Othniel Charles Marsh (original) (raw)
Othniel Charles Marsh (29. října 1831, , New York – 18. března 1899, New Haven, Connecticut) byl jedním z nejvýznamnějších paleontologů 19. století.
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| dbo:abstract | أوثنييل تشارلز مارش (بالإنجليزية: Othniel Charles Marsh) (29 أكتوبر 1831 – 18 مارس 1899 ) هو عالم إحاثة أمريكي. كان مارش من أبرز العلماء في مجاله، حيث اكتشف ووصف عشرات الأنواع الجديدة ووضع عدداً من النظريات حول أصل الطيور. لم يولد أوثنييل لعائلة ثرية، إلّا أنه كان قادراً على تحمل مصاريف التعليم العالي بفضل كرم خاله الثري جورج بيبودي. وسافر العالم بعدما تخرجه من كلية ييل عام 1860، ودرس التشريح وعلم المعادن وعلم الأرض. وقد حصل على منصب تدريسي في ييل عند عودته للولايات المتحدة. وتنافس مع عالم الأحفوريات إدوارد درينكر كوب خلال الفترة ما بين سبيعنيات حتى تسعينيات القرن التاسع عشر في ما يُعرف الآن بحرب الأحافير. (ar) Othniel Charles Marsh (29 d'octubre del 1831 – 18 de març del 1899) fou un dels paleontòlegs estatunidencs més eminents del segle xix, descobridor i definidor de molts fòssils trobats a l'oest americà. Nasqué a Lockport (Nova York). Es graduà al el 1860 i estudià geologia i mineralogia al , New Haven, i després paleontologia i anatomia a Berlín, Heidelberg i Wrocław. Tornà als Estats Units el 1866, i aconseguí la càtedra de paleontologia dels vertebrats a la Universitat Yale. Persuadí el seu oncle, George Peabody, de fundar el Museu Peabody d'Història Natural a Yale. Al maig del 1871, Marsh excavà els primers fòssils de pterosaure trobats a Amèrica. També descobrí cavalls primitius, rèptils voladors, l'apatosaure, l'al·losaure, Ichthyornis i Hesperornis. També se'l coneix per la Guerra dels Ossos que lliurà contra Edward Drinker Cope. Ambdós eren molt competitius, i descobriren i documentaren més de 120 espècies noves de dinosaure entre els dos. Marsh morí el 1899 i fou enterrat al de New Haven. (ca) Othniel Charles Marsh (29. října 1831, , New York – 18. března 1899, New Haven, Connecticut) byl jedním z nejvýznamnějších paleontologů 19. století. (cs) Othniel Charles Marsh (* 29. Oktober 1831 in Lockport, New York; † 18. März 1899 in New Haven, Connecticut) war einer der überragenden Paläontologen des 19. Jahrhunderts und Pionier der Dinosaurierforschung. Er entdeckte, beschrieb und benannte zahlreiche Fossilien besonders aus dem Westen der Vereinigten Staaten. (de) Othniel Charles Marsh (Lockport, Nueva York, Estados Unidos, 29 de octubre de 1831 – 18 de marzo de 1899) fue uno de los paleontólogos más destacados del siglo XIX. Durante la llamada guerra de los Huesos descubrió numerosos fósiles en el oeste estadounidense. (es) Othniel Charles Marsh (October 29, 1831 – March 18, 1899) was an American professor of Paleontology in Yale College and President of the National Academy of Sciences. He was one of the preeminent scientists in the field of paleontology. Among his legacies are the discovery or description of dozens of new species and theories on the origins of birds. Born into a modest family, Marsh was able to afford higher education thanks to the generosity of his wealthy uncle George Peabody. After graduating from Yale College in 1860 he travelled the world, studying anatomy, mineralogy and geology. He obtained a teaching position at Yale upon his return. From the 1870s to 1890s, he competed with rival paleontologist Edward Drinker Cope in a period of frenzied Western American expeditions known as the Bone Wars. Marsh's greatest legacy is the collection of Mesozoic reptiles, Cretaceous birds, and Mesozoic and Tertiary mammals that now constitute the backbone of the collections of Yale's Peabody Museum of Natural History and the Smithsonian Institution. Marsh has been called "both a superb paleontologist and the greatest proponent of Darwinism in nineteenth-century America." (en) Othniel Charles Marsh (28 Oktober 1831 – 18 Maret 1899) adalah paleontolog Amerika Serikat. Dia merupakan salah satu ilmuwan paling unggul di bidangnya. Penemuan dan penjelasan mengenai lusinan spesies baru serta teori-teorinya mengenai asal usul burung merupakan kontribusinya yang paling penting. Terlahir dalam keluarga yang sederhana, Marsh mempu memperoleh pendidikan tinggi berkat kebaikan pamannya yang kaya, . Setelah lulus dari pada tahun 1860 dia berkeliling dunia untuk mempelajari anatomi, mineralogi dan geologi. Dia bekerja sebagai pengajar di Yale setelah kembali. Dari tahun 1870-an sampai 1890-an dia bersaing dengan rivalnya sesama paleontolog Edward Drinker Cope pada periode di Amerika Barat yang ramai yang kini dikenal sebagai Perang Tulang. Pada masa akhir hidupnya, Marsh menderita kesulitan keuangan. Dia meninggal pada 18 Maret 1899. (in) Othniel Charles Marsh est un paléontologue américain, né le 29 octobre 1831 à Lockport, dans l’État de New York, et mort le 18 mars 1899 à New Haven, dans le Connecticut. (fr) Othniel Charles Marsh (Lockport, 29 ottobre 1831 – New Haven, 18 marzo 1899) è stato un paleontologo statunitense. Marsh è stato uno degli scienziati più autorevoli della materia. Ha scoperto o descritto decine di nuove specie e teorie sull'origine degli uccelli basandosi su un gran numero di fossili negli Stati Uniti occidentali. Nato in una famiglia modesta, Marsh poté permettersi un'istruzione superiore grazie alla generosità del suo ricco zio George Peabody. Dopo essersi laureato a Yale nel 1860, viaggiò per il mondo studiando anatomia, mineralogia, geologia e paleontologia. Dagli anni '70 agli anni '90 del XIX secolo gareggiò con il paleontologo rivale Edward Drinker Cope in un periodo di frenetiche spedizioni negli Stati Uniti occidentali, chiamato guerra delle ossa. (it) 오스니얼 찰스 마시(Othniel Charles Marsh, 1831년 10월 29일 ~ 1899년 3월 18일)는 미국의 고생물학자이다. 미국 서부에서 많은 화석들을 발견하고 명명한 19세기의 가장 저명한 고생물학자 중 한 사람이다. 마시는 말의 진화 역사에 기여한 것을 비롯하여 1800년대 후반 공룡 화석 전쟁이 벌어지는 동안 여러 가지 공룡을 발견하고 명명했다. 1800년에는 삼촌인 조지 피바디의 경제적 후원을 받아 예일 대학교에 피바디 자연사박물관을 설립하는 데 도움을 주었다. 그는 예일 대학교의 교수이기도 했다. 마시는 또한 1882년에 최초의 공룡 분류를 출간하기도 했는데 이 분류가 현대 공룡 분류의 기초가 되었다. 같은 해 미국 지질조사국에서 공식적으로 척추동물 고생물학자로 임명하기도 했다. (ko) Othniel Charles Marsh (Lockport (New York), 29 oktober 1831 – New Haven (Connecticut), 18 maart 1899) was een Amerikaans paleontoloog. Geboren in Lockport in een vrij welgestelde familie, was Charles Marsh (hij haatte de naam "Othniel") een vrij trage leerling, van wie de magere schoolprestaties niet de toekomstige grootheid als wetenschapper zouden doen vermoeden. Toen het hem echter in zijn vroege volwassenheid duidelijk werd dat de enige hoop op een financieel zekere toekomst hierin gelegen was dat hij in het gevlij zou komen bij zijn schatrijke oom van moederszijde, de filantroop George Peabody, maakte hij alsnog zijn middelbare school af, voltooide in 1860 een studie aan Yale-universiteit, studeerde geologie aan de Sheffield Scientific School te Newhaven en vertrok toen naar Duitsland om aldaar anatomie te studeren in Heidelberg. Zijn oom had namelijk een grote bewondering voor – en bekostigde dit alles dan ook ruimhartig. Toen hij in 1866 terugkeerde naar de Verenigde Staten van Amerika, overtuigde hij zijn vermogend familielid van de noodzaak tot het oprichten van het Peabody Museum of Natural History aan Yale, waarvan Marsh zelf in de rang van professor het eerste hoofd zou worden. In die tijd waren er vrijwel geen beroepspaleontologen in Amerika en Marsh deed er alles aan om de reputatie van zijn instituut te bevorderen en zichzelf tot de meest vooraanstaande paleontoloog van het land te maken. De beste manier om dat te bewerkstelligen was natuurlijk het vinden van nieuwe spectaculaire fossielen. Marsh had wat dat betreft veel geluk. De eroderende woestenijen in het westen, die toen systematisch onderzocht werden op de aanwezigheid van winbare ertslagen, waren ideaal voor het doen van paleontologisch onderzoek. Tussen 1870 en 1893 (toen hij in financiële moeilijkheden kwam door de crash van datzelfde jaar) trokken Marsh of (in toenemende mate) zijn medewerkers eropuit om zijn verzamelingen te verrijken. Fossiele zoogdieren werden gevonden uit het Tertiair (het huidige Paleogeen en Neogeen); fossiele dinosauriërs en pterosauriërs uit de Jura en het Krijt. Alleen al tussen 1868 en 1882 gaf Marsh tweehonderdduizend dollar uit aan het aankopen van fossielen. Tijdens zijn eerste expedities werd het Marsh duidelijk hoe schandalig de Indianen door de overheid behandeld werden. Hij stelde de wantoestanden publiekelijk aan de kaak, wat hem de blijvende vriendschap van de Dakota opleverde. Maar Marsh maakte ook een vijand. De paleontoloog Edward Drinker Cope had de hinderlijke gewoonte om vindplaatsen die door Marsh ontdekt waren, ook door zijn eigen teams te laten uitkammen. Marsh was zeer bezitterig en zelfs ziekelijk jaloers. Hij ontwikkelde al snel een diepe afkeer van zijn rivaal, die hij op alle mogelijke manieren begon dwars te zitten. Iedere aanstelling van Cope probeerde hij te blokkeren. Nieuwe soorten werden minimaal omschreven, uit angst dat Cope eerder zou publiceren. Als zijn eigen teams een groeve verlieten, moesten ze die opblazen om te voorkomen dat Cope er nog iets zou vinden. Deze rivaliteit (de beruchte ) werd later in de pers breed uitgemeten, waarbij beide heren elkaar grovelijk belasterden. Voor de paleontologie leverde dit een amusant onderwerp voor latere historici op en een recordaantal nieuwe soorten — waarvan een belangrijk deel later toch niet als zodanig gehandhaafd kon worden: Marsh had zowat ieder skelet een eigen soort gegeven. Marsh overleed, ongetrouwd en kinderloos, aan de gevolgen van een longontsteking. (nl) オスニエル・チャールズ・マーシュ（Othniel Charles Marsh、1831年10月29日 - 1899年3月18日）は、19世紀アメリカ合衆国における傑出した古生物学者であり、アメリカ西部で数々の化石の発見、命名を行った。 (ja) Othniel Charles Marsh (ur. 29 października 1831 w w stanie Nowy Jork, zm. 18 marca 1899 w New Haven w stanie Connecticut) – amerykański paleontolog. (pl) Othniel Charles Marsh, född 29 oktober 1831 i Lockport, New York, död 18 mars 1899 i New Haven, Connecticut, var en amerikansk paleontolog som fann många dinosauriearter under det berömda Benkriget som stod mellan honom och konkurrenten Edward Drinker Cope. Marsh blev 1866 professor i paleontologi vid Yale College i New Haven och 1882 därjämte paleontolog vid US Geological Survey. Från många expeditioner till Klippiga bergens fossilförande avlagringar hemförde han så rika samlingar av ryggradsdjur, särskilt av kräldjur, fåglar och däggdjur, att de på detta material byggda arbetena verkade i flera hänseenden omgestaltande på uppfattningen om de nämnda djurgruppernas geologiska historia. Det var i första hand han som spred kännedom om de s.k. tandfåglarna. Han hade även mycket stor betydelse för kunskaperna om dinosaurierna. Flertalet av Nordamerikas däggdjur ur jura- och kritformationerna beskrevs först av honom. Även om han inte hann med att fullt vetenskapligt utnyttja mera än en del av det rika, av honom insamlade materialet, skrev han dock flera viktiga arbeten, såsom Introduction and Succession of Vertebrate Life in America (1877), Odontornithes: A Monograph on the Extinct Toothed Birds of North America (1880), Dinocerata: A Monograph of an Extinct Order of Gigantic Mammals (1884) och The Dinosaurs of North America (1896). Ett mycket stort antal beskrivningar av hans fynd publicerades i "American Journal of Science and Arts". Han tilldelades Bigsbymedaljen 1877. (sv) Othniel Charles Marsh (Lockport, 29 de outubro de 1831 — New Haven, 18 de março de 1899) foi um paleontólogo dos Estados Unidos da América, pioneiro da aplicação da teoria da evolução à interpretação de espécies fósseis. Marsh nasceu no estado de Nova Iorque, no seio de uma família abastada. Estudou em vários colégios e instituições privadas até 1860, quando se graduou em Geologia e mineralogia na Universidade de Yale. Nos anos seguintes prosseguiu os estudos na Alemanha, onde aprofundou os seus conhecimentos em paleontologia e anatomia na Universidade de Berlim, Universidade de Breslau e Universidade de Heidelberg. Regressando aos Estados Unidos em 1866, tornou-se professor de Paleontologia de Vertebrados em Yale. É por volta desta altura que convence o seu tio, , a financiar o Museu Peabody de História Natural, ainda hoje existente em Yale. O principal trabalho da carreira científica de Marsh como paleontólogo foi o estudo de diversas espécies basais de equídeos. Suas interpretações foram pioneiras no estabelecimento de uma linha evolutiva, desde as formas primitivas do grupo até aos representantes modernos do género Equus, e ajudaram a credibilizar a teoria da evolução de Charles Darwin. Os equídeos não foram, no entanto, o único foco da sua carreira científica. Marsh estudou muitos outros grupos e, em 1871, foi o primeiro paleontólogo a identificar exemplares de pterossauros na América. Outras descobertas fundamentais da sua autoria foram diversas espécies de aves cretácicas, como o Ichthyornis e o , e dinossauros como o Apatosaurus e o Allosaurus. Outra contribuição muito importante de Marsh foi a elaboração de uma lei evolutiva, denominada . Tal lei rege que durante o processo evolutivo vários grupos taxonômicos apresentaram ao longo do tempo um aumento do volume cerebral. Isto amiúde levava à constatação da existência de uma tendência a um aumento de complexidade corporal, que pode ser entendido como , mas ainda assim esta lei continua a ser utilizada, devido ao seu poder explicativo. À medida que as descobertas de fósseis se desenvolviam e novas espécies eram descritas, a paleontologia popularizou-se, em particular devido a exemplares espectaculares de carnívoros de grandes dimensões como o tiranossauro. O interesse do público incentivou a criação de museus de história natural, que competiam entre si pelas exibições mais atractivas. Em consequência, a procura de fósseis acelerou, bem como a competição entre paleontólogos por novas descobertas. Marsh protagonizou com Edward Drinker Cope uma rivalidade paleontológica que mereceu a designação de “guerra dos ossos” nos media de então. Estimulados pela concorrência do adversário, Marsh e Cope descreveram cerca de 120 novas espécies de dinossauro entre si, nos finais do século XIX. Marsh morreu em 1899 e está sepultado em New Haven, no Connecticut. (pt) Отниел Чарлз Марш (англ. Othniel Charles Marsh; 1831—1899) — профессор палеонтологии позвоночных Йельского университета (1866), один из выдающихся американских палеонтологов XIX века. Член Национальной академии наук США (1874), в 1883—1895 президент Академии. (ru) 奧塞內爾·查利斯·馬什（英語：Othniel Charles Marsh，1831年10月29日－1899年3月18日）是一位美国古生物學家，曾经担任美国国家科学院院长，他發現並命名了許多出土於美國西部的化石。 (zh) О́тніел Чарльз Марш (англ. Othniel Charles Marsh, 29 жовтня 1831, Локпорт — 18 березня 1899, Нью-Гейвен) — палеонтолог США. Протягом 1861—1899 років опублікував майже 300 праць (статей, доповідей і книжок), описав 225 нових родів, 469 видів, 64 родин. Конкуренція з Едвардом Ковпом переросла у так звану , яка сприяла публічній зацікавленості динозаврами і багатьом відкриттям. (uk) |
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| rdfs:comment | Othniel Charles Marsh (29. října 1831, , New York – 18. března 1899, New Haven, Connecticut) byl jedním z nejvýznamnějších paleontologů 19. století. (cs) Othniel Charles Marsh (* 29. Oktober 1831 in Lockport, New York; † 18. März 1899 in New Haven, Connecticut) war einer der überragenden Paläontologen des 19. Jahrhunderts und Pionier der Dinosaurierforschung. Er entdeckte, beschrieb und benannte zahlreiche Fossilien besonders aus dem Westen der Vereinigten Staaten. (de) Othniel Charles Marsh (Lockport, Nueva York, Estados Unidos, 29 de octubre de 1831 – 18 de marzo de 1899) fue uno de los paleontólogos más destacados del siglo XIX. Durante la llamada guerra de los Huesos descubrió numerosos fósiles en el oeste estadounidense. (es) Othniel Charles Marsh est un paléontologue américain, né le 29 octobre 1831 à Lockport, dans l’État de New York, et mort le 18 mars 1899 à New Haven, dans le Connecticut. (fr) 오스니얼 찰스 마시(Othniel Charles Marsh, 1831년 10월 29일 ~ 1899년 3월 18일)는 미국의 고생물학자이다. 미국 서부에서 많은 화석들을 발견하고 명명한 19세기의 가장 저명한 고생물학자 중 한 사람이다. 마시는 말의 진화 역사에 기여한 것을 비롯하여 1800년대 후반 공룡 화석 전쟁이 벌어지는 동안 여러 가지 공룡을 발견하고 명명했다. 1800년에는 삼촌인 조지 피바디의 경제적 후원을 받아 예일 대학교에 피바디 자연사박물관을 설립하는 데 도움을 주었다. 그는 예일 대학교의 교수이기도 했다. 마시는 또한 1882년에 최초의 공룡 분류를 출간하기도 했는데 이 분류가 현대 공룡 분류의 기초가 되었다. 같은 해 미국 지질조사국에서 공식적으로 척추동물 고생물학자로 임명하기도 했다. (ko) オスニエル・チャールズ・マーシュ（Othniel Charles Marsh、1831年10月29日 - 1899年3月18日）は、19世紀アメリカ合衆国における傑出した古生物学者であり、アメリカ西部で数々の化石の発見、命名を行った。 (ja) Othniel Charles Marsh (ur. 29 października 1831 w w stanie Nowy Jork, zm. 18 marca 1899 w New Haven w stanie Connecticut) – amerykański paleontolog. (pl) Отниел Чарлз Марш (англ. Othniel Charles Marsh; 1831—1899) — профессор палеонтологии позвоночных Йельского университета (1866), один из выдающихся американских палеонтологов XIX века. Член Национальной академии наук США (1874), в 1883—1895 президент Академии. (ru) 奧塞內爾·查利斯·馬什（英語：Othniel Charles Marsh，1831年10月29日－1899年3月18日）是一位美国古生物學家，曾经担任美国国家科学院院长，他發現並命名了許多出土於美國西部的化石。 (zh) О́тніел Чарльз Марш (англ. Othniel Charles Marsh, 29 жовтня 1831, Локпорт — 18 березня 1899, Нью-Гейвен) — палеонтолог США. Протягом 1861—1899 років опублікував майже 300 праць (статей, доповідей і книжок), описав 225 нових родів, 469 видів, 64 родин. Конкуренція з Едвардом Ковпом переросла у так звану , яка сприяла публічній зацікавленості динозаврами і багатьом відкриттям. (uk) أوثنييل تشارلز مارش (بالإنجليزية: Othniel Charles Marsh) (29 أكتوبر 1831 – 18 مارس 1899 ) هو عالم إحاثة أمريكي. كان مارش من أبرز العلماء في مجاله، حيث اكتشف ووصف عشرات الأنواع الجديدة ووضع عدداً من النظريات حول أصل الطيور. (ar) Othniel Charles Marsh (29 d'octubre del 1831 – 18 de març del 1899) fou un dels paleontòlegs estatunidencs més eminents del segle xix, descobridor i definidor de molts fòssils trobats a l'oest americà. Nasqué a Lockport (Nova York). Es graduà al el 1860 i estudià geologia i mineralogia al , New Haven, i després paleontologia i anatomia a Berlín, Heidelberg i Wrocław. Tornà als Estats Units el 1866, i aconseguí la càtedra de paleontologia dels vertebrats a la Universitat Yale. Persuadí el seu oncle, George Peabody, de fundar el Museu Peabody d'Història Natural a Yale. (ca) Othniel Charles Marsh (October 29, 1831 – March 18, 1899) was an American professor of Paleontology in Yale College and President of the National Academy of Sciences. He was one of the preeminent scientists in the field of paleontology. Among his legacies are the discovery or description of dozens of new species and theories on the origins of birds. (en) Othniel Charles Marsh (28 Oktober 1831 – 18 Maret 1899) adalah paleontolog Amerika Serikat. Dia merupakan salah satu ilmuwan paling unggul di bidangnya. Penemuan dan penjelasan mengenai lusinan spesies baru serta teori-teorinya mengenai asal usul burung merupakan kontribusinya yang paling penting. Pada masa akhir hidupnya, Marsh menderita kesulitan keuangan. Dia meninggal pada 18 Maret 1899. (in) Othniel Charles Marsh (Lockport, 29 ottobre 1831 – New Haven, 18 marzo 1899) è stato un paleontologo statunitense. Marsh è stato uno degli scienziati più autorevoli della materia. Ha scoperto o descritto decine di nuove specie e teorie sull'origine degli uccelli basandosi su un gran numero di fossili negli Stati Uniti occidentali. (it) Othniel Charles Marsh (Lockport, 29 de outubro de 1831 — New Haven, 18 de março de 1899) foi um paleontólogo dos Estados Unidos da América, pioneiro da aplicação da teoria da evolução à interpretação de espécies fósseis. O principal trabalho da carreira científica de Marsh como paleontólogo foi o estudo de diversas espécies basais de equídeos. Suas interpretações foram pioneiras no estabelecimento de uma linha evolutiva, desde as formas primitivas do grupo até aos representantes modernos do género Equus, e ajudaram a credibilizar a teoria da evolução de Charles Darwin. (pt) Othniel Charles Marsh (Lockport (New York), 29 oktober 1831 – New Haven (Connecticut), 18 maart 1899) was een Amerikaans paleontoloog. Geboren in Lockport in een vrij welgestelde familie, was Charles Marsh (hij haatte de naam "Othniel") een vrij trage leerling, van wie de magere schoolprestaties niet de toekomstige grootheid als wetenschapper zouden doen vermoeden. Toen het hem echter in zijn vroege volwassenheid duidelijk werd dat de enige hoop op een financieel zekere toekomst hierin gelegen was dat hij in het gevlij zou komen bij zijn schatrijke oom van moederszijde, de filantroop George Peabody, maakte hij alsnog zijn middelbare school af, voltooide in 1860 een studie aan Yale-universiteit, studeerde geologie aan de Sheffield Scientific School te Newhaven en vertrok toen naar Duitsland (nl) Othniel Charles Marsh, född 29 oktober 1831 i Lockport, New York, död 18 mars 1899 i New Haven, Connecticut, var en amerikansk paleontolog som fann många dinosauriearter under det berömda Benkriget som stod mellan honom och konkurrenten Edward Drinker Cope. (sv) |
| rdfs:label | أوثنييل تشارلز مارش (ar) Othniel Charles Marsh (ca) Othniel Charles Marsh (cs) Othniel Charles Marsh (de) Othniel Charles Marsh (es) Othniel Charles Marsh (in) Othniel Charles Marsh (en) Othniel Charles Marsh (fr) Othniel Charles Marsh (it) 오스니얼 찰스 마시 (ko) Othniel Charles Marsh (nl) オスニエル・チャールズ・マーシュ (ja) Othniel Charles Marsh (pt) Othniel Charles Marsh (pl) Марш, Отниел Чарлз (ru) Othniel Charles Marsh (sv) Отніел Чарльз Марш (uk) 奧斯尼爾·查爾斯·馬許 (zh) |
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