Siege of Fort Mifflin (original) (raw)
- The siege of Fort Mifflin or siege of Mud Island Fort from September 26 to November 16, 1777 saw British land batteries commanded by Captain John Montresor and a British naval squadron under Vice Admiral Lord Richard Howe attempt to capture an American fort in the Delaware River commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Samuel Smith. The operation finally succeeded when the wounded Smith's successor, Major Simeon Thayer, evacuated the fort on the night of November 15 and the British occupied the place the following morning. Owing to a shift of the river, Fort Mifflin is currently located on the north bank of the Delaware adjacent to Philadelphia International Airport. After General Sir William Howe's British-Hessian army occupied Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on September 26, 1777, it became necessary to supply his troops. Fort Mifflin on Mud Island in the middle of the Delaware and Fort Mercer at Red Bank, New Jersey, together with river obstructions and a small flotilla under Commodore John Hazelwood prevented the Royal Navy from shipping provisions into the city. With Philadelphia effectively blockaded by the Americans, the Howe brothers were forced to lay siege to Fort Mifflin in order to clear the river.A Hessian attempt to storm Fort Mercer failed with heavy losses on October 22 in the Battle of Red Bank. Two British warships which had run aground near Mud Island were destroyed the next day. General George Washington reinforced Fort Mifflin throughout the siege, but the garrison never numbered more than 500 men. After a few setbacks, the British finally assembled enough artillery and warships to bring Fort Mifflin under an intense bombardment beginning on November 10. No longer able to reply to the British bombardment, Thayer ordered the survivors to row across to New Jersey in the night and left the flag flying. Fort Mercer was abandoned soon afterward, opening the Delaware and permitting the British to hold Philadelphia until June 1778. (en)
- ミフリン砦包囲戦(ミフリンとりでほういせん、英: Siege of Fort Mifflin)は、アメリカ独立戦争の1777年9月26日から11月16日に、デラウェア川沿いのアメリカ軍ミフリン砦をイギリス軍が海陸協働で囲んだ包囲戦である。イギリス軍の陸上砲台はジョン・モントレサー大尉が指揮し、イギリス海軍の戦隊は海軍中将リチャード・ハウが指揮した。アメリカ側はサミュエル・スミス中佐が指揮していた。包囲中にスミスが負傷し、指揮を継いだシメオン・セイヤー少佐が11月15日に夜に砦の守備隊を脱出させ、翌朝イギリス軍が砦を占領することで、最終的にはイギリス軍の勝利となった。当時ミフリン砦は川中の島にあったが、デラウェア川が流れを変えたために、現在ではその北岸、フィラデルフィア国際空港の近くにある。 1777年9月26日、イギリス軍北アメリカ総司令官ウィリアム・ハウ将軍の軍隊とドイツ人傭兵部隊がフィラデルフィア市を占領した後、物資の補給が重要な問題になった。デラウェア川の川中に浮かぶマッド島のミフリン砦と、ニュージャージー州レッドバンクにあるマーサー砦が障害となり、またアメリカ海軍代将ジョン・ヘイゼルウッドが指揮する小さな船隊もいて、イギリス海軍がフィラデルフィア市に物資を運び入れることを妨げていた。フィラデルフィア市が事実上アメリカ軍に封鎖されている事態で、ウィリアム・ハウとリチャード・ハウの兄弟は川の障害を取り除くためにミフリン砦に対する包囲戦を布いた。10月22日のレッドバンクの戦いでは、ドイツ人傭兵部隊が砦を強襲したが、大きな損失を出して失敗した。マッド島近くでイギリス海軍の艦船2隻が座礁し、翌日には破壊された。 アメリカ軍ジョージ・ワシントン将軍は、この包囲戦の間にミフリン砦を補強したが、守備兵の数が500名を超えることは無かった。イギリス軍は何度か挫折した後に、ミフリン砦に向けた砲台を確保し、艦船を集めることで、11月10日には砦への激しい砲撃を始めた。セイヤーはイギリス軍への反撃ができなくなったと判断し、残っていた兵士に夜陰に紛れて川を渡り、ニュージャージーに行くことを命じた。戦旗は翻したままにしていた。その後間もなくマーサー砦も放棄され、イギリス軍にとってデラウェア川が開放され、フィラデルフィア市占領は1778年6月まで続いた。 (ja)
- Het Beleg van Fort Mifflin of het Beleg van Mud Island Fort in 1777 was een belegering van Fort Mifflin, nabij Philadelphia (Pennsylvania), die plaatsvond tijdens de Amerikaanse Onafhankelijkheidsoorlog. (nl)
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- Het Beleg van Fort Mifflin of het Beleg van Mud Island Fort in 1777 was een belegering van Fort Mifflin, nabij Philadelphia (Pennsylvania), die plaatsvond tijdens de Amerikaanse Onafhankelijkheidsoorlog. (nl)
- The siege of Fort Mifflin or siege of Mud Island Fort from September 26 to November 16, 1777 saw British land batteries commanded by Captain John Montresor and a British naval squadron under Vice Admiral Lord Richard Howe attempt to capture an American fort in the Delaware River commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Samuel Smith. The operation finally succeeded when the wounded Smith's successor, Major Simeon Thayer, evacuated the fort on the night of November 15 and the British occupied the place the following morning. Owing to a shift of the river, Fort Mifflin is currently located on the north bank of the Delaware adjacent to Philadelphia International Airport. (en)
- ミフリン砦包囲戦(ミフリンとりでほういせん、英: Siege of Fort Mifflin)は、アメリカ独立戦争の1777年9月26日から11月16日に、デラウェア川沿いのアメリカ軍ミフリン砦をイギリス軍が海陸協働で囲んだ包囲戦である。イギリス軍の陸上砲台はジョン・モントレサー大尉が指揮し、イギリス海軍の戦隊は海軍中将リチャード・ハウが指揮した。アメリカ側はサミュエル・スミス中佐が指揮していた。包囲中にスミスが負傷し、指揮を継いだシメオン・セイヤー少佐が11月15日に夜に砦の守備隊を脱出させ、翌朝イギリス軍が砦を占領することで、最終的にはイギリス軍の勝利となった。当時ミフリン砦は川中の島にあったが、デラウェア川が流れを変えたために、現在ではその北岸、フィラデルフィア国際空港の近くにある。 (ja)
- Siege of Fort Mifflin (en)
- ミフリン砦包囲戦 (ja)
- Beleg van Fort Mifflin (nl)
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