Sogo shosha (original) (raw)
Au Japon, les sōgō shōsha (総合商社) sont des maisons de commerce qui servent d'intermédiaire dans les échanges commerciaux.
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| dbo:abstract | Die Sōgō Shōsha (jap. 総合商社, dt. ‚allgemeine Handelsgesellschaft‘) sind große japanische Handelshäuser, die international agieren. Als Generalisten handeln diese Unternehmen mit allem: Rohstoffen, Zwischenprodukten, Fertigprodukten und Dienstleistungen, seien es Chemikalien, Textilien, Kraftwerke und ähnliche Großanlagen und Elektronik. Die Vertriebsstruktur umfasst Außenstellen, wie Filialen, Tochtergesellschaften und verbundene Unternehmen. Die japanischen Handelshäuser erfüllen eine für die japanische Volkswirtschaft essenzielle Funktion: sie unterstützen den Absatz japanischer Produkte und Dienstleistungen auf der ganzen Welt. Historisch verzichteten japanischen Hersteller im Sinne einer Konzentration auf ihre Kernkompetenz in der Fertigung nicht selten auf den Aufbau eigener Vertriebswege und überließen diese Rolle einem Handelshaus. Innerhalb Japans geben die großen Handelshäuser ihre Waren an die Großhandelsketten weiter, die diese dann an die kleineren Einzelhandelsketten weiterverkaufen. Ferner agieren die Sogo Shosha oft auch nur als Vermittler großer Deals. Ursprünglich, also mit Beginn der Industrialisierung Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts bis zum Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs, waren die Handelshäuser fester Bestandteil der Zaibatsu. Diese waren große Industriekonglomerate, bestehend aus diversen Produktionsbetrieben, einer Hausbank und einem Handelshaus. Mit der Zerschlagung dieser Strukturen durch die alliierte Besatzungsregierung wurden die Handelshäuser nominell unabhängig, tatsächlich blieben sie jedoch durch Überkreuzbeteiligungen weiterhin mit den anderen Unternehmen des Konglomerats eng verbunden (Keiretsu). Ihre große Zeit hatten die Sogo Shosha von den 1960ern bis in die 1980er Jahre, also vom Beginn des Hochwachstums bis zum Platzen der Bubble Economy. Durch die Globalisierung ab den 1990er Jahren nahm die Bedeutung der großen Handelshäuser ab. Japanische Unternehmen suchten verstärkt den direkten Kontakt mit ihren ausländischen Partnern und im Binnenmarkt umgingen Discounter zunehmend die tradierten Vertriebswege. (de) Au Japon, les sōgō shōsha (総合商社) sont des maisons de commerce qui servent d'intermédiaire dans les échanges commerciaux. (fr) Sogo shosha (総合商社, sōgō shōsha, or general trading companies) are Japanese companies that trade in a wide range of products and materials. In addition to acting as intermediaries, sōgō shōsha also engage in logistics, plant development and other services, as well as international resource exploration. Unlike trading companies in other countries, which are generally specialized in certain types of products, sōgō shōsha have extremely diversified business lines, in which respect the business model is unique to Japan. The structure of sōgō shōsha can give them advantages in international trade. First, they have extensive risk management capabilities in that they trade in many markets, keep balances in many foreign currencies and can generate captive supply and demand for their own operations. They also have large-scale in-house market information systems which give them economies of scale in pursuing new business opportunities. Their vast scale also allows them to provide capital in the form of credit, financing and export services at low cost. Mitsui CEO Masami Iijima described general trading companies as similar to investment funds such as private equity funds, but distinguished by their ability to identify and implement business opportunities in various industries using the information and human resources gleaned from their trading business. Sōgō shōsha are among the highest-paying employers in Japan; in 2011, six of the seven majors had average salaries of over 10 million yen. Along with financial institutions, they have consistently been among the most popular employers for graduates of top Japanese universities for over thirty years due to their high pay levels, stability and the diversity of opportunities available to employees as well as being the most competitive companies to get into in Japan. (en) Sogo Shosha adalah sebutan yang diberikan kepada perusahaan-perusahaan multinasional Jepang yang bergerak dalam bidang perdagangan umum. Sogo Shosa mempunyai pengaruh yang sangat besar dalam perdagangan internasional dan pertumbuhan ekonomi Jepang, sehingga diakui sebagai kunci sukses dalam kegiatan ekspor dan bahkan sebagai "pemandu kemajuan ekonomi Jepang" oleh masyarakat Jepang dan dunia internasional. akibatnya, negara-negara berkembang pun mulai berkiblat pada jepang, seperti taiwan, Korea, brasilia, dan Meksiko pun mulai mendirikan Sogo shosha menurut versinya masing-masing. demikian pula indonesia dengan gagasan Indonesia Incorporated-nya, yang pada dasarnya adalah perwujudan sogo shosha ala Indonesia. ada tiga ciri utama yang membedakan sogo sosha dengan perusahaan niaga yang lain, yakni: - memperdagangkan berbagai jenis produk dan tidak terbatas dengan produk-produk tertentu saja; - menguasai jaringan perdagangan internasional; - memiliki pengaruh besar dalam bidang pemasaran dan keuangan. (in) Sōgō shōsha (総合商社?) è un termine per definire le società commerciali tipiche del Giappone che vendono un'ampia varietà di prodotti e di materiali.Oltre al commercio, agiscono storicamente come banche d'investimento e private equity.Sōgō shōsha potrebbe essere meglio descritta come filosofia d'affari che come un modello visuale. La sette più grandi sōgō shōsha sono: Mitsubishi Corporation, Mitsui & Co., Sumitomo Corporation, Itochu, Marubeni, Toyota Tsusho e Sojitz.Insieme hanno approssimativamente 1.110 uffici in oltre 200 città nel mondo con oltre 20.000 specialisti. (it) 종합상사(綜合商社, 줄여서 商社)란 업종 면에서 특별한 전문성을 추구하는 것이 아니라, 해외무역 등을 통해 무엇이건 돈이 되는 사업을 발굴해 수익을 창출하는 기업을 말한다. "라면에서 미사일까지"라는 말로 표현되듯, 시장의 틈새를 찾아 수익이 되는 것이면 무엇이건 하는 기업인 셈이다. 본래 일본 특유의 회사 형태였으며, 대한민국 최초의 종합상사로는 삼성물산이 있다. (ko) Sogo shosha (総合商社 sōgō shōsha?) são grupos empresariais que surgiram no Japão, a partir de empresas de comércio internacional (trading companies) que comercializam diversos produtos e materiais. Além de comércio internacional, estes grupos empresariais atuam historicamente como bancos de investimento e private equities. Sōgō shōsha pode ser melhor descrito como uma filosofia de negócios do que uma área de atuação. Atualmente, enfrentando a concorrência de empresas chinesas, mas também os Tigres Asiáticos que são: Hong Kong, Taiwan, Coreia do Sul, Singapura. E na Índia perderam uma parte dos negócios. (pt) Сого сёся (яп. 総合商社 Со:го: сё:ся, «Всеобъемлющие торговые фирмы») — уникальное японское экономическое явление. Сого сёся называются универсальные торговые компании (конгломераты), охватывающие все отрасли экономики. Занимаются оптовой торговлей и продвижением товаров как в Японии, так и за её пределами. Помимо этого занимаются разработкой продукции, как правило совместно с производителями, и инвестициями в производство. Крупнейшими компаниями сого сёся являются (выручка за 2008 финансовый год): 1. * Mitsubishi Corporation — 23,103 трлн иен 2. * Mitsui & Co. — 17,010 трлн иен 3. * Itochu — 12,412 трлн иен 4. * Sumitomo Corporation — 11,484 трлн иен 5. * Marubeni — 10,632 трлн иен 6. * — 7,300 трлн иен 7. * — 7,710 трлн иен (ru) |
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| rdfs:comment | Au Japon, les sōgō shōsha (総合商社) sont des maisons de commerce qui servent d'intermédiaire dans les échanges commerciaux. (fr) Sōgō shōsha (総合商社?) è un termine per definire le società commerciali tipiche del Giappone che vendono un'ampia varietà di prodotti e di materiali.Oltre al commercio, agiscono storicamente come banche d'investimento e private equity.Sōgō shōsha potrebbe essere meglio descritta come filosofia d'affari che come un modello visuale. La sette più grandi sōgō shōsha sono: Mitsubishi Corporation, Mitsui & Co., Sumitomo Corporation, Itochu, Marubeni, Toyota Tsusho e Sojitz.Insieme hanno approssimativamente 1.110 uffici in oltre 200 città nel mondo con oltre 20.000 specialisti. (it) 종합상사(綜合商社, 줄여서 商社)란 업종 면에서 특별한 전문성을 추구하는 것이 아니라, 해외무역 등을 통해 무엇이건 돈이 되는 사업을 발굴해 수익을 창출하는 기업을 말한다. "라면에서 미사일까지"라는 말로 표현되듯, 시장의 틈새를 찾아 수익이 되는 것이면 무엇이건 하는 기업인 셈이다. 본래 일본 특유의 회사 형태였으며, 대한민국 최초의 종합상사로는 삼성물산이 있다. (ko) Die Sōgō Shōsha (jap. 総合商社, dt. ‚allgemeine Handelsgesellschaft‘) sind große japanische Handelshäuser, die international agieren. Als Generalisten handeln diese Unternehmen mit allem: Rohstoffen, Zwischenprodukten, Fertigprodukten und Dienstleistungen, seien es Chemikalien, Textilien, Kraftwerke und ähnliche Großanlagen und Elektronik. Die Vertriebsstruktur umfasst Außenstellen, wie Filialen, Tochtergesellschaften und verbundene Unternehmen. Die japanischen Handelshäuser erfüllen eine für die japanische Volkswirtschaft essenzielle Funktion: sie unterstützen den Absatz japanischer Produkte und Dienstleistungen auf der ganzen Welt. Historisch verzichteten japanischen Hersteller im Sinne einer Konzentration auf ihre Kernkompetenz in der Fertigung nicht selten auf den Aufbau eigener Vertriebsw (de) Sogo shosha (総合商社, sōgō shōsha, or general trading companies) are Japanese companies that trade in a wide range of products and materials. In addition to acting as intermediaries, sōgō shōsha also engage in logistics, plant development and other services, as well as international resource exploration. Unlike trading companies in other countries, which are generally specialized in certain types of products, sōgō shōsha have extremely diversified business lines, in which respect the business model is unique to Japan. (en) Sogo Shosha adalah sebutan yang diberikan kepada perusahaan-perusahaan multinasional Jepang yang bergerak dalam bidang perdagangan umum. Sogo Shosa mempunyai pengaruh yang sangat besar dalam perdagangan internasional dan pertumbuhan ekonomi Jepang, sehingga diakui sebagai kunci sukses dalam kegiatan ekspor dan bahkan sebagai "pemandu kemajuan ekonomi Jepang" oleh masyarakat Jepang dan dunia internasional. akibatnya, negara-negara berkembang pun mulai berkiblat pada jepang, seperti taiwan, Korea, brasilia, dan Meksiko pun mulai mendirikan Sogo shosha menurut versinya masing-masing. demikian pula indonesia dengan gagasan Indonesia Incorporated-nya, yang pada dasarnya adalah perwujudan sogo shosha ala Indonesia. (in) Sogo shosha (総合商社 sōgō shōsha?) são grupos empresariais que surgiram no Japão, a partir de empresas de comércio internacional (trading companies) que comercializam diversos produtos e materiais. Além de comércio internacional, estes grupos empresariais atuam historicamente como bancos de investimento e private equities. Sōgō shōsha pode ser melhor descrito como uma filosofia de negócios do que uma área de atuação. (pt) Сого сёся (яп. 総合商社 Со:го: сё:ся, «Всеобъемлющие торговые фирмы») — уникальное японское экономическое явление. Сого сёся называются универсальные торговые компании (конгломераты), охватывающие все отрасли экономики. Занимаются оптовой торговлей и продвижением товаров как в Японии, так и за её пределами. Помимо этого занимаются разработкой продукции, как правило совместно с производителями, и инвестициями в производство. Крупнейшими компаниями сого сёся являются (выручка за 2008 финансовый год): (ru) |
| rdfs:label | Sōgō Shōsha (de) Sogo shosha (in) Sōgō shōsha (fr) Sōgō shōsha (it) 종합상사 (ko) Sogo shosha (pt) Sogo shosha (en) Сого сёся (ru) |
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