Soldaderas (original) (raw)
Les Soldaderas (littéralement « soldates »), aussi appelées Adelitas, sont les femmes accompagnant les combattants pendant la Révolution mexicaine. L'une d'entre elles nommée Adela Velarde Pérez donna son nom a un corrido, Adelita, composé par un sergent des troupes de Pancho Villa nommé Antonio Gil del Río. Par extension, on nomme parfois Adelitas les soldaderas.
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| dbo:abstract | Als Soldaderas bezeichnet man die weiblichen Soldaten, die während der Mexikanischen Revolution gegen das Regime unter Porfirio Díaz kämpften, um mehr Rechte und mehr Freiheit zu erhalten. Die berühmtesten Soldaderas waren wohl und Hermila Galindo. Frauen schlossen sich der revolutionären Bewegung meist aus bürgerrechtlichen und feministischen Gründen an, sind jedoch nach der erfolgreichen Revolution wieder weitgehend aus den militärischen Ämtern verschwunden. Sinnbildlich für die Soldadera wurde die legendäre Adelita, die in mehreren Gedichten und Liedern, insbesondere in den Corridos, als Thema auftaucht. Heute hat die Adelita in Mexiko einen ähnlichen Status wie zum Beispiel Jeanne d’Arc in Frankreich. (de) Una soldadera, también conocida como adelita, fue una mujer involucrada en la revolución mexicana, luchando o acompañando a los soldados. El rol de la soldadera en la revolución variaba. Las soldaderas luchaban o trabajaban como cocineras, enfermeras, . La escritora Katya Maldonado Tavillo dice que “...sin ellas los soldados no hubieran comido ni dormido ni peleado”. Cabe destacar que el mito de la soldadera como mujer exclusivamente luchadora no es totalmente cierto. Es decir que la mayor cantidad de soldaderas no peleaban, aunque seguían a los campos de soldados. Hubo una gran cantidad de soldaderas que peleaban, y algunas se hicieron famosas, como Petra Herrera, Beatriz González Ortega y Angela Jiménez. Vale notar que mientras que las soldaderas podían pelear si querían, sus roles más comunes consistían en proteger a sus maridos y a sus familias de enfermedades y del hambre. Las soldaderas también representaron un cambio en las identidades femeninas. Las mujeres hacían tareas consideradas masculinas y después de la revolución, principalmente en las décadas del veinte y del treinta del Siglo XX, la gente en México tuvo un cambio social de género. (es) Les Soldaderas (littéralement « soldates »), aussi appelées Adelitas, sont les femmes accompagnant les combattants pendant la Révolution mexicaine. L'une d'entre elles nommée Adela Velarde Pérez donna son nom a un corrido, Adelita, composé par un sergent des troupes de Pancho Villa nommé Antonio Gil del Río. Par extension, on nomme parfois Adelitas les soldaderas. (fr) Soldaderas, often called Adelitas, were women in the military who participated in the conflict of the Mexican Revolution, ranging from commanding officers to combatants to camp followers. "In many respects, the Mexican revolution was not only a men's but a women's revolution." Although some revolutionary women achieved officer status, coronelas, "there are no reports of a woman achieving the rank of general." Since revolutionary armies did not have formal ranks, some women officers were called generala or coronela, even though they commanded relatively few men. A number of women took male identities, dressing as men, and being called by the male version of their given name, among them Ángel Jiménez and Amelio Robles Ávila. The largest numbers of soldaderas were in Northern Mexico, where both the Federal Army (until its demise in 1914) and the revolutionary armies needed them to provision soldiers by obtaining and cooking food, nursing the wounded, and promoting social cohesion. In area of Morelos where Emiliano Zapata led revolutionary campesinos, the forces were primarily defensive and based in peasant villages, less like the organized armies of the movement of Northern Mexico than seasonal guerrilla warfare. "Contingents of soldaderas were not necessary because at any moment Zapatista soldiers could take refuge in a nearby village." The term soldadera is derived from the Spanish word soldada, which denotes a payment made to the person who provided for a soldier's well-being. In fact, most soldaderas "who were either blood relations or companions of a soldier usually earned no economic recompense for their work, just like those women who did domestic work in their own home." Soldaderas had been a part of Mexican military long before the Mexican Revolution; however, numbers increased dramatically with the outbreak of the revolution. The revolution saw the emergence of a few female combatants and fewer commanding officers (coronelas). Soldaderas and coronelas are now often lumped together. Soldaderas as camp followers performed vital tasks such as taking care of the male soldiers: cooking, cleaning, setting up camp, cleaning their weapons, and so forth. For soldaderas, the Mexican Revolution was their greatest time in history. Soldaderas came from various social backgrounds, with those "to emerge from obscurity belonged to the middle class and played a prominent role in the political movement that led to the revolution." Most were likely lower class, rural, mestizo and Native women about whom little is known. Despite the emphasis on female combatants, without the female camp followers, the armies fighting in the Revolution would have been much worse off. When Pancho Villa banned soldaderas from his elite corps of Dorados within his División del Norte, the incidence of rape increased. They joined the revolution for many different reasons; however, joining was not always voluntary. (en) Soldaderas waren vrouwelijke soldaten gedurende de Mexicaanse Revolutie. Evenals de mannelijke revolutionairen keerden ze zich tegen de dictatuur van Porfirio Díaz. Zij hadden nog een extra reden te vechten tegen Díaz, omdat deze het kleine beetje voortgang dat er bestond in vrouwenrechten ongedaan had gemaakt. De soldaderas hadden een dubbele taak; naast het vechten hielden zij zich ook bezig met huishoudelijke taken en het verplegen van gewonden. Prominente soldaderas waren en , die ook gelijke rechten voor vrouwen probeerden te bewerkstelligen. Aan het eind van de Mexicaanse Revolutie was er een voorzichtig begin gemaakt met het doorvoeren van rechten voor vrouwen. De gouverneurs Felipe Carrillo Puerto en Tomás Garrido Canabal voerden in hun staten het vrouwenkiesrecht in. Carrillo Puerto's zuster Elvira Carrillo Puerto was de eerste vrouw die in het parlement werd gekozen, en organiseerde in de jaren '20 en 30 verschillende feministische congressen. De bekendste soldadera is La Adelita, die onderwerp is van een van de bekendste corridos (ballades) uit de tijd van de Revolutie. Het is echter niet zeker of zij echt heeft bestaan, hoewel er wel een bekende foto is van een soldadera in een trein die met Adelita geïdentifieerd wordt. Corridos als La Adelita hebben het beeld van soldaderas wel enigszins verstoord. In plaats van nadruk te leggen op de militaire en sociale rol die soldaderas speelden worden ze veel meer bezongen als seksuele wezens. (nl) Soldaderas, eram mulheres trabalhadoras, camponesas, mestiças e indígenas que participaram ativamente na Revolução Mexicana, a partir de 1910. As soldaderas lutaram tanto do lado do Governo Federal, apoiando o ditador Porfírio Díaz, como também batalharam em oposição à ditadura porfirista junto com os exércitos revolucionários. Em decorrência das atitudes de Porfírio Díaz com as expropriações de terras dos camponeses e indígenas[1], muitas mulheres lutaram em prol dos ideais revolucionários como a reforma agrária, pois sua subsistência estava ligada diretamente à terra. Já outras procuravam o exército em busca de uma forma de arrumar trabalho e sustento. Muitas iam junto com seus maridos e filhos e as mais novas, crianças de doze e treze anos iam acompanhando os pais, e mais tarde elas se tornavam soldaderas. No entanto, algumas eram sequestradas. Essas mulheres contribuíram intensamente com as tropas de diversas formas, seja no cotidiano dos exércitos, seja no campo de batalha. A revolução mexicana foi uma luta pela independência, não só política e econômica, com relação as políticas liberalistas de desenvolvimento de Díaz que consistiu em integrar o México na economia mundial e a concentração de terras e riquezas para os latifundiários mexicanos e estadunidenses[1], mas também para as mulheres e homens que eram oprimidos por um sistema de dicotomia hierárquica na modernidade colonial, isto é, a distinção entre humano e não humano, sendo o homem, branco e europeu o humano e os não humanos eram as populações indígenas da América[2]. As mulheres tiveram chance de ascenderem militarmente através de cargos de comando no exército como os de capitanas, coronelas e generalas, desta forma as mulheres que se tornavam soldaderas buscavam mudar sua situação econômica. As mulheres soldaderas realizavam muito dos serviços essenciais para o bom funcionamento do exército no cotidiano. Cuidavam dos suprimentos, dos equipamentos e dos feridos além de seus filhos, como também atuavam como espiãs, propagandistas políticas, contrabandistas de armas e munição, informantes, e também tinham papéis de liderança. No entanto, por mais que as mulheres tivessem um papel fundamental no dia a dia elas eram subalternizadas, rebaixadas e marginalizadas dentro da estrutura militar, ganhavam menos que os homens[1] e tinham que passar por situações bem exaustivas, como por exemplo, enquanto os homens iam a cavalo, mulheres e crianças iam a pé. (pt) Сольдадеры (исп. Soldaderas) — женщины, сопровождавшие мексиканских солдат в походах, занимавшиеся приготовлением пищи, стиркой, уходом за ранеными и погребением мёртвых. Подобная практика появилась ещё во времена конкистадоров. Каждая сольдадера обычно была «прикреплена» к одному солдату и зачастую находилась с ним в интимных отношениях. Широкое распространение сольдадеры получили в период Мексиканской революции. Некоторые сольдадеры непосредственно участвовали в боевых действиях и могли занять руководящую должность. Например, Маргарита Нери командовала отрядами индейцев на юге Мексики. Полковник Петра Эррера, вначале скрывавшая свой пол, сыграла важную роль в битве при Торреоне в 1914 году, но Панчо Вилья боялся произвести женщину в генералы, и она сформировала собственный женский отряд. Сольдадерам посвящена одна из популярных песен-корридо — «Аделита» (в связи с этим «солдатские жёны» были известны и как «аделиты»). Образ сольдадер присутствует в работах многих муралистов, он также отражён в романе Мариано Асуэлы «Те, кто внизу». Тема сольдадер фигурирует в большом количестве кинолент, в том числе в фильме Сергея Эйзенштейна «Да здравствует Мексика!». После окончания революции и создания квартирмейстерской службы сольдадеры исчезли. (ru) |
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| dbo:wikiPageExternalLink | http://www.ic.arizona.edu/ic/mcbride/ws200/mex-jand.htm%23Dolores%20Jimenez%20y%20Muro http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/mcnair/vol13/iss1/6/ |
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| rdfs:comment | Les Soldaderas (littéralement « soldates »), aussi appelées Adelitas, sont les femmes accompagnant les combattants pendant la Révolution mexicaine. L'une d'entre elles nommée Adela Velarde Pérez donna son nom a un corrido, Adelita, composé par un sergent des troupes de Pancho Villa nommé Antonio Gil del Río. Par extension, on nomme parfois Adelitas les soldaderas. (fr) Als Soldaderas bezeichnet man die weiblichen Soldaten, die während der Mexikanischen Revolution gegen das Regime unter Porfirio Díaz kämpften, um mehr Rechte und mehr Freiheit zu erhalten. Die berühmtesten Soldaderas waren wohl und Hermila Galindo. Frauen schlossen sich der revolutionären Bewegung meist aus bürgerrechtlichen und feministischen Gründen an, sind jedoch nach der erfolgreichen Revolution wieder weitgehend aus den militärischen Ämtern verschwunden. (de) Una soldadera, también conocida como adelita, fue una mujer involucrada en la revolución mexicana, luchando o acompañando a los soldados. El rol de la soldadera en la revolución variaba. Las soldaderas luchaban o trabajaban como cocineras, enfermeras, . La escritora Katya Maldonado Tavillo dice que “...sin ellas los soldados no hubieran comido ni dormido ni peleado”. (es) Soldaderas, often called Adelitas, were women in the military who participated in the conflict of the Mexican Revolution, ranging from commanding officers to combatants to camp followers. "In many respects, the Mexican revolution was not only a men's but a women's revolution." Although some revolutionary women achieved officer status, coronelas, "there are no reports of a woman achieving the rank of general." Since revolutionary armies did not have formal ranks, some women officers were called generala or coronela, even though they commanded relatively few men. A number of women took male identities, dressing as men, and being called by the male version of their given name, among them Ángel Jiménez and Amelio Robles Ávila. (en) Soldaderas waren vrouwelijke soldaten gedurende de Mexicaanse Revolutie. Evenals de mannelijke revolutionairen keerden ze zich tegen de dictatuur van Porfirio Díaz. Zij hadden nog een extra reden te vechten tegen Díaz, omdat deze het kleine beetje voortgang dat er bestond in vrouwenrechten ongedaan had gemaakt. De soldaderas hadden een dubbele taak; naast het vechten hielden zij zich ook bezig met huishoudelijke taken en het verplegen van gewonden. (nl) Soldaderas, eram mulheres trabalhadoras, camponesas, mestiças e indígenas que participaram ativamente na Revolução Mexicana, a partir de 1910. As soldaderas lutaram tanto do lado do Governo Federal, apoiando o ditador Porfírio Díaz, como também batalharam em oposição à ditadura porfirista junto com os exércitos revolucionários. Em decorrência das atitudes de Porfírio Díaz com as expropriações de terras dos camponeses e indígenas[1], muitas mulheres lutaram em prol dos ideais revolucionários como a reforma agrária, pois sua subsistência estava ligada diretamente à terra. Já outras procuravam o exército em busca de uma forma de arrumar trabalho e sustento. Muitas iam junto com seus maridos e filhos e as mais novas, crianças de doze e treze anos iam acompanhando os pais, e mais tarde elas se (pt) Сольдадеры (исп. Soldaderas) — женщины, сопровождавшие мексиканских солдат в походах, занимавшиеся приготовлением пищи, стиркой, уходом за ранеными и погребением мёртвых. Подобная практика появилась ещё во времена конкистадоров. Каждая сольдадера обычно была «прикреплена» к одному солдату и зачастую находилась с ним в интимных отношениях. Широкое распространение сольдадеры получили в период Мексиканской революции. Некоторые сольдадеры непосредственно участвовали в боевых действиях и могли занять руководящую должность. Например, Маргарита Нери командовала отрядами индейцев на юге Мексики. Полковник Петра Эррера, вначале скрывавшая свой пол, сыграла важную роль в битве при Торреоне в 1914 году, но Панчо Вилья боялся произвести женщину в генералы, и она сформировала собственный женский отряд. (ru) |
| rdfs:label | Soldadera (de) Soldadera (es) Soldaderas (fr) Soldadera (nl) Soldaderas (en) Сольдадеры (ru) Soldaderas (pt) |
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