Metox radar detector (original) (raw)
Metox war die Bezeichnung des Funkmessbeobachtungsgeräts Fu MB 1 der Kriegsmarine, häufig geschrieben als FuMB 1. Hergestellt wurde das Gerät von den Pariser Firmen Metox und Grandin. Dieses Radarwarngerät wurde ab 1940 auf Überwassereinheiten und ab August 1942 auf deutschen U-Booten eingesetzt, um damit die von Schiffen, Flugzeugen oder Landstationen emittierten Radarwellen orten zu können. Die Herkunft des Signals (Freund / Feind) konnte nicht bestimmt werden.
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| dbo:abstract | Metox war die Bezeichnung des Funkmessbeobachtungsgeräts Fu MB 1 der Kriegsmarine, häufig geschrieben als FuMB 1. Hergestellt wurde das Gerät von den Pariser Firmen Metox und Grandin. Dieses Radarwarngerät wurde ab 1940 auf Überwassereinheiten und ab August 1942 auf deutschen U-Booten eingesetzt, um damit die von Schiffen, Flugzeugen oder Landstationen emittierten Radarwellen orten zu können. Die Herkunft des Signals (Freund / Feind) konnte nicht bestimmt werden. (de) Durante los años 1942 y 1943, los submarinos alemanes incorporan unos aparatos de detección radioeléctricos denominados "Metox". Sin embargo, pronto se hace evidente que tales aparatos radian energía, lo cual hacía posible su detección por parte de los aviones británicos. (es) Le Métox, appelé ainsi du nom de son fabricant, est l'un des tout premiers détecteurs de radar haute fréquence très sensible construit par une petite entreprise française du Paris sous l’occupation allemande. Cet équipement pouvait détecter les transmissions radars air–sol des patrouilles aériennes alliées. On n'a jamais su si la conception était française, allemande ou les deux. Le Métox était installé sur les sous-marins allemands pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale à partir de 1942. (fr) The R600A Metox, named after its manufacturer, was a pioneering high-frequency radar warning receiver (RWR) manufactured by a small French company in occupied Paris. It was tuned to receive the 1.5-metre (200 MHz) signals used by many British radars of the early and mid-World War II era, notably the ASV Mk. II radar used by RAF Coastal Command to attack U-boats. It is not clear whether the design was German or French or both. It was installed on German U-boats starting in 1942 and used until the end of the war. The system given the official title of FuMB 1 (for Funkmessbeobachtungsgerät, Radio measuring device). From July 1940, the British fitted the RAF Mk II AI (Airborne Interception) radar into Coastal Command aircraft for use as the Mk II "1+1⁄2-metre ASV". The radar's known AI weaknesses — problems due to land clutter and inability to determine height, which caused its failure in night fighters — were no handicap in this new role. With two range scales, 0–9 mi (0–14 km) and 0–36 mi (0–58 km), it could detect surfaced U-boats at up to 12 mi (19 km) and land at up to 70 mi (110 km) away, though a typical U-boat detection range was 5 mi (8 km). The radar had a fairly crude display but was able to give the range and an approximate direction within an arc either side of the aircraft heading. Returns were lost in sea clutter once the aircraft was within about 1 mi (1.6 km) of the U-boat but usually by then, the aircraft was within visual range—and the U-boat was well into a crash dive. Wing Commander Humphry de Verde Leigh developed the Leigh light, a powerful floodlight steered by the ASV radar, allowing aircraft to search for U-boats at night. The U-boat was tracked by the radar with the light switched off, following the radar track. Once the returns were lost, the light would be switched on bathing the U-boat in light. The first successful attack was on the U-502 on 5 July 1942. The sudden light was often the first indication to the U-boat crew that they had been found. The Leigh light was initially very successful, particularly in the Bay of Biscay. Metox was the German answer to the British radar. Metox sets received the transmitted pulses from the ASV and rendered them as audible beeps. It enjoyed the usual advantage of radar detectors over radar in that the signal is direct and only had to travel one way whereas the radar has to detect the very weak reflection from the submarine. Most radars increase the number of pulses and decrease the width of the pulses when switched to a shorter range, the shorter pulse widths allow the radar to look at closer objects. Metox exploited the fact that once the radar operator changed the range indication from 36 miles (58 km) to 9 miles (14 km), the pulse repetition frequency of the radar's transmitter doubled. Radar cannot detect any reflections returned earlier than half a pulse width so when the U-boat was closer than 9 miles (14 km) the operator would change to the shorter scale. If the Metox set started beeping at twice the rate, the U-boat knew that they had been detected. By the time the aircraft was close enough to the U-boat's position to illuminate with the Leigh light, the U-boat was well under the water. As a bonus, the Metox set would also provide warning in excess of visual range in daylight. In December 1942 British codebreakers regained the ability to decipher messages encrypted with naval Enigma machines and the Germans noticed the resulting increase in U-boat sightings. Based on their confidence in the Enigma machine, as well as the testimony of a captured British bomber pilot, the Germans came to the erroneous conclusion that the Allies could detect emissions produced by the Metox itself. The executive officer of U-230, Captain Herbert Werner said of Metox, "Then, on August 3 [1943], we received a message from Headquarters which had a greater impact on our lives than any since the beginning of the Allied offensive. ALL U-BOATS. ATTENTION. ALL U-BOATS. SHUT OFF METOX AT ONCE. ENEMY IS CAPABLE OF INTERCEPTING. KEEP RADIO SILENCE UNTIL FURTHER NOTICE. Metox was eventually countered by a version of the 10-centimetre H2S radar, which Metox could not detect and once again the Leigh light forced U-boat crews to refuse to run surfaced at night. Even during the day the new radar was easily able to detect a submerged U-boat's periscope or snorkel, which earlier radars employing longer wavelengths could not do. Metox was superseded by the Naxos receiver that detected 10-centimetre (3 GHz) wavelength H2S signals but unable to detect the higher, 3-centimetre (10 GHz) frequency of H2X radar developed by the Americans. (en) Metox, atau perangkat pendeteksi radar (bahasa Jermanː Funkmessbeobachtungsgeräts - FuMB) yang dinamakan sesuai nama pabriknya, adalah sebuah perangkat yang mempelopori teknologi pendeteksi radar frekuensi tinggi, yang diproduksi oleh sebuah perusahaan kecil di Prancis pada masa pendudukan Jerman. Alat ini digunakan untuk menerima sinyal 1,5 meter yang digunakan radar Inggris seperti radar ASV Mk. II untuk menyerang U-boat. Tidak begitu jelas apakah alat ini merupakan rancangan Jerman atau Prancis. U-boat Jerman mulai menggunakannya pada 1942 hingga akhir perang. Pada akhirnya Metox mampu ditangkal oleh radar 10 cm (3 GHz) H2S, yang tidak mampu dideteksi oleh Metox. Penggunaan lampu sorot Leigh memaksa kru U-boat untuk tidak naik ke permukaan pada malam hari. Bahkan pada siang hari radar baru ini mampu mendeteksi periskop atau snorkel U-boat yang sedang menyelam, kemampuan yang tidak dimiliki radar sebelumnya. Metox digantikan oleh Naxos yang mampu mendeteksi gelombang 10 cm (3 GHz) dari radar H2S, namun Naxos tidak mampu mendeteksi sinyal pada kisaran 10 GHz dari radar H2X yang dikembangkan Amerika Serikat. (in) Het Kruis van Biskaje, of Métox, was een Duitse radar-detector die gebruikt werd door U-boten vanaf 1942. Het was een geïmproviseerde draadantenne, waarmee door vliegtuigen uitgezonden radarstraling werd opgevangen, nog voordat een piloot de weerkaatsing van die straling kon waarnemen. Een eerste versie van het apparaat kwam als Kruis van Biskaje (Bikaya-Kreuz) bekend te staan omdat U-boten juist in de Golf van Biskaje grote verliezen leden als gevolg van verbeterde Engelse radar. (nl) |
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| rdfs:comment | Metox war die Bezeichnung des Funkmessbeobachtungsgeräts Fu MB 1 der Kriegsmarine, häufig geschrieben als FuMB 1. Hergestellt wurde das Gerät von den Pariser Firmen Metox und Grandin. Dieses Radarwarngerät wurde ab 1940 auf Überwassereinheiten und ab August 1942 auf deutschen U-Booten eingesetzt, um damit die von Schiffen, Flugzeugen oder Landstationen emittierten Radarwellen orten zu können. Die Herkunft des Signals (Freund / Feind) konnte nicht bestimmt werden. (de) Durante los años 1942 y 1943, los submarinos alemanes incorporan unos aparatos de detección radioeléctricos denominados "Metox". Sin embargo, pronto se hace evidente que tales aparatos radian energía, lo cual hacía posible su detección por parte de los aviones británicos. (es) Le Métox, appelé ainsi du nom de son fabricant, est l'un des tout premiers détecteurs de radar haute fréquence très sensible construit par une petite entreprise française du Paris sous l’occupation allemande. Cet équipement pouvait détecter les transmissions radars air–sol des patrouilles aériennes alliées. On n'a jamais su si la conception était française, allemande ou les deux. Le Métox était installé sur les sous-marins allemands pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale à partir de 1942. (fr) Het Kruis van Biskaje, of Métox, was een Duitse radar-detector die gebruikt werd door U-boten vanaf 1942. Het was een geïmproviseerde draadantenne, waarmee door vliegtuigen uitgezonden radarstraling werd opgevangen, nog voordat een piloot de weerkaatsing van die straling kon waarnemen. Een eerste versie van het apparaat kwam als Kruis van Biskaje (Bikaya-Kreuz) bekend te staan omdat U-boten juist in de Golf van Biskaje grote verliezen leden als gevolg van verbeterde Engelse radar. (nl) The R600A Metox, named after its manufacturer, was a pioneering high-frequency radar warning receiver (RWR) manufactured by a small French company in occupied Paris. It was tuned to receive the 1.5-metre (200 MHz) signals used by many British radars of the early and mid-World War II era, notably the ASV Mk. II radar used by RAF Coastal Command to attack U-boats. It is not clear whether the design was German or French or both. It was installed on German U-boats starting in 1942 and used until the end of the war. The system given the official title of FuMB 1 (for Funkmessbeobachtungsgerät, Radio measuring device). (en) Metox, atau perangkat pendeteksi radar (bahasa Jermanː Funkmessbeobachtungsgeräts - FuMB) yang dinamakan sesuai nama pabriknya, adalah sebuah perangkat yang mempelopori teknologi pendeteksi radar frekuensi tinggi, yang diproduksi oleh sebuah perusahaan kecil di Prancis pada masa pendudukan Jerman. Alat ini digunakan untuk menerima sinyal 1,5 meter yang digunakan radar Inggris seperti radar ASV Mk. II untuk menyerang U-boat. Tidak begitu jelas apakah alat ini merupakan rancangan Jerman atau Prancis. U-boat Jerman mulai menggunakannya pada 1942 hingga akhir perang. (in) |
| rdfs:label | Metox (de) Detección del sistema "Metox" de los submarinos alemanes (es) Pendeteksi radar Metox (in) Métox (détecteur radar) (fr) Metox radar detector (en) Kruis van Biskaje (nl) |
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