Marriage à la façon du pays (original) (raw)
Marriage à la façon du pays ([a la fa.sɔ̃ dy pɛ.i]; "according to the custom of the country") refers to the practice of common-law marriage between European fur traders and Aboriginal or Métis women in the North American fur trade. Canadian historian Sylvia Van Kirk calls these marriages "the basis for a fur trade society". The practice persisted from the early seventeenth century until it fell out of fashion in the late nineteenth century due to increasing pressures of Catholic ideology, growing European populations, and a new generation of more desirable "mixed-breed" daughters who eventually replaced their Native mothers as fur trade wives. Rituals surrounding the marriages were based on a mix of European and Indigenous customs, though predominantly the latter.
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| dbo:abstract | Marriage à la façon du pays ([a la fa.sɔ̃ dy pɛ.i]; "according to the custom of the country") refers to the practice of common-law marriage between European fur traders and Aboriginal or Métis women in the North American fur trade. Canadian historian Sylvia Van Kirk calls these marriages "the basis for a fur trade society". The practice persisted from the early seventeenth century until it fell out of fashion in the late nineteenth century due to increasing pressures of Catholic ideology, growing European populations, and a new generation of more desirable "mixed-breed" daughters who eventually replaced their Native mothers as fur trade wives. Rituals surrounding the marriages were based on a mix of European and Indigenous customs, though predominantly the latter. The presence of women in the "factories" (i.e., trading posts) of what is now Canada had been banned by the Hudson's Bay Company as early as 1683. Intermarriage was common from the start of the fur trade, and by 1739 the Company overturned its ban. The practice was both a social and a political institution, securing trade relations between Europeans and Aboriginals, just as intermarriage between tribes was a political instrument of the Aboriginals themselves. Women played several important roles in the Canadian fur trade. Indigenous women assisted with the survival of the fur traders that overwintered in North America and eventually became responsible for their care. Europeans knew nothing of the vegetation, wildlife, and seasonal rhythms of North America, so they relied heavily on the Indigenous people for their survival. Indigenous women connected the two cultures by being intermediaries. Initially, Indigenous women were encouraged to marry the fur traders as a way of securing economic resources. These marriages came with the expectation that they would secure trade between the woman's relations and the trader, and in times of need, would provide mutual aid. It was also the hope of the woman's family that the trader's generosity would increase after the marriage. The marriages between these two groups led to the creation of the Métis people, who are considered the offspring of the fur trade. For the fur traders, Indigenous women provided intimacy and companionship, as well as playing an economic role in the relationship by producing pemmican and suitable winter clothing for the trader's survival. (en) Mariage à la façon du pays ou « selon la coutume du pays » fait référence à la pratique du mariage en common law entre les commerçants de fourrures européens et autochtones ou femmes métisses dans le (en) . Les rituels qui les entourent étaient fondés sur un mélange de coutumes européennes et autochtones, bien que ces dernières dominent. L'historienne canadienne Sylvia Van Kirk les place à « la base de la société du commerce de la fourrure ». Alors que la présence de femmes dans les comptoirs (c'est-à-dire les postes de vente) de l'actuel Canada avait été interdite par la Compagnie de la Baie d'Hudson dès 1683, les mariages mixtes étaient monnaie courante dès le début du commerce de la fourrure et, en 1739, la Compagnie annula l'interdiction. Cette pratique était à la fois une institution sociale et politique, assurant la sécurité des relations commerciales entre les Européens et les Autochtones, tout comme les mariages entre tribus étaient un instrument politique chez les autochtones. Ces mariages étaient conclus dans l’espoir que le commerce entre les personnes de l'entourage de la femme et du commerçant serait sécurisé et que l’aide serait mutuellement fournie en cas de besoin. La famille de la femme espérait également que la générosité du commerçant augmenterait après le mariage. Les mariages entre ces deux groupes ont pour conséquence la naissance de personnes métisses et leur groupe est considéré comme le produit du commerce de la fourrure . (fr) |
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| rdfs:comment | Marriage à la façon du pays ([a la fa.sɔ̃ dy pɛ.i]; "according to the custom of the country") refers to the practice of common-law marriage between European fur traders and Aboriginal or Métis women in the North American fur trade. Canadian historian Sylvia Van Kirk calls these marriages "the basis for a fur trade society". The practice persisted from the early seventeenth century until it fell out of fashion in the late nineteenth century due to increasing pressures of Catholic ideology, growing European populations, and a new generation of more desirable "mixed-breed" daughters who eventually replaced their Native mothers as fur trade wives. Rituals surrounding the marriages were based on a mix of European and Indigenous customs, though predominantly the latter. (en) Mariage à la façon du pays ou « selon la coutume du pays » fait référence à la pratique du mariage en common law entre les commerçants de fourrures européens et autochtones ou femmes métisses dans le (en) . Les rituels qui les entourent étaient fondés sur un mélange de coutumes européennes et autochtones, bien que ces dernières dominent. L'historienne canadienne Sylvia Van Kirk les place à « la base de la société du commerce de la fourrure ». (fr) |
| rdfs:label | Mariage à la façon du pays (fr) Marriage à la façon du pays (en) |
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