Pearl hunting (original) (raw)
Perlenfischerei ist die Gewinnung von Perlen aus Muscheln vom Meeresgrund. Perlenfischerei war bis zur industriellen Produktion von Zuchtperlen, die im frühen 20. Jahrhundert begann, ein wichtiger Wirtschaftszweig am Persischen Golf, in Sri Lanka, Japan und auf den Philippinen; bis etwa 1630 auch in Venezuela.
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| dbo:abstract | الطواشة أو استخراج اللؤلؤ أو الغوص على اللؤلؤ هي مهنة المتاجرة باللؤلؤ، وهي مهنة تقليدية اختصت بها دول الخليج. وَالطّواش هو تاجر اللؤلؤ الذي يتنقل بين سفن الغوص في مواقع صيد الأسماك لاستخراج اللؤلؤ من أعماق البحار، أو بين نواخذة الغوص بعد عودتهم. وقد تُسمَّى مهنة صيد اللؤلؤ واستخراجه الثِّين. مهنة الطواشة امتهنها العديد من أهل الخليج العربي كمصدر رزق خلال القرون الماضية و البحرين خاصة حيث كانت منذ القرن الأول الميلادي، كما تشير مخطوطة أشورية تعود إلى أربعين قرناً خلت إشارة إلى لآلئ البحرين، وانتهت المهنة تقريباً في منتصف القرن العشرين مع ظهور اللؤلؤ الصناعي الياباني. كان تطوير صناعة اللؤلؤ المصنع في اليابان ضربة شديدة لصناعة الغوص في الخليج، حيث نقص عدد القوارب التي تترك البحرين في سنة 1948 إلى 80 قارباً مقارناً بالعدد 1500 في سنة 1833. وكانت تعد الصناعة الأولى في الخليج العربي إلى جوار كونها المهنة الأكثر اقتراناً بالمنطقة. وكانت القوة الشرائية لسكان الساحل الشرقي لشبه الجزيرة العربية تعتمد إلى حد كبير على مغاصات اللؤلؤ. كانت البحرين مركزاً مهماً لتجارة اللؤلؤ، حيث كان يباع للأسواق العالمية منها خاصة الهند. وقد كانت تجارة اللؤلؤ واحتكاره سبباً رئيساً في العديد من الحروب منها الحرب بين البرتغاليين والجبريين. (ar) Perlenfischerei ist die Gewinnung von Perlen aus Muscheln vom Meeresgrund. Perlenfischerei war bis zur industriellen Produktion von Zuchtperlen, die im frühen 20. Jahrhundert begann, ein wichtiger Wirtschaftszweig am Persischen Golf, in Sri Lanka, Japan und auf den Philippinen; bis etwa 1630 auch in Venezuela. (de) Pearl hunting, also known as pearling, is the activity of recovering pearls from wild molluscs, usually oysters or mussels, in the sea or freshwater. Pearl hunting was prevalent in the Persian Gulf region and Japan for thousands of years. On the northern and north-western coast of Western Australia pearl diving began in the 1850s, and started in the Torres Strait Islands in the 1860s, where the term also covers diving for nacre or mother of pearl found in what were known as pearl shells. In most cases the pearl-bearing molluscs live at depths where they are not manually accessible from the surface, and diving or the use of some form of tool is needed to reach them. Historically the molluscs were retrieved by freediving, a technique where the diver descends to the bottom, collects what they can, and surfaces on a single breath. The diving mask improved the ability of the diver to see while underwater. When the surface-supplied diving helmet became available for underwater work, it was also applied to the task of pearl hunting, and the associated activity of collecting pearl shell as a raw material for the manufacture of buttons, inlays and other decorative work. The surface supplied diving helmet greatly extended the time the diver could stay at depth, and introduced the previously unfamiliar hazards of barotrauma of ascent and decompression sickness. (en) Perburuan mutiara adalah tindakan mengambil mutiara dari moluska liar, biasanya oyster atau , di laut atau air tawar. Perburuan mutiara lazim dilakukan di kawasan Teluk Persia dan Jepang, selain juga dilakukan di kawasan lainnya. (in) La pêche à la perle est une pratique de pêche sous-marine consistant à prélever les perles des huîtres dans la mer. La pêche à la perle était une industrie notable dans la région du golfe Persique et au Japon. L'exploitation des huîtres perlières a fait de Dubaï le plus grand port du golfe à la fin du XIXe siècle, mais la concurrence de l'industrie perlière du Japon dans les années 1940 a provoqué une chute de la demande en perles naturelles. (fr) Een parelvisser of parelduiker is een persoon die duikt om parels te vinden. Het betreft een traditionele bezigheid, waarbij duikers pareloesters en soms ook parelmosselen opdoken. Dit gebeurde vooral in de Indische Oceaan, Japan, de Filipijnen en in Frans Polynesië. De schelpdieren werden aan land gebracht, geopend en onderzocht op de aanwezigheid van parels. 1000 kg schelpdieren leverde gewoonlijk slechts 3 à 4 parels van goede kwaliteit op. Hoewel sommige pareloesters op diepten tot 2 meter voorkomen, moeten de duikers meestal grotere diepten opzoeken: tot 12 meter en soms zelfs tot 40 meter diepte. De duikers hadden slechts eenvoudige middelen tot hun beschikking, zoals het invetten van hun lichaam om warmte te sparen, proppen ingevet katoen voor in hun oren en een neusklem van schildpad. De gevaren op grote diepte en de dreiging van caissonziekte bij het bovenkomen, maakten het duiken ongezond en gevaarlijk. Dit, samen met de zeldzaamheid van de parels, maakten deze zeer kostbaar. (nl) Pärlfiske är fångst av flodpärlmussla (Margaritifera margaritifera) för att få tag på de pärlor som vissa musslor producerar. Musslans pärlor bildas då främmande partiklar följer med vattnet in i musslan då den andas och äter. Om musslan då inte kan göra sig av med partikeln så överlagras den med pärlemor från manteln i musslans skal. Pärlfisket höll på att utrota flodpärlmusslan och det förbjöds i Sverige 1994. Men fram till dess var verksamheten pågående, bland annat utanför Jokkmokk i Pärlforsens revir som låg under Domänverket, numer Sveaskog. Fisket efter flodpärlmussla torde ha varit en inkomstbringande bisyssla för många men bedrevs även i bolagsform. (sv) Жемчужный промысел — исторический способ получения жемчуга из раковин пресноводных жемчужниц и некоторых других моллюсков. Промыслом занимались ныряльщики за жемчугом. Для того чтобы получить 3-4 качественные жемчужины, требовалось открыть раковины до тонны моллюсков. Добыча морского жемчуга ведётся главным образом в Красном море и Персидском заливе, а также у берегов Шри-Ланки и Японии, где его добывают ныряльщики ама. Пресноводный жемчуг добывался в Германии, России, Китае и странах Северной Америки. В настоящее время на специальных плантациях получают также . (ru) |
| dbo:thumbnail | wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Ama2.jpg?width=300 |
| dbo:wikiPageExternalLink | http://www.farlang.com/gemstones/kunz_book_of_the_pearl/page_003 https://web.archive.org/web/20050208002753/http:/www.amnh.org/exhibitions/pearls/obtain/index.html |
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| dbo:wikiPageRevisionID | 1119486438 (xsd:integer) |
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| dbp:date | April 2019 (en) September 2019 (en) |
| dbp:reason | does not make sense (en) does not sound plausible (en) How does rapid surfacing from a breathhold dive cause hemorrhaging? (en) what divers' conditions? (en) |
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| dcterms:subject | dbc:Fishing_techniques_and_methods dbc:History_of_underwater_diving dbc:Underwater_work dbc:Pearls |
| gold:hypernym | dbr:Act |
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| rdfs:comment | Perlenfischerei ist die Gewinnung von Perlen aus Muscheln vom Meeresgrund. Perlenfischerei war bis zur industriellen Produktion von Zuchtperlen, die im frühen 20. Jahrhundert begann, ein wichtiger Wirtschaftszweig am Persischen Golf, in Sri Lanka, Japan und auf den Philippinen; bis etwa 1630 auch in Venezuela. (de) Perburuan mutiara adalah tindakan mengambil mutiara dari moluska liar, biasanya oyster atau , di laut atau air tawar. Perburuan mutiara lazim dilakukan di kawasan Teluk Persia dan Jepang, selain juga dilakukan di kawasan lainnya. (in) La pêche à la perle est une pratique de pêche sous-marine consistant à prélever les perles des huîtres dans la mer. La pêche à la perle était une industrie notable dans la région du golfe Persique et au Japon. L'exploitation des huîtres perlières a fait de Dubaï le plus grand port du golfe à la fin du XIXe siècle, mais la concurrence de l'industrie perlière du Japon dans les années 1940 a provoqué une chute de la demande en perles naturelles. (fr) Pärlfiske är fångst av flodpärlmussla (Margaritifera margaritifera) för att få tag på de pärlor som vissa musslor producerar. Musslans pärlor bildas då främmande partiklar följer med vattnet in i musslan då den andas och äter. Om musslan då inte kan göra sig av med partikeln så överlagras den med pärlemor från manteln i musslans skal. Pärlfisket höll på att utrota flodpärlmusslan och det förbjöds i Sverige 1994. Men fram till dess var verksamheten pågående, bland annat utanför Jokkmokk i Pärlforsens revir som låg under Domänverket, numer Sveaskog. Fisket efter flodpärlmussla torde ha varit en inkomstbringande bisyssla för många men bedrevs även i bolagsform. (sv) Жемчужный промысел — исторический способ получения жемчуга из раковин пресноводных жемчужниц и некоторых других моллюсков. Промыслом занимались ныряльщики за жемчугом. Для того чтобы получить 3-4 качественные жемчужины, требовалось открыть раковины до тонны моллюсков. Добыча морского жемчуга ведётся главным образом в Красном море и Персидском заливе, а также у берегов Шри-Ланки и Японии, где его добывают ныряльщики ама. Пресноводный жемчуг добывался в Германии, России, Китае и странах Северной Америки. В настоящее время на специальных плантациях получают также . (ru) الطواشة أو استخراج اللؤلؤ أو الغوص على اللؤلؤ هي مهنة المتاجرة باللؤلؤ، وهي مهنة تقليدية اختصت بها دول الخليج. وَالطّواش هو تاجر اللؤلؤ الذي يتنقل بين سفن الغوص في مواقع صيد الأسماك لاستخراج اللؤلؤ من أعماق البحار، أو بين نواخذة الغوص بعد عودتهم. وقد تُسمَّى مهنة صيد اللؤلؤ واستخراجه الثِّين. (ar) Pearl hunting, also known as pearling, is the activity of recovering pearls from wild molluscs, usually oysters or mussels, in the sea or freshwater. Pearl hunting was prevalent in the Persian Gulf region and Japan for thousands of years. On the northern and north-western coast of Western Australia pearl diving began in the 1850s, and started in the Torres Strait Islands in the 1860s, where the term also covers diving for nacre or mother of pearl found in what were known as pearl shells. (en) Een parelvisser of parelduiker is een persoon die duikt om parels te vinden. Het betreft een traditionele bezigheid, waarbij duikers pareloesters en soms ook parelmosselen opdoken. Dit gebeurde vooral in de Indische Oceaan, Japan, de Filipijnen en in Frans Polynesië. De schelpdieren werden aan land gebracht, geopend en onderzocht op de aanwezigheid van parels. 1000 kg schelpdieren leverde gewoonlijk slechts 3 à 4 parels van goede kwaliteit op. (nl) |
| rdfs:label | طواشة (ar) Perlenfischerei (de) Perburuan mutiara (in) Pêche à la perle (fr) Pearl hunting (en) Parelvisser (nl) Жемчужный промысел (ru) Pärlfiske (sv) |
| rdfs:seeAlso | dbr:Pearling dbr:Western_Australia |
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| foaf:depiction | wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Bern_Cod.318,_f.020v-de_lapide_acato(agate).jpg wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/A_Ceylon_Pearl_Merchant_(p.108,_1849)_-_Copy.jpg wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Ama2.jpg wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Bahrain_Pearling_License_1942.jpg wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Pearl_divers,_Australia,_23_March_1939.jpg wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/الطواش_حجي_علي_بن_عبدالله_الحبيب.jpg wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/طواشة6.jpg wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/没水采珠船.jpg wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Waterclothes.jpg |
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