Proclamation of Timișoara (original) (raw)
La proclamation de Timișoara est un document écrit par les participants de Timișoara à la révolution roumaine de 1989, dans laquelle ils expriment leurs vues politiques et leur exigences. Elle est une réponse à la première minériade de janvier 1990. Le point 8 de la proclamation appelant à ce que tous les anciens officiels du Parti communiste roumain soient bannis des fonctions publiques pendant une période de 10 ans, était l'une des principales revendications des participants à la Golaniade, qui fut violemment réprimée lors de la 3e minériade en juin 1990.
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| dbo:abstract | Die Proklamation von Timișoara war ein am 11. März 1990 in Timișoara, Rumänien, von führenden Teilnehmern der Rumänischen Revolution 1989 verfasstes Dokument mit dreizehn Punkten. Sie war zum Teil eine Reaktion auf die erste Mineriade, also die Unruhen, bei denen im Januar und Februar 1990 Bergarbeiter aus dem Schil-Tal nach Bukarest zogen, um dort demonstrierende Gegner des Präsidenten Ion Iliescu tätlich anzugreifen. Die Unterzeichner aus den Reihen der Gesellschaft Timișoara (rumänisch Societatea Timișoara) und anderen Organisationen von Studenten und Arbeitern brachten hierin die liberal-demokratischen Ziele des Geistes der Revolution zum Ausdruck. Die bekannteste Forderung des Dokumentes bildet Punkt 8, in dem eine Sperre für alle Kader der Nomenklatura der ehemaligen Rumänischen Kommunistischen Partei und Securitate bei der Besetzung von öffentlichen Ämtern für einen Zeitraum von 10 Jahren (oder drei aufeinander folgenden Legislaturperioden) gefordert wurde. Hierbei wurde das Amt des Präsidenten des Landes besonders hervorgehoben. (siehe auch: Lustration). Das Dokument kritisierte die Front zur Nationalen Rettung (rumänisch Frontul Salvării Naționale, siehe auch: Rat der Front zur Nationalen Rettung) und argumentierte, dass es sich hierbei vor allem um eine kleine Gruppe von kommunistischen Dissidenten handele, die sich dem autoritären Regime von Nicolae Ceaușescu widersetzt und in der Folge die Macht monopolisiert hätte. Die Forderungen lehnten sich an das von dem Philosophen Gabriel Liiceanu in Bukarest im Vorfeld verfasste Manifest Appell an die Schurken (rumänisch Apel către lichele) an. In der Folge wurde das Dokument von Hunderten von zivilen Vereinigungen anerkannt und empfohlen, und fast 4 Millionen rumänische Bürger unterzeichneten Aufrufe zu Gunsten der Einbeziehung des 8. Punktes in das Wahlgesetz. Diese Punkt war auch eine der zentralen Forderungen der Bukarester Golaniada (von rumänisch golan deutsch Strolch, Ganove), einem von April bis Juni 1990 dauernden Protest der Studenten und Professoren der Universität Bukarest auf dem Universitätsplatz in Bukarest. (de) La proclamation de Timișoara est un document écrit par les participants de Timișoara à la révolution roumaine de 1989, dans laquelle ils expriment leurs vues politiques et leur exigences. Elle est une réponse à la première minériade de janvier 1990. Le point 8 de la proclamation appelant à ce que tous les anciens officiels du Parti communiste roumain soient bannis des fonctions publiques pendant une période de 10 ans, était l'une des principales revendications des participants à la Golaniade, qui fut violemment réprimée lors de la 3e minériade en juin 1990. (fr) The Proclamation of Timișoara was a thirteen-point written document, drafted on March 11, 1990, by the Timișoara participants in Romania's 1989 Revolution, and partly issued in reaction to the first Mineriad. Organized as the Timișoara Society and other bodies of students and workers, the signers expressed liberal-democratic goals, which they saw as representing the revolutionary legacy. The best-known requirement formed the document's 8th Point, calling for all former Romanian Communist Party nomenklatura and Securitate cadres to be banned from holding public office for a period of 10 years (or three consecutive legislatures), with an emphasis on the office of President (see Lustration). Questioning the status of the governing National Salvation Front, the Proclamation argued that the latter primarily represented a small group of Communist dissidents who had opposed Nicolae Ceauşescu's authoritarian regime and had subsequently monopolized power. These requirements replicated the earlier manifesto authored in Bucharest by philosopher Gabriel Liiceanu (Apel către lichele, the "Appeal to the Scoundrels"). Over the following period, the document was recognized and advocated by hundreds of civic associations, while almost 4 million citizens signed appeals in favor of incorporating the 8th Point into electoral law. The latter was also one of the main requests of the Bucharest Golaniad (which was violently repressed during the third Mineriad in June of the same year). (en) La Proclamazione di Timișoara fu un documento di tredici punti, diffuso l'11 marzo 1990 a Timișoara dal gruppo di manifestanti che in città avevano preso parte agli eventi della rivoluzione romena del 1989. Questo nacque all'indomani della mineriada del gennaio 1990, protesta che aveva avuto luogo a Bucarest e che era stata repressa dall'intervento violento dei minatori della valle del Jiu. Tali eventi influenzarono parzialmente i contenuti del documento. Sostenuti da associazioni civiche come la Società di Timișoara e altri gruppi studenteschi e operai, i firmatari avevano espresso obiettivi liberaldemocratici, che consideravano rappresentativi della nazione che era uscita dalla rivoluzione del dicembre 1989. La più nota richiesta contenuta nel documento riguardava l'ottavo punto, che prevedeva l'interdizione dai pubblici uffici per 10 anni (oppure per le prime tre legislature consecutive) per tutti gli individui che erano stati parte del Partito Comunista Rumeno o della Securitate, la polizia politica della dittatura comunista. In particolare il documento stabiliva l'interdizione per la carica di Presidente della Repubblica. Tale pratica fu diffusa in molti paesi dell'ex Cortina di ferro e prese il nome di lustrismo. Criticando l'azione del governo provvisorio in mano al Fronte di Salvezza Nazionale (FSN) di Ion iliescu, che aveva preso il potere all'indomani della rivoluzione, la Proclamazione sosteneva che questo era composto principalmente da comunisti dissidenti del regime di Nicolae Ceaușescu che avevano monopolizzato lo scenario politico della Romania attuale. Le richieste riprendevano il manifesto elaborato dal filosofo Gabriel Liiceanu "Appello alle canaglie"(rumeno: Apel către lichele). La validità del documento fu riconosciuta e difesa da centinaia di associazioni civiche, mentre quasi 4 milioni di cittadini firmarono petizioni per includere l'ottavo punto nella futura legge elettorale. L'applicazione dell'ottavo punto fu una delle maggiori rivendicazioni delle proteste esplose a Bucarest nell'aprile 1990, che presero il nome di golaniada e che furono sanguinosamente represse con la mineriada del giugno 1990. Mentre in altri paesi dell'ex blocco comunista l'interdizione dai pubblici uffici per gli ex membri dell'amministrazione comunista fu subito introdotta dopo la caduta dei rispettivi regimi (Polonia, Ungheria, Cecoslovacchia), il dibattito parlamentare in Romania durò più di 20 anni, senza approdare ad un risultato definitivo. (it) De Proclamatie van Timișoara is een document dat door deelnemers van de Roemeense Revolutie, uit Timișoara, werd geschreven, waarin zij hun politieke meningen en eisen uitdrukten. Dit was het antwoord op de . Het 8ste punt van de proclamatie was een van de belangrijkste verzoeken van het Golaniad, dat hevig werd onderdrukt door het . (nl) Тимишоа́рская проклама́ция (рум. Proclamația de la Timișoara) — документ, составленный 11 марта 1990 года тимишоарскими участниками Румынской революции 1989, в котором они выразили свои политические взгляды и требования. Прокламация была ответом на первую Минериаду и состояла из 13 пунктов. Восьмой пункт Тимишоарской прокламации о запрете участия в выборах бывших членов Коммунистической Партии Румынии был одним из главных требований Голаниады, которая была жестоко подавлена во время третьей Минериады. (ru) |
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| rdfs:comment | La proclamation de Timișoara est un document écrit par les participants de Timișoara à la révolution roumaine de 1989, dans laquelle ils expriment leurs vues politiques et leur exigences. Elle est une réponse à la première minériade de janvier 1990. Le point 8 de la proclamation appelant à ce que tous les anciens officiels du Parti communiste roumain soient bannis des fonctions publiques pendant une période de 10 ans, était l'une des principales revendications des participants à la Golaniade, qui fut violemment réprimée lors de la 3e minériade en juin 1990. (fr) De Proclamatie van Timișoara is een document dat door deelnemers van de Roemeense Revolutie, uit Timișoara, werd geschreven, waarin zij hun politieke meningen en eisen uitdrukten. Dit was het antwoord op de . Het 8ste punt van de proclamatie was een van de belangrijkste verzoeken van het Golaniad, dat hevig werd onderdrukt door het . (nl) Тимишоа́рская проклама́ция (рум. Proclamația de la Timișoara) — документ, составленный 11 марта 1990 года тимишоарскими участниками Румынской революции 1989, в котором они выразили свои политические взгляды и требования. Прокламация была ответом на первую Минериаду и состояла из 13 пунктов. Восьмой пункт Тимишоарской прокламации о запрете участия в выборах бывших членов Коммунистической Партии Румынии был одним из главных требований Голаниады, которая была жестоко подавлена во время третьей Минериады. (ru) Die Proklamation von Timișoara war ein am 11. März 1990 in Timișoara, Rumänien, von führenden Teilnehmern der Rumänischen Revolution 1989 verfasstes Dokument mit dreizehn Punkten. Sie war zum Teil eine Reaktion auf die erste Mineriade, also die Unruhen, bei denen im Januar und Februar 1990 Bergarbeiter aus dem Schil-Tal nach Bukarest zogen, um dort demonstrierende Gegner des Präsidenten Ion Iliescu tätlich anzugreifen. (de) The Proclamation of Timișoara was a thirteen-point written document, drafted on March 11, 1990, by the Timișoara participants in Romania's 1989 Revolution, and partly issued in reaction to the first Mineriad. Organized as the Timișoara Society and other bodies of students and workers, the signers expressed liberal-democratic goals, which they saw as representing the revolutionary legacy. The best-known requirement formed the document's 8th Point, calling for all former Romanian Communist Party nomenklatura and Securitate cadres to be banned from holding public office for a period of 10 years (or three consecutive legislatures), with an emphasis on the office of President (see Lustration). Questioning the status of the governing National Salvation Front, the Proclamation argued that the lat (en) La Proclamazione di Timișoara fu un documento di tredici punti, diffuso l'11 marzo 1990 a Timișoara dal gruppo di manifestanti che in città avevano preso parte agli eventi della rivoluzione romena del 1989. Questo nacque all'indomani della mineriada del gennaio 1990, protesta che aveva avuto luogo a Bucarest e che era stata repressa dall'intervento violento dei minatori della valle del Jiu. Tali eventi influenzarono parzialmente i contenuti del documento. Sostenuti da associazioni civiche come la Società di Timișoara e altri gruppi studenteschi e operai, i firmatari avevano espresso obiettivi liberaldemocratici, che consideravano rappresentativi della nazione che era uscita dalla rivoluzione del dicembre 1989. (it) |
| rdfs:label | Proklamation von Timișoara (de) Proclamation de Timișoara (fr) Proclamazione di Timișoara (it) Proclamatie van Timișoara (nl) Proclamation of Timișoara (en) Тимишоарская прокламация (ru) |
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