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El caso Texas contra Johnson, 491 U.S. 397 (1989), de la Corte Suprema de Estados Unidos, es un hito en la historia judicial estadounidense, pues invalidó las leyes que prohibían la Profanación de la bandera estadounidense, en rigor en 48 de los 50 estados al momento de la sentencia. El juez dictaminó que el acto del defendido, quien quemó una bandera estadounidense, estaba protegido por la Primera Enmienda a la Constitución de los Estados Unidos, que garantizaba su libertad de expresión. Johnson fue representado por los abogados y . (es) L'arrêt Texas v. Johnson (491 U.S. 397) est un arrêt rendu en 1989 par la Cour suprême des États-Unis. Il déclare que les lois condamnant la profanation du drapeau, alors en vigueur dans quarante-huit États, sont incompatibles avec le premier amendement et à la Constitution fédérale qui interdit au Congrès de limiter la liberté d'expression. L'arrêt a été rendu à cinq voix contre quatre. (fr) Texas v. Johnson, 491 U.S. 397 (1989), was a landmark decision of the Supreme Court of the United States in which the Court held, 5–4, that burning the American flag was protected speech under the First Amendment to the Constitution, as doing so counts as symbolic speech and political speech. In the case, activist Gregory Lee Johnson was convicted for burning an American flag during a protest outside the 1984 Republican National Convention in Dallas, Texas, and was fined $2,000 and sentenced to one year in jail in accordance with Texas law. Justice William Brennan wrote for the five-justice majority that Johnson's flag burning was protected under the freedom of speech, and therefore the state could not censor Johnson nor punish him for his actions. The ruling invalidated prohibitions on desecrating the American flag, which at the time were enforced in 48 of the 50 states. The ruling was widely unpopular with the general public and lawmakers, with President George H. W. Bush calling flag burning "dead wrong". The ruling was challenged by Congress, who passed the Flag Protection Act later that year to make flag desecration a federal crime. The law's legitimacy was again questioned before the Supreme Court, which affirmed in United States v. Eichman (1990) that flag burning was a protected form of free speech, and overruled the Flag Protection Act as unconstitutional. In the years following the ruling, Congress considered the Flag Desecration Amendment several times, which would amend the Constitution to make flag burning illegal. The amendment passed the House of Representatives three times, but has never passed in the Senate. The issue of flag burning remained controversial decades later, and it is still utilized as a form of protest. (en) テキサス州対ジョンソン事件（てきさすしゅう たい じょんそんじけん、Texas v. Johnson、491 U.S. 397 (1989)）は、アメリカ合衆国の国旗の冒涜を禁じるテキサス州法を違憲とした合衆国最高裁判所の画期的判決（landmark decision）である。ウィリアム・ブレナン裁判官が被告人による国旗焼却行為は合衆国憲法修正第1条に基づいて保護される表現に該当するとした多数意見を執筆し、これを裁判官9人中5人が支持した。及びウィリアム・クンスラー各弁護士が、ジョンソンの弁護人を務めた。 (ja) 德克萨斯州诉约翰逊案（英語：Texas v. Johnson， U.S. 397 (1989)）是美國联邦最高法院于1989年3月开始审理并在同年6月21日作出判决的一个非常重要的司法案件。在这一案件的判决书中，联邦最高法院比5比4的投票结果支持了德克萨斯州刑事上诉法院（英語：the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals）的意见，认为该州有关保护国旗的法律违反美利坚合众国宪法第一条修正案。这意味着美国48个州以及首都哥伦比亚特区有关保护国旗的法律均因违宪而失效。 这一判决引发了来自联邦政府另外两大分支联邦国会和美国总统以及美国广大民众的强制反弹，之后国会两院很快又通过了旨在保护国旗的新《国旗保护法》，將毀壞國旗也從聯邦法律層面入刑，但仍然被最高法院在幾經考慮後以一票之差宣布其违宪而取消。 民众又多次试图再从国会通过保护国旗的宪法修正案，直接將破壞國旗罪寫進憲法来推翻最高法院的判决，1995、1997和1999年，这一修正案先后3次在联邦众议院以312比120、310比114和304比124的直过三分之二多数通过，但都未能通过联邦参议院，1995年投票的结果是63比36（距三分之二多数仅差3票），1997年该修正案未能列入讨论议程，2000年3月的第3次投票则是63比37。在这一辯論过程中，支持最高法院的民众和国会议员有明显的逐渐增多的趋势，但对案件的争论仍然存在。 (zh) Техас против Джонсона 491 U.S. 397 (1989) — решение Верховного суда США, лишившее законной силы запрет на публичное сжигание американского флага. Мнение большинства было подготовлено Уильямом Бреннаном. Суд установил, что сжигание флага как форма выражения протеста гарантировано Первой поправкой к Конституции США.Джонсона в суде представляли адвокаты Дэвид Коул и Уильям Канстлер. (ru) |
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Gregory Lee Johnson's conviction was inconsistent with the First Amendment. Any statute that criminalizes the desecration of the American flag is unconstitutional. Texas Court of Criminal Appeals affirmed. (en) |
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It is a symbol of freedom, of equal opportunity, of religious tolerance, and of goodwill for other peoples who share our aspirations. The symbol carries its message to dissidents both at home and abroad who may have no interest at all in our national unity or survival. The value of the flag as a symbol cannot be measured. Even so, I have no doubt that the interest in preserving that value for the future is both significant and legitimate. Conceivably, that value will be enhanced by the Court's conclusion that our national commitment to free expression is so strong that even the United States, as ultimate guarantor of that freedom, is without power to prohibit the desecration of its unique symbol. But I am unpersuaded. (en) |
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Texas v. Johnson, First Amendment Library entry (en) |
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El caso Texas contra Johnson, 491 U.S. 397 (1989), de la Corte Suprema de Estados Unidos, es un hito en la historia judicial estadounidense, pues invalidó las leyes que prohibían la Profanación de la bandera estadounidense, en rigor en 48 de los 50 estados al momento de la sentencia. El juez dictaminó que el acto del defendido, quien quemó una bandera estadounidense, estaba protegido por la Primera Enmienda a la Constitución de los Estados Unidos, que garantizaba su libertad de expresión. Johnson fue representado por los abogados y . (es) L'arrêt Texas v. Johnson (491 U.S. 397) est un arrêt rendu en 1989 par la Cour suprême des États-Unis. Il déclare que les lois condamnant la profanation du drapeau, alors en vigueur dans quarante-huit États, sont incompatibles avec le premier amendement et à la Constitution fédérale qui interdit au Congrès de limiter la liberté d'expression. L'arrêt a été rendu à cinq voix contre quatre. (fr) テキサス州対ジョンソン事件（てきさすしゅう たい じょんそんじけん、Texas v. Johnson、491 U.S. 397 (1989)）は、アメリカ合衆国の国旗の冒涜を禁じるテキサス州法を違憲とした合衆国最高裁判所の画期的判決（landmark decision）である。ウィリアム・ブレナン裁判官が被告人による国旗焼却行為は合衆国憲法修正第1条に基づいて保護される表現に該当するとした多数意見を執筆し、これを裁判官9人中5人が支持した。及びウィリアム・クンスラー各弁護士が、ジョンソンの弁護人を務めた。 (ja) Техас против Джонсона 491 U.S. 397 (1989) — решение Верховного суда США, лишившее законной силы запрет на публичное сжигание американского флага. Мнение большинства было подготовлено Уильямом Бреннаном. Суд установил, что сжигание флага как форма выражения протеста гарантировано Первой поправкой к Конституции США.Джонсона в суде представляли адвокаты Дэвид Коул и Уильям Канстлер. (ru) Texas v. Johnson, 491 U.S. 397 (1989), was a landmark decision of the Supreme Court of the United States in which the Court held, 5–4, that burning the American flag was protected speech under the First Amendment to the Constitution, as doing so counts as symbolic speech and political speech. In the case, activist Gregory Lee Johnson was convicted for burning an American flag during a protest outside the 1984 Republican National Convention in Dallas, Texas, and was fined $2,000 and sentenced to one year in jail in accordance with Texas law. Justice William Brennan wrote for the five-justice majority that Johnson's flag burning was protected under the freedom of speech, and therefore the state could not censor Johnson nor punish him for his actions. (en) 德克萨斯州诉约翰逊案（英語：Texas v. Johnson， U.S. 397 (1989)）是美國联邦最高法院于1989年3月开始审理并在同年6月21日作出判决的一个非常重要的司法案件。在这一案件的判决书中，联邦最高法院比5比4的投票结果支持了德克萨斯州刑事上诉法院（英語：the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals）的意见，认为该州有关保护国旗的法律违反美利坚合众国宪法第一条修正案。这意味着美国48个州以及首都哥伦比亚特区有关保护国旗的法律均因违宪而失效。 这一判决引发了来自联邦政府另外两大分支联邦国会和美国总统以及美国广大民众的强制反弹，之后国会两院很快又通过了旨在保护国旗的新《国旗保护法》，將毀壞國旗也從聯邦法律層面入刑，但仍然被最高法院在幾經考慮後以一票之差宣布其违宪而取消。 (zh) |
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