Neuromodulation (original) (raw)
Le mot neuromodulation a un sens différent en neuroscience et en médecine.
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| dbo:abstract | Neuromodulació és el procés fisiològic pel qual una neurona determinada usa un o més d'un neurotransmissors per a regular diverses poblacions de neurones. Això és en contrast amb la clàssica transmissió sinàptica, en la qual una nerurona presinàptica directament influeix un sola neurona associada postsinàptica. Els neuromoduladors secretats per un petit grup de neurones es difonen a través de grans zones del sistema nerviós i afecten moltes neurones. Els principals neuromoduladors en el sistema nerviós central inclouen la dopamina, la serotonina, l'acetilcolina, la histamina, i la norepinefrina. Alguns neurotransmissors són considerats també neuromoduladors. Eks neuromoduladors poden alterar la resposta de sortida del sistema fisiològic actuant sobre els inputs associats (per exemple, generador del patró central). Tanmateix. es considera que això només és insuficient, perquè la transformació neuromuscular des de l'input neuronal a l'output muscular pot ser afectat per rangs particulars de l'input. (ca) التعديل العصبي هو عملية فسيولوجية يقوم فيها عصبون ما باستخدام واحدة أو أكثر من المواد الكيميائية في الوسط المحيط من أجل ضبط عمل مجموعة متعددة من العصبونات الأخرى. تسمى المواد الكيميائية المستخدمة في هذه العملية المُعَدِّلات العصبية. تقوم المعدِّلات العصبية نمطياً بالارتباط بمستقبلات مقترنة بالبروتين G (ميتابوتروبية) من أجل الحث على تأشير سلسلة رسائل متتالية من الإشارات، والتي تعطي بمجموعها إشارة مستديمة، قد يمتد طولها من مئات الميلي ثانية إلى عدة دقائق. تتضمن الآثار الناتجة عن التعديل العصبي كل من الظواهر التالية على سبيل المثال: ضبط التيارات الكهربائية العصبية المعتمدة على الجهد الكهربائي؛ وتغيير نجاعة التشابك العصبي وزيادة نشاط الاندفاع؛ وإعادة تشكيل الاتصالية المشبكية. إن أغلب المعدلات العصبية الرئيسية في الجهاز العصبي المركزي هي الدوبامين والسيروتونين والأسيتيل كولين والهستامين والنورإبينفرين؛ بالإضافة إلى العديد من الببتيدات العصبية. تتعبأ المعدلات العصبية داخل حويصلات وتتحرر من العصبونات وتفرَز على شكل هرمونات إلى أن تصل وجهتها عبر النقل بواسطة جهاز الدوران. ينتهي المطاف ببعض المعدلات العصبية أحياناً بأن تقضي وقتاً معتبراً في السائل الدماغي الشوكي مما يؤثر على (أو يعدل) من نشاط وفعالية العديد من العصبونات الأخرى داخل الدماغ. (ar) Neuromodulace je fyziologický proces, při kterém daný neuron používá jednu nebo více chemických látek na regulaci různých populací neuronů. Naproti tomu synaptický přenos je takový přenos, v němž se na axonálním zakočení vylučují neurotransmitery k rychle reagujícím receptorům jediného konkrétního neuronu. Neuromodulátory jsou neurotransmitery, které difundují přes nervové tkáně, ovlivňují pomalu působící receptory mnoha neuronů. Hlavními neuromodulátory CNS jsou dopamin, serotonin, acetylcholin, histamin, a noradrenalin. Obecně mají modulační účinky na cílové oblasti a ovlivňují tak mj. vznik akčních potenciálů v buňkách (po kvalitativní i kvantitativní stránce), např. rychlost tvorby vzruchu v buňce, trvání, rychlost šíření aj. Neuromodulátor může být koncipován jako neurotransmiter, který se znovu nevstřebává do presynaptického neuronu nebo rozpadá na metabolity. Neuromodulátory se také vyskytují v mozkomíšním moku a ovlivňují činnost dalších neuronů. Proto lze některé neurotransmitery považovat také za neuromodulátory (např. serotonin či acetylcholin). Neuromodulace je rozdílná ve srovnání s "obvyklým" synaptickým přenosem. V obou případech mediátor působí na místní postsynaptické receptory, ovšem zatímco u neuromodulace jde obvykle o receptory spřažené s G proteinem, u tvorby vzruchu jsou zapojeny typicky [Ionotropní receptor|ligandem řízené iontové kanály]]. Neurotransmise zahrnující metabotropní receptory či napětím řízené iontové je poměrně pomalá. Naopak přenos vzruchů, který zahrnuje výhradně ligandem řízené iontové kanály, je mnohem rychlejší. (cs) Neuromodulatoren sind chemische Substanzen, die die Arbeitsweise des Nervensystems beeinflussen. Sie können vom Körper selbst produziert werden und sind für die normale, physiologische Arbeitsweise des Gehirns unverzichtbar. Neuromodulatoren sind aber auch zahlreiche pharmakologisch aktive Substanzen, die dem Körper von außen zugeführt werden und als Medikamente oder Drogen wirken.Diesen Substanzen übergeordnet ist die Synapse – eine anatomische Struktur, die die Neuromodulation erst ermöglicht. Hier werden elektrische Impulse, sog. Aktionspotentiale, in eine chemische Signalübertragung umgewandelt. Neuromodulatorische Stoffe sind: (de) Le mot neuromodulation a un sens différent en neuroscience et en médecine. (fr) Neuromodulation is the physiological process by which a given neuron uses one or more chemicals to regulate diverse populations of neurons. Neuromodulators typically bind to metabotropic, G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) to initiate a second messenger signaling cascade that induces a broad, long-lasting signal. This modulation can last for hundreds of milliseconds to several minutes. Some of the effects of neuromodulators include: alter intrinsic firing activity, increase or decrease voltage-dependent currents, alter synaptic efficacy, increase bursting activity and reconfiguration of synaptic connectivity. Major neuromodulators in the central nervous system include: dopamine, serotonin, acetylcholine, histamine, norepinephrine, nitric oxide, and several neuropeptides. Cannabinoids can also be powerful CNS neuromodulators. Neuromodulators can be packaged into vesicles and released by neurons, secreted as hormones and delivered through the circulatory system. A neuromodulator can be conceptualized as a neurotransmitter that is not reabsorbed by the pre-synaptic neuron or broken down into a metabolite. Some neuromodulators end up spending a significant amount of time in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), influencing (or "modulating") the activity of several other neurons in the brain. (en) Un neuromodulatore è una sostanza naturalmente secreta dal cervello, che agisce come neurotrasmettitore modulando l'attività della cellula nervosa, tranne per il fatto che la sua azione non è locale (come nel caso dei neurotrasmettitori), cioè limitata alla fessura sinaptica, ma ha un'azione più estesa, diffondendosi in tutto il fluido extracellulare circostante, modificando così l'azione dei neurotrasmettitori. L'azione globale dei neuromodulatori fa sì che essi possano interessare vari circuiti neuronali, mettendoli in relazione fra loro. Tra i principali neurotrasmettitori che svolgono pure azione di neuromodulazione vi sono l'acetilcolina, la dopamina, la noradrenalina, la dimetiltriptamina e la serotonina. (it) 신경조절물질(神經調節物質, 영어: neuromodulator)은 시냅스후 뉴런의 막에서 이온 투과에 의한 전도도를 직접적으로 변화시키지 않고 신경전달물질의 작용 강약이나 지속 시간을 조절하는 물질이다. 주어진 뉴런이 하나 이상의 화학 물질을 사용하여 다양한 뉴런 집단을 조절하는 생리학적 과정은 신경조절과정(神經調節過程, 영어: neuromodulation)이라 한다. 신경조절물질은 전형적으로 대사성, G-단백질 결합 수용체에 결합하여 광범위하고 오래 지속되는 신호를 유도하는 2차 전령 신호전달 캐스케이드를 개시한다. 이 변조는 수백 밀리 초에서 몇 분 동안 지속될 수 있다. 신경조절물질의 효과 중 일부는 다음과 같다. * 내장 점화 활동 변경 * 전압 의존 전류 증가 또는 감소 * 시냅스 효능 변경 * 파열 활동 증가 및 시냅스 연결의 재구성 등 한편 신경조절물질은 신경전달물질과는 다르게 신경보호물질 또는 신경조정물질로 언급하는 경우도 있다. (ko) Neuromodulatie is een proces waarbij neurofysiologische signalen actief geïnitieerd of beïnvloed worden met als doel de functie en werking van het zenuwstelsel te beïnvloeden. Neuromodulatie kan gebruikt worden om therapeutische effecten te bereiken, waarbij een verloren gegane functie wordt hersteld. (nl) Neuromodulação (português brasileiro) ou Neuromodelação (português europeu) é um processo que influencia a sinapse neuronal para deixando-a mais rápida e eficiente. Esse efeito é realizado pelos neuromoduladores (português brasileiro) ou neuromodeladores (português europeu), que são substâncias liberadas nas fendas pré-sinápticas e que atuam em receptores pós-sinápticos, porém gerando efeitos mais lentos e discretos do que aqueles gerados pelos neurotransmissores. (pt) 神經調節 (Neuromodulation)是一種神經傳導過程。在此過程中，一個特定神經元使用一個或多個神經傳導物質來控制一系列神經元。被一小群神經元覆蓋住的神經調解質會在神經系統中大範圍得被釋放出來，進而影響到許多的神經元。在中樞神經系統中，主要的神經調節質包括多巴胺、血清素、乙醯膽鹼、組織胺、去甲基腎上腺素。此定義與傳統過程相反。傳統突觸傳導描述神經傳導過程為一個突觸前神經元直接影響另一個突觸後神經元。 (zh) |
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| rdfs:comment | Le mot neuromodulation a un sens différent en neuroscience et en médecine. (fr) 신경조절물질(神經調節物質, 영어: neuromodulator)은 시냅스후 뉴런의 막에서 이온 투과에 의한 전도도를 직접적으로 변화시키지 않고 신경전달물질의 작용 강약이나 지속 시간을 조절하는 물질이다. 주어진 뉴런이 하나 이상의 화학 물질을 사용하여 다양한 뉴런 집단을 조절하는 생리학적 과정은 신경조절과정(神經調節過程, 영어: neuromodulation)이라 한다. 신경조절물질은 전형적으로 대사성, G-단백질 결합 수용체에 결합하여 광범위하고 오래 지속되는 신호를 유도하는 2차 전령 신호전달 캐스케이드를 개시한다. 이 변조는 수백 밀리 초에서 몇 분 동안 지속될 수 있다. 신경조절물질의 효과 중 일부는 다음과 같다. * 내장 점화 활동 변경 * 전압 의존 전류 증가 또는 감소 * 시냅스 효능 변경 * 파열 활동 증가 및 시냅스 연결의 재구성 등 한편 신경조절물질은 신경전달물질과는 다르게 신경보호물질 또는 신경조정물질로 언급하는 경우도 있다. (ko) Neuromodulatie is een proces waarbij neurofysiologische signalen actief geïnitieerd of beïnvloed worden met als doel de functie en werking van het zenuwstelsel te beïnvloeden. Neuromodulatie kan gebruikt worden om therapeutische effecten te bereiken, waarbij een verloren gegane functie wordt hersteld. (nl) Neuromodulação (português brasileiro) ou Neuromodelação (português europeu) é um processo que influencia a sinapse neuronal para deixando-a mais rápida e eficiente. Esse efeito é realizado pelos neuromoduladores (português brasileiro) ou neuromodeladores (português europeu), que são substâncias liberadas nas fendas pré-sinápticas e que atuam em receptores pós-sinápticos, porém gerando efeitos mais lentos e discretos do que aqueles gerados pelos neurotransmissores. (pt) 神經調節 (Neuromodulation)是一種神經傳導過程。在此過程中，一個特定神經元使用一個或多個神經傳導物質來控制一系列神經元。被一小群神經元覆蓋住的神經調解質會在神經系統中大範圍得被釋放出來，進而影響到許多的神經元。在中樞神經系統中，主要的神經調節質包括多巴胺、血清素、乙醯膽鹼、組織胺、去甲基腎上腺素。此定義與傳統過程相反。傳統突觸傳導描述神經傳導過程為一個突觸前神經元直接影響另一個突觸後神經元。 (zh) التعديل العصبي هو عملية فسيولوجية يقوم فيها عصبون ما باستخدام واحدة أو أكثر من المواد الكيميائية في الوسط المحيط من أجل ضبط عمل مجموعة متعددة من العصبونات الأخرى. تسمى المواد الكيميائية المستخدمة في هذه العملية المُعَدِّلات العصبية. تقوم المعدِّلات العصبية نمطياً بالارتباط بمستقبلات مقترنة بالبروتين G (ميتابوتروبية) من أجل الحث على تأشير سلسلة رسائل متتالية من الإشارات، والتي تعطي بمجموعها إشارة مستديمة، قد يمتد طولها من مئات الميلي ثانية إلى عدة دقائق. تتضمن الآثار الناتجة عن التعديل العصبي كل من الظواهر التالية على سبيل المثال: ضبط التيارات الكهربائية العصبية المعتمدة على الجهد الكهربائي؛ وتغيير نجاعة التشابك العصبي وزيادة نشاط الاندفاع؛ وإعادة تشكيل الاتصالية المشبكية. (ar) Neuromodulació és el procés fisiològic pel qual una neurona determinada usa un o més d'un neurotransmissors per a regular diverses poblacions de neurones. Això és en contrast amb la clàssica transmissió sinàptica, en la qual una nerurona presinàptica directament influeix un sola neurona associada postsinàptica. Els neuromoduladors secretats per un petit grup de neurones es difonen a través de grans zones del sistema nerviós i afecten moltes neurones. Els principals neuromoduladors en el sistema nerviós central inclouen la dopamina, la serotonina, l'acetilcolina, la histamina, i la norepinefrina. (ca) Neuromodulace je fyziologický proces, při kterém daný neuron používá jednu nebo více chemických látek na regulaci různých populací neuronů. Naproti tomu synaptický přenos je takový přenos, v němž se na axonálním zakočení vylučují neurotransmitery k rychle reagujícím receptorům jediného konkrétního neuronu. Neuromodulátory jsou neurotransmitery, které difundují přes nervové tkáně, ovlivňují pomalu působící receptory mnoha neuronů. Hlavními neuromodulátory CNS jsou dopamin, serotonin, acetylcholin, histamin, a noradrenalin. (cs) Neuromodulatoren sind chemische Substanzen, die die Arbeitsweise des Nervensystems beeinflussen. Sie können vom Körper selbst produziert werden und sind für die normale, physiologische Arbeitsweise des Gehirns unverzichtbar. Neuromodulatoren sind aber auch zahlreiche pharmakologisch aktive Substanzen, die dem Körper von außen zugeführt werden und als Medikamente oder Drogen wirken.Diesen Substanzen übergeordnet ist die Synapse – eine anatomische Struktur, die die Neuromodulation erst ermöglicht. Hier werden elektrische Impulse, sog. Aktionspotentiale, in eine chemische Signalübertragung umgewandelt. (de) Neuromodulation is the physiological process by which a given neuron uses one or more chemicals to regulate diverse populations of neurons. Neuromodulators typically bind to metabotropic, G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) to initiate a second messenger signaling cascade that induces a broad, long-lasting signal. This modulation can last for hundreds of milliseconds to several minutes. Some of the effects of neuromodulators include: alter intrinsic firing activity, increase or decrease voltage-dependent currents, alter synaptic efficacy, increase bursting activity and reconfiguration of synaptic connectivity. (en) Un neuromodulatore è una sostanza naturalmente secreta dal cervello, che agisce come neurotrasmettitore modulando l'attività della cellula nervosa, tranne per il fatto che la sua azione non è locale (come nel caso dei neurotrasmettitori), cioè limitata alla fessura sinaptica, ma ha un'azione più estesa, diffondendosi in tutto il fluido extracellulare circostante, modificando così l'azione dei neurotrasmettitori. (it) |
| rdfs:label | Neuromodulation (en) تعديل عصبي (ar) Neuromodulació (ca) Neuromodulace (cs) Neuromodulator (de) Neuromodulation (fr) Neuromodulatore (it) 신경조절물질 (ko) Neuromodulatie (nl) Neuromodelação (pt) 神經調節 (zh) |
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