz zur Anwendung kommt und dazu dient, die Exposition mit radioaktiven Strahlen zu quantifizieren und regulatorische Grenzwerte festzulegen. Da es aufgrund immer vorhandener Hintergrundstrahlung unmöglich ist, eine Kontrollgruppe für entsprechende Experimente zu erstellen, ist das LNT-Modell fundamental unbeweisbar und unwiderlegbar. Es handelt sich dabei um eine Arbeitshypothese auf Basis des Vorsorgeprinzips. (de) El modelo lineal sin umbral, modelo LSU, o MLSU (en inglés LNTM o simplemente LNT) es un modelo científico del daño causado por la radiación ionizante, en particular del aumento de riesgo de cáncer. El modelo, que utiliza los efectos producidos en los supervivientes de Hiroshima y Nagasaki debido a la falta de otros datos, asume que la respuesta biológica a la exposición es lineal, y que la misma relación lineal continúa dándose con dosis muy bajas. Además asume que no existe un umbral de exposición a partir del cual comienzan los efectos. De esta manera, si se calcula que una dosis dada de radiación produce un caso extra de un tipo definido de cáncer por cada mil personas expuestas, el MLSU predice que una milésima de esa dosis causará un caso extra del mismo tipo de cáncer por cada millón de personas expuestas, y que una millonésima de la dosis original produciría un caso extra de ese tipo de cáncer por cada mil millones de personas expuestas. Este modelo lineal fue adoptado por el organismo internacional compuesto por los expertos de mayor renombre en el campo, ICRP, por consenso como herramienta para la protección radiológica de forma que fuera sencillo calcular límites de dosis a las personas.​ (es) The linear no-threshold model (LNT) is a dose-response model used in radiation protection to estimate stochastic health effects such as radiation-induced cancer, genetic mutations and teratogenic effects on the human body due to exposure to ionizing radiation. The model statistically extrapolates effects of radiation from very high doses (where they are observable) into very low doses, where no biological effects may be observed. The LNT model lies at a foundation of a postulate that all exposure to ionizing radiation is harmful, regardless of how low the dose is, and that the effect is cumulative over lifetime. The LNT model is commonly used by regulatory bodies as a basis for formulating public health policies that set regulatory dose limits to protect against the effects of radiation. The model has also been used in the assessment of cancer risks of mutagenic chemicals. The validity of the LNT model, however, is disputed, and three other significant models exist: the threshold model, which assumes that very small exposures are harmless, the radiation hormesis model, which says that radiation at very small doses can be beneficial, and the supra-linear model based on observational data. Whenever the cancer risk is estimated from real data at low doses, and not from extrapolation of observations at high doses, the supra-linear model is verified. It has been argued that the LNT model may have created an irrational fear of radiation. Different organizations take different approaches to the LNT model. For example, the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission and United States Environmental Protection Agency endorse the model, while a number of other bodies deprecate it. One of the organizations for establishing recommendations on radiation protection guidelines internationally, the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) that previously supported the LNT model, no longer supports the model for very low radiation doses. (en) Le modèle linéaire sans seuil (LSS, ou LNT en anglais) est un modèle utilisé en radioprotection pour fixer la limite réglementaire des expositions admissibles. Le modèle se fonde sur le principe que toutes les doses reçues sont équivalentes, indépendamment du débit de dose ou de leur fractionnement. De ce fait, les doses successives reçues dans une année ou au cours d'une vie peuvent être additionnées. Ce modèle conduit naturellement au principe ALARA (As Low As Reasonably Achievable, aussi faible que raisonnablement atteignable), minimisant les doses reçues par un individu. Il conduit également aux applications très contestées de dose collective, où l'effet de très faibles doses d'irradiation sur une grande population est calculé de manière linéaire. Articles principaux : Radioprotection et Irradiation. (fr) Il modello lineare senza soglia, in sigla modello LNT (in inglese linear no-threshold model), è un modello del danno fisiologico sull'organismo causato dalle radiazioni ionizzanti. Il modello LNT presuppone che il danno cresca linearmente (linear) al crescere del livello della dose di radiazione assorbita o della dose equivalente di radiazioni ionizzanti, e che questo valga anche per valori piccoli della dose, perciò non è considerata alcuna (threshold) di esposizione al di sotto della quale la risposta cessi di essere lineare. Dunque, secondo il modello lineare senza soglia, il rischio di contrarre tumore o leucemia cresce linearmente al crescere della dose equivalente già a partire dalla dose equivalente di 2,4 millisievert per anno, che è la media mondiale di dose equivalente assorbita da un essere umano dovuta al fondo di radioattività naturale. Pertanto secondo l'LNT in una popolazione esposta, ad esempio, a 3,4 millisievert per anno il numero di tumori e leucemie registrati epidemiologicamente fra la popolazione dovrebbe essere del 40% superiore alla media mondiale. (it) 低線量被曝問題（ていせんりょうひばくもんだい）とは、実効線量で概ね100〜200mSv以下の低線量の放射線被曝による生物影響に関する問題を言う。日本においては第五福竜丸事件を契機に、1950年代から原水爆実験の死の灰による低線量被曝が大きな社会問題となった。 環境放射能安全研究年次計画において重点的な研究課題として取り上げられたこともあり、その多くの知見は既に公表・出版されている。 (ja) Hipoteza LNT (od ang. Linear No-Threshold) – wprowadzona w 1959 roku przez hipoteza mówiąca, że zagrożenie promieniowaniem o małej dawce jest równe zagrożeniu od dawki dużej pomnożonemu przez stosunek dawek i odpowiednie współczynniki proporcjonalności. (pl) Линейно-квадратическая модель (LQ-модель) и линейно-квадратическое уравнение часто используются в радиобиологии для описания кривых выживаемости и количественной оценки радиационного поражения. Модель описывает выживаемость клеток следующей формулой: -ln(S)= αD + βD2, где S — выживаемость клеток, D — доза излучения. Значения параметров α и β определяются по кривым выживаемости стволовых клеток. Определить величину этих параметров отдельно для клеток в составе ткани невозможно, но возможна оценка отношения α/β при равноэффективных режимах. Отношение α/β измеряется в Гр и численно соответствует дозе, при которой линейная функция, характеризующая гибель клеток αD, эквивалентна квадратичной βD2. Эта модель адекватно описывает реакции клеток на облучение в дозах, не превышающих 5-6 Грей. При более высоких дозах выживаемость клеток лучше описывается другими математическими моделями, например, кубической моделью. (ru)
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dbo:wikiPageExternalLink http://www.icrp.org http://www.iarc.fr http://www.ncrponline.org http://www.hpa.org.uk http://atomicinsights.com/wp-content/uploads/LNT-and-NAS-Environ.-Res.-1.pdf http://www.iaea.org http://www.icru.org http://www.irpa.net http://www.irsn.org http://www.unscear.org http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/5173310.stm https://web.archive.org/web/20060816165702/http:/www.euradcom.org/2003/execsumm.htm https://web.archive.org/web/20060823223437/http:/www.euradcom.org/publications/chernobyleflyer.pdf https://web.archive.org/web/20070517023536/http:/www.physics.ox.ac.uk/nuclearsafety/colloquium%20website.htm http://www.dose-response.org/
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dbp:author Siegel JA (en)
dbp:source Epidemiology Without Biology: False Paradigms, Unfounded Assumptions, and Specious Statistics in Radiation Science (en)
dbp:text The Scientific Committee does not recommend multiplying very low doses by large numbers of individuals to estimate numbers of radiation-induced health effects within a population exposed to incremental doses at levels equivalent to or lower than natural background levels. (en) Epidemiological studies that claim to confirm LNT either neglect experimental and/or observational discoveries at the cellular, tissue, and organismal levels, or mention them only to distort or dismiss them. The appearance of validity in these studies rests on circular reasoning, cherry picking, faulty experimental design, and/or misleading inferences from weak statistical evidence. In contrast, studies based on biological discoveries demonstrate the reality of hormesis: the stimulation of biological responses that defend the organism against damage from environmental agents. Normal metabolic processes are far more damaging than all but the most extreme exposures to radiation. However, evolution has provided all extant plants and animals with defenses that repair such damage or remove the damaged cells, conferring on the organism even greater ability to defend against subsequent damage. (en)
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rdfs:comment Das Linear-No-Threshold-Modell oder Linear-Non-Threshold-Modell (LNT-Modell, deutsch „Linear ohne Schwellenwert“) ist ein Modell, welches im Strahlenschutz zur Anwendung kommt und dazu dient, die Exposition mit radioaktiven Strahlen zu quantifizieren und regulatorische Grenzwerte festzulegen. Da es aufgrund immer vorhandener Hintergrundstrahlung unmöglich ist, eine Kontrollgruppe für entsprechende Experimente zu erstellen, ist das LNT-Modell fundamental unbeweisbar und unwiderlegbar. Es handelt sich dabei um eine Arbeitshypothese auf Basis des Vorsorgeprinzips. (de) 低線量被曝問題（ていせんりょうひばくもんだい）とは、実効線量で概ね100〜200mSv以下の低線量の放射線被曝による生物影響に関する問題を言う。日本においては第五福竜丸事件を契機に、1950年代から原水爆実験の死の灰による低線量被曝が大きな社会問題となった。 環境放射能安全研究年次計画において重点的な研究課題として取り上げられたこともあり、その多くの知見は既に公表・出版されている。 (ja) Hipoteza LNT (od ang. Linear No-Threshold) – wprowadzona w 1959 roku przez hipoteza mówiąca, że zagrożenie promieniowaniem o małej dawce jest równe zagrożeniu od dawki dużej pomnożonemu przez stosunek dawek i odpowiednie współczynniki proporcjonalności. (pl) El modelo lineal sin umbral, modelo LSU, o MLSU (en inglés LNTM o simplemente LNT) es un modelo científico del daño causado por la radiación ionizante, en particular del aumento de riesgo de cáncer. El modelo, que utiliza los efectos producidos en los supervivientes de Hiroshima y Nagasaki debido a la falta de otros datos, asume que la respuesta biológica a la exposición es lineal, y que la misma relación lineal continúa dándose con dosis muy bajas. Además asume que no existe un umbral de exposición a partir del cual comienzan los efectos. (es) The linear no-threshold model (LNT) is a dose-response model used in radiation protection to estimate stochastic health effects such as radiation-induced cancer, genetic mutations and teratogenic effects on the human body due to exposure to ionizing radiation. The model statistically extrapolates effects of radiation from very high doses (where they are observable) into very low doses, where no biological effects may be observed. The LNT model lies at a foundation of a postulate that all exposure to ionizing radiation is harmful, regardless of how low the dose is, and that the effect is cumulative over lifetime. (en) Le modèle linéaire sans seuil (LSS, ou LNT en anglais) est un modèle utilisé en radioprotection pour fixer la limite réglementaire des expositions admissibles. Le modèle se fonde sur le principe que toutes les doses reçues sont équivalentes, indépendamment du débit de dose ou de leur fractionnement. De ce fait, les doses successives reçues dans une année ou au cours d'une vie peuvent être additionnées. Articles principaux : Radioprotection et Irradiation. (fr) Il modello lineare senza soglia, in sigla modello LNT (in inglese linear no-threshold model), è un modello del danno fisiologico sull'organismo causato dalle radiazioni ionizzanti. Il modello LNT presuppone che il danno cresca linearmente (linear) al crescere del livello della dose di radiazione assorbita o della dose equivalente di radiazioni ionizzanti, e che questo valga anche per valori piccoli della dose, perciò non è considerata alcuna (threshold) di esposizione al di sotto della quale la risposta cessi di essere lineare. (it) Линейно-квадратическая модель (LQ-модель) и линейно-квадратическое уравнение часто используются в радиобиологии для описания кривых выживаемости и количественной оценки радиационного поражения. Модель описывает выживаемость клеток следующей формулой: -ln(S)= αD + βD2, где S — выживаемость клеток, D — доза излучения. Эта модель адекватно описывает реакции клеток на облучение в дозах, не превышающих 5-6 Грей. При более высоких дозах выживаемость клеток лучше описывается другими математическими моделями, например, кубической моделью. (ru)
rdfs:label LNT-Modell (de) Modelo lineal sin umbral (es) Modello lineare senza soglia (it) Linéaire sans seuil (fr) Linear no-threshold model (en) 低線量被曝問題 (ja) Hipoteza LNT (pl) Линейно-квадратическая модель (ru)
rdfs:seeAlso dbr:Health_effects_of_sun_exposure
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