NEPman (original) (raw)
Als Nepmann (Plural russisch Нэпманы – Nepmany) wurden Geschäftemacher während der Neuen Ökonomischen Politik (russische Abkürzung NEP, 1921–1928) in der Sowjetunion bezeichnet. Da die staatlichen Betriebe den Güterbedarf nicht decken konnten, wurden private Händler toleriert. Viele von ihnen kamen durch den Handel mit knappen Waren zu Wohlstand. Am 11. Oktober 1931 endete die Zeit der Nepmänner mit dem vollständigen Verbot des privaten Handels durch Stalin.
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| dbo:abstract | Als Nepmann (Plural russisch Нэпманы – Nepmany) wurden Geschäftemacher während der Neuen Ökonomischen Politik (russische Abkürzung NEP, 1921–1928) in der Sowjetunion bezeichnet. Da die staatlichen Betriebe den Güterbedarf nicht decken konnten, wurden private Händler toleriert. Viele von ihnen kamen durch den Handel mit knappen Waren zu Wohlstand. Am 11. Oktober 1931 endete die Zeit der Nepmänner mit dem vollständigen Verbot des privaten Handels durch Stalin. (de) NEPpeople (Russian: Нэпманы, romanized: Nepmani) were businesspeople in the early Soviet Union, who took advantage of the opportunities for private trade and small-scale manufacturing provided under the New Economic Policy (NEP, 1921-1928). The famine of 1921–1922 epitomized the adverse effects of war communism, and to mitigate those effects, Vladimir Lenin instituted the NEP, which encouraged private buying and selling, with people even being encouraged to "enrich yourselves", as one Bolshevik leader, Nikolai Bukharin, put it. However, many Bolsheviks saw the policy as "a step backwards". That included Lenin himself, who defended the measure as "taking one step backward to take two steps forward later on". The biggest group of the 3 million or so NEPmen were engaged in handicrafts in the countryside, but those who traded or ran small businesses in the cities faced the most negative attitudes, especially because some amassed considerable fortunes. One of the main objectives of the Communist Party was to promote socialism, and the capitalist behavior of the NEPmen challenged that goal. However, given the economic benefits that NEPmen provided, the government allowed their existence. As they gained a better standard of living compared to their poor, working class counterparts, NEPmen became reviled, and stereotyped as greedy. Among ordinary folk, traditional hatred of profiteers found focus in the NEPmen, some of it acquiring an antisemitic tinge. That was reinforced by the official media representation of NEPmen as vulgar nouveaux riches. As Joseph Stalin consolidated his power, he moved aggressively to end the NEP and to put NEPmen out of business, eventually abolishing private commerce in 1931. (en) NEPmen (bahasa Rusia: Нэпманы, Nepmani) adalah pengusaha di Uni Soviet yang mengambil laju kesempatan untuk perdagangan swasta dan penghasilan skala kecil di bawah Kebijakan Ekonomi Baru (1921-1928). KEB mewakili tanggapan untuk melawan ratio menurun di USSR pada awal 1920an di bawah kebijakan komunisme perang Lenin. (in) NEPman (Plural: NEPmen, em russo: Нэпманы) é uma palavra de origem russa criada com a união das palavras NEP (Nova Política Econômica) e a palavra inglesa men (plural de "homem") para se referir aos homens de negócio da Nova Política Econômica. Os NEPs foram uma resposta às revoltas contra parcas rações na URSS durante o início da década de 1920 no âmbito da política de Lênin de comunismo de guerra, Vladimir Lenin reagiu, instituindo a NEP, que incentivou até mesmo a compra e a venda privadas. Na parte inferior da categoria "nepman", os judeus compunham 40 por cento de todos os artesãos soviéticos (35 por cento dos alfaiates de Leningrado, por exemplo); no topo, eles constituíam 33 por cento dos mais ricos empresários Moscovo. (pt) Нэ́пманы (совбу́ры — советские буржуа) — разговорное название предпринимателей в Советской России и СССР в период НЭПа (1921—1931). Как указывала театровед Елизавета Уварова, собственно слово «нэпман» впервые прозвучало в эстрадном обозрении «Олимпийцы в Москве» (автор — фельетонист Р. Меч (Менделевич)) петроградского театра миниатюр «Коробочка» и сразу вошло в обиход.. Допускалось только мелкое предпринимательство. Нэпманы, согласно Конституции РСФСР 1918 года и Конституции РСФСР 1925 года, были лишены избирательных прав как «нетрудовые элементы». Со второй половины 1926 года началось осуществление политики по вытеснению частного сектора в экономике, прежде всего путём резкого увеличения налогов. 11 октября 1931 года было принято постановление о полном запрете частной торговли в СССР. К началу 1930-х годов в СССР частные предприниматели как социальная группа перестали существовать, бывшие нэпманы, продолжавшие вести предпринимательскую деятельность, подвергались репрессиям. (ru) |
| dbo:thumbnail | wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/1931._Китайгородская_стена.jpg?width=300 |
| dbo:wikiPageID | 9678047 (xsd:integer) |
| dbo:wikiPageLength | 10098 (xsd:nonNegativeInteger) |
| dbo:wikiPageRevisionID | 1123763619 (xsd:integer) |
| dbo:wikiPageWikiLink | dbr:Capitalist dbr:New_Economic_Policy dbc:1920s_in_the_Soviet_Union dbr:Bolshevik dbr:Joseph_Stalin dbr:Vladimir_Lenin dbc:Soviet_phraseology dbr:Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union dbr:Russian_famine_of_1921–22 dbr:Small_business dbr:Antisemitism dbr:Leon_Trotsky dbr:Kulak dbc:Economy_of_the_Soviet_Union dbr:Businesspeople dbr:Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union dbr:War_Communism dbr:File:Graph_of_Soviet_National_Income_Growth.png dbr:Five-year_plans_for_the_national_economy_of_the_Soviet_Union dbr:Nikolai_Bukharin dbr:Nouveau_riche dbr:Capitalism dbr:Grigory_Zinoviev dbc:Russian_population_groups dbr:Trade dbr:Mark_D._Steinberg dbr:Socialism dbr:Socialist dbr:Soviet_Union dbr:October_Revolution dbr:New_Russians dbr:New_Soviet_man dbr:Nicholas_V._Riasanovsky dbr:Standard_of_living dbr:File:1931._Китайгородская_стена.jpg dbr:File:Russia,_ca._1920_LCCN2001703852.jpg dbr:File:Делец,_Гримасы_НЭПа,_1922.jpg |
| dbp:wikiPageUsesTemplate | dbt:Ill dbt:Reflist dbt:Short_description |
| dcterms:subject | dbc:1920s_in_the_Soviet_Union dbc:Soviet_phraseology dbc:Economy_of_the_Soviet_Union dbc:Russian_population_groups |
| gold:hypernym | dbr:Businesspeople |
| rdf:type | dbo:Person yago:WikicatRussianPopulationGroups yago:Abstraction100002137 yago:Group100031264 |
| rdfs:comment | Als Nepmann (Plural russisch Нэпманы – Nepmany) wurden Geschäftemacher während der Neuen Ökonomischen Politik (russische Abkürzung NEP, 1921–1928) in der Sowjetunion bezeichnet. Da die staatlichen Betriebe den Güterbedarf nicht decken konnten, wurden private Händler toleriert. Viele von ihnen kamen durch den Handel mit knappen Waren zu Wohlstand. Am 11. Oktober 1931 endete die Zeit der Nepmänner mit dem vollständigen Verbot des privaten Handels durch Stalin. (de) NEPmen (bahasa Rusia: Нэпманы, Nepmani) adalah pengusaha di Uni Soviet yang mengambil laju kesempatan untuk perdagangan swasta dan penghasilan skala kecil di bawah Kebijakan Ekonomi Baru (1921-1928). KEB mewakili tanggapan untuk melawan ratio menurun di USSR pada awal 1920an di bawah kebijakan komunisme perang Lenin. (in) NEPpeople (Russian: Нэпманы, romanized: Nepmani) were businesspeople in the early Soviet Union, who took advantage of the opportunities for private trade and small-scale manufacturing provided under the New Economic Policy (NEP, 1921-1928). The famine of 1921–1922 epitomized the adverse effects of war communism, and to mitigate those effects, Vladimir Lenin instituted the NEP, which encouraged private buying and selling, with people even being encouraged to "enrich yourselves", as one Bolshevik leader, Nikolai Bukharin, put it. However, many Bolsheviks saw the policy as "a step backwards". That included Lenin himself, who defended the measure as "taking one step backward to take two steps forward later on". (en) NEPman (Plural: NEPmen, em russo: Нэпманы) é uma palavra de origem russa criada com a união das palavras NEP (Nova Política Econômica) e a palavra inglesa men (plural de "homem") para se referir aos homens de negócio da Nova Política Econômica. Os NEPs foram uma resposta às revoltas contra parcas rações na URSS durante o início da década de 1920 no âmbito da política de Lênin de comunismo de guerra, Vladimir Lenin reagiu, instituindo a NEP, que incentivou até mesmo a compra e a venda privadas. (pt) Нэ́пманы (совбу́ры — советские буржуа) — разговорное название предпринимателей в Советской России и СССР в период НЭПа (1921—1931). Как указывала театровед Елизавета Уварова, собственно слово «нэпман» впервые прозвучало в эстрадном обозрении «Олимпийцы в Москве» (автор — фельетонист Р. Меч (Менделевич)) петроградского театра миниатюр «Коробочка» и сразу вошло в обиход.. Допускалось только мелкое предпринимательство. Нэпманы, согласно Конституции РСФСР 1918 года и Конституции РСФСР 1925 года, были лишены избирательных прав как «нетрудовые элементы». (ru) |
| rdfs:label | Nepmann (de) Nepmen (in) NEPman (en) NEPman (pt) Нэпманы (ru) |
| owl:sameAs | freebase:NEPman yago-res:NEPman wikidata:NEPman dbpedia-de:NEPman dbpedia-hr:NEPman dbpedia-id:NEPman dbpedia-pt:NEPman dbpedia-ru:NEPman dbpedia-sh:NEPman https://global.dbpedia.org/id/41Fb2 |
| prov:wasDerivedFrom | wikipedia-en:NEPman?oldid=1123763619&ns=0 |
| foaf:depiction | wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/1931._Китайгородская_стена.jpg wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Graph_of_Soviet_National_Income_Growth.png wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Russia,_ca._1920_LCCN2001703852.jpg wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Делец,_Гримасы_НЭПа,_1922.jpg |
| foaf:isPrimaryTopicOf | wikipedia-en:NEPman |
| is dbo:wikiPageRedirects of | dbr:Nepmen dbr:NEPmen |
| is dbo:wikiPageWikiLink of | dbr:Rolan_Bykov dbr:New_Economic_Policy dbr:Beryozka_(Russian_retail_store) dbr:Right_Opposition dbr:The_Adventures_of_Oktyabrina dbr:Left_Opposition dbr:Leonid_Trauberg dbr:Likbez dbr:Tanya_(1940_film) dbr:Nina_Lugovskaya dbr:Grigori_Kozintsev dbr:Tatyana_Barysheva dbr:Social_entrepreneurship_in_Russia dbr:Blue_Blouse dbr:Komsomol dbr:New_Russians dbr:Three_Friends_and_an_Invention dbr:Rise_of_Joseph_Stalin dbr:Yudl_Yoffe dbr:Nepmen dbr:NEPmen |
| is foaf:primaryTopic of | wikipedia-en:NEPman |
