| dbo:abstract |
التعرفة الجمركية لعام 1828 هي تعرفة حمائية أقرها كونغرس الولايات المتحدة في 19 مايو 1828 بهدف حماية الصناعة في شمال الولايات المتحدة. تمت صياغتها خلال رئاسة جون كوينسي آدمز وتم سنها خلال رئاسة أندرو جاكسون، وقد أطلق عليها منتقدوها من الجنوب اسم «تعرفة البغضاء» (بالإنجليزية: Tariff of Abominations) بسبب آثارها على الاقتصاد الجنوبي في فترة ما قبل الحرب. حددت التعرفة ضريبة بنسبة 38٪ على 92٪ من جميع السلع المستوردة. كانت الصناعات في شمال الولايات المتحدة تنازع للبقاء أمام البضائع المستوردة منخفضة السعر، وكان الهدف الرئيسي للتعرفة هو حماية هذه الصناعات من خلال فرض الضرائب على تلك البضائع. ومع ذلك، فقد تضرر الجنوب بشكل مباشر بسبب ارتفاع أسعار السلع التي لم ينتجها، وبشكل غير مباشر لأن خفض استيراد البضائع البريطانية إلى الولايات المتحدة صعّب على البريطانيين دفع ثمن القطن الذي استوردوه من الجنوب. أدى رد الفعل في الجنوب، وخاصة في كارولينا الجنوبية، إلى ما عُرف باسم أزمة الإبطال. مثلت التعرفة أعلى نقطة بين التعرفات الأمريكية من حيث متوسط النسبة المئوية للضريبة على القيمة، رغم أنها لم تنتج إيرادات كنسبة مئوية من الناتج المحلي الإجمالي. (ar) The Tariff of 1828 was a very high protective tariff that became law in the United States in May 1828. It was a bill designed to not pass Congress because it was seen by free trade supporters as hurting both industry and farming, but surprisingly, it passed. The bill was vehemently denounced in the South and escalated to a threat of civil war in the Nullification crisis of 1832–1833. The tariff was replaced in 1833, and the crisis ended. It was called the "Tariff of Abominations" by its Southern detractors because of the effects it had on the Southern economy. It set a 38% tax on some imported goods and a 45% tax on certain imported raw materials. The manufacturing-based economy in the Northeastern states was suffering from low-priced imported manufactured items from Britain. The major goal of the tariff was to protect the factories by taxing imports from Europe. Southerners from the Cotton Belt, particularly those from South Carolina, felt they were harmed directly by having to pay more for imports from Europe. Allegedly, the South was also harmed indirectly because reducing the exportation of British goods to the U.S would make it difficult for the British to pay for the cotton they imported from the South. The reaction in the South, particularly in South Carolina, led to the Nullification Crisis. (en) |
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التعرفة الجمركية لعام 1828 هي تعرفة حمائية أقرها كونغرس الولايات المتحدة في 19 مايو 1828 بهدف حماية الصناعة في شمال الولايات المتحدة. تمت صياغتها خلال رئاسة جون كوينسي آدمز وتم سنها خلال رئاسة أندرو جاكسون، وقد أطلق عليها منتقدوها من الجنوب اسم «تعرفة البغضاء» (بالإنجليزية: Tariff of Abominations) بسبب آثارها على الاقتصاد الجنوبي في فترة ما قبل الحرب. حددت التعرفة ضريبة بنسبة 38٪ على 92٪ من جميع السلع المستوردة. (ar) The Tariff of 1828 was a very high protective tariff that became law in the United States in May 1828. It was a bill designed to not pass Congress because it was seen by free trade supporters as hurting both industry and farming, but surprisingly, it passed. The bill was vehemently denounced in the South and escalated to a threat of civil war in the Nullification crisis of 1832–1833. The tariff was replaced in 1833, and the crisis ended. It was called the "Tariff of Abominations" by its Southern detractors because of the effects it had on the Southern economy. It set a 38% tax on some imported goods and a 45% tax on certain imported raw materials. (en) |
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تعرفة عام 1828 (ar) Tariff of Abominations (en) |
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