Muldergate (original) (raw)
Het Muldergate-schandaal of het Informatieschandaal was een Zuid-Afrikaans politiek schandaal waarbij het ministerie van Informatie bij betrokken was. Het schandaal leidde in 1978 en 1979 tot de val van president B.J. Vorster (eerder premier 1966-1978), minister van Informatie - naar wie het schandaal is vernoemd -, diens staatssecretaris (eertijds voorlichter op de Zuid-Afrikaanse ambassade in Den Haag), generaal - hoofd van het Bureau voor Staatsveiligheid (BOSS) en minister van Financiën en later staatspresident (1975-1978) Nico Diederichs
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| dbo:abstract | Die Muldergate-Affäre, auch als Rhoodiegate-Affäre oder Informationsskandal bezeichnet, war eine politische Affäre in Südafrika in der Zeit von 1977 bis 1979, die nach Cornelius Petrus Mulder benannt war, dem damaligen Informationsminister in der Regierung von Premierminister Balthazar Johannes Vorster. Sie resultierte aus dem Bekanntwerden von Versuchen der südafrikanischen Regierung, ab 1973 mit erheblichem finanziellem Aufwand die öffentliche Meinung über die Apartheid im In- und Ausland durch eine Reihe verdeckter Propagandamaßnahmen gezielt zu beeinflussen. Die Affäre, die gelegentlich auch als „Südafrikas Watergate“ bezeichnet wird, beendete in der Nationalen Partei die Karriere von Mulder, der zuvor als einer der aussichtsreichsten Anwärter auf die Nachfolge von Vorster gegolten hatte. Darüber hinaus führte sie zum Aufstieg von Pieter Willem Botha, der 1978 Vorster im Amt des Premierministers ablöste. (de) The Muldergate scandal, also known as the Information Scandal or Infogate, was a South African political scandal involving a secret propaganda campaign conducted by the apartheid Department of Information. It centred on revelations about the Department's use of a multi-million rand secret slush fund, channelled from the defence budget, to fund an ambitious series of projects in publishing, media relations, public relations, lobbying, and diplomacy. Most ambitiously, the fund was used to establish a new pro-government newspaper, the Citizen, and in attempts to purchase both the Rand Daily Mail and the Washington Star. The projects, involving a total amount of at least 72million(over72 million (over 72million(over300 million in 2021 terms), aimed primarily to counter negative perceptions of the South African government in foreign countries, especially in the West. The scandal broke in 1977 and implicated the Prime Minister, B. J. Vorster. Also centrally involved in "Project Annemarie" were Eschel Rhoodie, Secretary of Information; Connie Mulder, Minister of Information, and a rising star in the National Party; and Hendrik van den Bergh, the Head of the Bureau for State Security. A series of internal investigations, inquiries, and media exposés culminated in the resignation in disgrace of all four men. In fact, during the course of the scandal, Vorster resigned twice, first from the Prime Ministership and then from the State Presidency. P. W. Botha, Vorster's successor as Prime Minister, was Minister of Defence throughout Project Annemarie's lifespan and was implicated in facilitating the slush fund, but he was ultimately cleared of all wrongdoing. Rhoodie was prosecuted for fraud and theft, and one other participant, American media magnate John P. McGoff, also faced criminal charges related to the scandal. (en) Le scandale de l'information en Afrique du Sud aboutit en 1978 à la chute du Premier ministre de l'époque John Vorster. Dans les années 1970, Connie Mulder, ministre de l'information de John Vorster, entreprend d'améliorer l'image de l'Afrique du Sud à l'étranger par des moyens modernes. Il tente une politique offensive pour améliorer l'image du gouvernement et de sa politique en tentant de convaincre ou d'acheter des médias occidentaux et divers groupes de pression. Des fonds secrets sont octroyés dans le cadre du « plan Annemarie » par le Département sud-africain de l'Information. Un quotidien pro-gouvernemental en langue anglaise, The Citizen, est lancé ainsi que plusieurs actions de propagande à destination des pays étrangers. Le train de vie excessif de certains intermédiaires dont finit par attirer l'attention, notamment des rivaux de Mulder, tel Pieter Botha. Le scandale éclate en 1977 et aboutit un an plus tard à la démission de Vorster du poste de Premier ministre et oblige ce dernier à accepter, comme échappatoire, le poste honorifique de Président de la République. La commission Erasmus, mise en place par Pieter Botha, démontre en 1979 les manquements de Mulder, notamment les irrégularités financières et les abus de pouvoirs de ses services, obligeant ce dernier à démissionner du gouvernement le 7 novembre 1978, du parlement en janvier 1979 ; Mulder sera enfin exclu du parti national alors que Vorster, éclaboussé par l'affaire, doit abandonner sa nouvelle fonction de Président de la République en juin 1979. En 1980, Pieter Botha, Premier ministre, obtient la démission du chef du (en), Hendrik van der Bergh, dont les services étaient également impliqués dans le scandale. (fr) Lo scandalo dell'Informazione fu un famoso scandalo politico sudafricano. Nella seconda metà degli anni settanta il Sudafrica fu scosso da un grosso scandalo che coinvolse il Dipartimento dell'Informazione, consistente in una presunta appropriazione indebita di fondi pubblici destinati a progetti segreti fra i quali il tentativo di influenzare l'opinione pubblica interna e internazionale a favore del governo dell'apartheid. Esso è ricordato anche come Scandalo Muldergate (dal nome del dott. Connie Mulder, del governo di B.J. Vorster, indicato a succedergli nella carica di Capo del Governo e personaggio principale della vicenda) o Infogate o Rhoodiegate (dal nome di un altro protagonista della vicenda, ). Questa vicenda fece cadere il governo di B.J. Vorster e rovinò la sua carriera politica e quella di molti altri, fra i quali i già menzionati Mulder e Rhoodie. I personaggi chiave della vicenda oltre a Connie Mulder furono: il generale , capo del famigerato Boreau of State Security (BOSS), il già menzionato dott. Eschel Rhoodie, un funzionario di vecchia data del Dipartimento dell'Informazione e già autore del libro The Paper Courtain opera che pose le fondamenta della cosiddetta "Guerra di Propaganda", il dott. Nico Diederichs e l'allora capo del governo, il Primo Ministro John Vorster. Lo Scandalo dell'Informazione costò a tutti loro la carriera politica. Lo scandalo iniziò all'inizio degli anni settanta, quando il Ministro dell'Informazione Connie Mulder tentò di migliorare l'immagine del Sudafrica e del suo governo razzista all'estero attraverso mezzi moderni, cioè cercando di convincere o comprare il consenso dei media occidentali e di diversi gruppi di pressione. Mulder, insieme con il Primo Ministro Vorster e il Segretario del Dipartimento dell'Informazione Eschel Rhoodie prepararono progetti sostenuti da risorse finanziarie pubbliche per combattere una Guerra di Propaganda a favore del governo dell'apartheid. Nel 1973 il Primo Ministro approvò il piano di Mulder di trasferire circa 64 milioni di Rand dal bilancio del Ministero della Difesa da impegnare in una serie di progetti di propaganda. Questo disegno comprendeva l'elargizione di tangenti ad agenzie di stampa internazionali e addirittura l'acquisto del giornale americano . Crediti segreti furono concessi da Vorster a Mulder e Rhoodie. Lo stesso Primo Ministro fu implicato nell'uso segreto di fondi neri destinati alla fondazione e al finanziamento del quotidiano The Citizen, l'unico giornale di una certa rilevanza in lingua inglese favorevole al governo e al National Party così come fu coinvolto in altre attività di propaganda destinate all'estero. Ma il tenore di vita esageratamente alto di alcuni personaggi come Eschel Rhoodie finì per attirare l'attenzione in particolare dei rivali di Mulder, fra i quali c'era il Ministro della Difesa Pieter Willem Botha. Lo scandalo scoppiò nel 1978, obbligando Vorster a dimettersi e ad accettare, come scappatoia, la carica onorifica di Presidente Statale del Sudafrica. Ma una commissione d'inchiesta istituita poco dopo, la Commissione Erasmus, accertò, nel 1979, le malversazioni di Vorster, concludendo, nella relazione finale che il Primo Ministro sapeva tutto riguardo a tale caso di corruzione e aveva tollerato tutto: a giugno dello stesso anno Vorster fu costretto a dimettersi in disgrazia anche dalla carica di Capo dello Stato. Sempre nel 1979 Connie Mulder fu costretto a dimettersi da Ministro dell'Informazione ma anche da parlamentare e da membro del National Party. (it) Het Muldergate-schandaal of het Informatieschandaal was een Zuid-Afrikaans politiek schandaal waarbij het ministerie van Informatie bij betrokken was. Het schandaal leidde in 1978 en 1979 tot de val van president B.J. Vorster (eerder premier 1966-1978), minister van Informatie - naar wie het schandaal is vernoemd -, diens staatssecretaris (eertijds voorlichter op de Zuid-Afrikaanse ambassade in Den Haag), generaal - hoofd van het Bureau voor Staatsveiligheid (BOSS) en minister van Financiën en later staatspresident (1975-1978) Nico Diederichs (nl) Afera Muldera (ang. Muldergate scandal, Information Scandal) – południowoafrykańska afera polityczna z drugiej połowy lat 70. XX wieku. W aferę zamieszani byli premier (i późniejszy prezydent RPA) Balthazar Vorster, i sekretarz ministerstwa informacji , którzy zamierzali wykorzystać środki rządowe do zagranicznej akcji propagandowej popierającej politykę apartheidu. W 1973 roku Vorster zaakceptował plan Muldera, dotyczący przeznaczenia 64 milionów randów na projekty propagandowe, w tym łapówki dla światowych agencji prasowych i zakup gazety . Vorster był także zamieszany w przeznaczenie rządowych pieniędzy na założenie gazety The Citizen, której zadaniem było popieranie linii Partii Narodowej. W połowie 1979 roku specjalna komisja uznała, że Vorster miał pełną wiedzę o nielegalnych operacjach i akceptował je. W efekcie skandalu musiał on ustąpić z funkcji prezydenta Republiki Południowej Afryki. (pl) |
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| dbp:quote | I have no pangs of conscience about the entire matter because everything I have done I did in the conviction that I was serving my country, South Africa, in the best way. (en) [T]he Department of Information has, for years, been asked by the government to undertake sensitive and even highly secret operations as counteraction to the propaganda war being waged against South Africa. (en) |
| dbp:source | – Minister Connie Mulder, upon his resignation from Cabinet (en) – Secretary of Information Eschel Rhoodie in May 1978 (en) |
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| rdfs:comment | Het Muldergate-schandaal of het Informatieschandaal was een Zuid-Afrikaans politiek schandaal waarbij het ministerie van Informatie bij betrokken was. Het schandaal leidde in 1978 en 1979 tot de val van president B.J. Vorster (eerder premier 1966-1978), minister van Informatie - naar wie het schandaal is vernoemd -, diens staatssecretaris (eertijds voorlichter op de Zuid-Afrikaanse ambassade in Den Haag), generaal - hoofd van het Bureau voor Staatsveiligheid (BOSS) en minister van Financiën en later staatspresident (1975-1978) Nico Diederichs (nl) Die Muldergate-Affäre, auch als Rhoodiegate-Affäre oder Informationsskandal bezeichnet, war eine politische Affäre in Südafrika in der Zeit von 1977 bis 1979, die nach Cornelius Petrus Mulder benannt war, dem damaligen Informationsminister in der Regierung von Premierminister Balthazar Johannes Vorster. Sie resultierte aus dem Bekanntwerden von Versuchen der südafrikanischen Regierung, ab 1973 mit erheblichem finanziellem Aufwand die öffentliche Meinung über die Apartheid im In- und Ausland durch eine Reihe verdeckter Propagandamaßnahmen gezielt zu beeinflussen. Die Affäre, die gelegentlich auch als „Südafrikas Watergate“ bezeichnet wird, beendete in der Nationalen Partei die Karriere von Mulder, der zuvor als einer der aussichtsreichsten Anwärter auf die Nachfolge von Vorster gegolten hat (de) The Muldergate scandal, also known as the Information Scandal or Infogate, was a South African political scandal involving a secret propaganda campaign conducted by the apartheid Department of Information. It centred on revelations about the Department's use of a multi-million rand secret slush fund, channelled from the defence budget, to fund an ambitious series of projects in publishing, media relations, public relations, lobbying, and diplomacy. Most ambitiously, the fund was used to establish a new pro-government newspaper, the Citizen, and in attempts to purchase both the Rand Daily Mail and the Washington Star. The projects, involving a total amount of at least 72million(over72 million (over 72million(over300 million in 2021 terms), aimed primarily to counter negative perceptions of the South African governme (en) Le scandale de l'information en Afrique du Sud aboutit en 1978 à la chute du Premier ministre de l'époque John Vorster. Dans les années 1970, Connie Mulder, ministre de l'information de John Vorster, entreprend d'améliorer l'image de l'Afrique du Sud à l'étranger par des moyens modernes. Il tente une politique offensive pour améliorer l'image du gouvernement et de sa politique en tentant de convaincre ou d'acheter des médias occidentaux et divers groupes de pression. (fr) Lo scandalo dell'Informazione fu un famoso scandalo politico sudafricano. Nella seconda metà degli anni settanta il Sudafrica fu scosso da un grosso scandalo che coinvolse il Dipartimento dell'Informazione, consistente in una presunta appropriazione indebita di fondi pubblici destinati a progetti segreti fra i quali il tentativo di influenzare l'opinione pubblica interna e internazionale a favore del governo dell'apartheid. (it) Afera Muldera (ang. Muldergate scandal, Information Scandal) – południowoafrykańska afera polityczna z drugiej połowy lat 70. XX wieku. W aferę zamieszani byli premier (i późniejszy prezydent RPA) Balthazar Vorster, i sekretarz ministerstwa informacji , którzy zamierzali wykorzystać środki rządowe do zagranicznej akcji propagandowej popierającej politykę apartheidu. W 1973 roku Vorster zaakceptował plan Muldera, dotyczący przeznaczenia 64 milionów randów na projekty propagandowe, w tym łapówki dla światowych agencji prasowych i zakup gazety . (pl) |
| rdfs:label | Muldergate-Affäre (de) Scandale de l'information (fr) Scandalo dell'Informazione (it) Muldergate (en) Muldergate-schandaal (nl) Afera Muldera (pl) |
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