Thomas Szasz (original) (raw)
Thomas Szasz (15. dubna 1920, Budapešť, Maďarsko – 8. září 2012, Manlius, New York, USA) byl americký psychiatr maďarského původu. Stal se kritikem morálních i vědeckých základů klasické psychiatrie, jedním z představitelů antipsychiatrie.
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| dbo:abstract | 'توماس ستيفن ساس' (بالإنجليزية: Thomas Stephen Szasz) (15أبريل، 1920 - 8 سبتمبر، 2012) هو طبيب نفسي ومحلل نفسي وأكاديمي عمل معظم حياته المهنية بروفيسوراً في الطب النفسي في جامعة أبستيت نيويورك الطبية في مدينة سيراكيوز في نيويورك. ويعد الدكتور ساس عضواً بارزاً في الجمعية الأمريكية للأطباء النفسيين، وعضواً في الجمعية الأمريكية للمحللين النفسيين. واشتهر الدكتور كناقد اجتماعي للقواعد والأساسيات الأخلاقية والعلمية التي بُني عليها الطب النفسي والذي اعتبرها أهدافاً طبية للسيطرة على المجتمع في العصر الحديث، بالإضافة إلى إضفاء الطابع العلمي للطب النفسي. ومن مؤلفاته «خرافة الطب النفسي» (1961)، و«صناعة الجنون» (1970)، والتي أثارت جدلاً واسعاً. ناقش الدكتور ساس خلال حياته العملية مبدأه بأن المرض النفسي هو تشبيه لمشاكل الناس في حياتهم، فالمرض النفسي ليس حقيقياً كما هو مفهوم المرض الحقيقي كمرض السرطان باستثناء الأمراض العقلية القابلة للتحديد مثل مرض الزهايمر، وذلك لأنه ليست هناك أية اختبارات حيوية أو كيميائية أوتحاليل أو نتائج تشريحية تؤكد أو تنفي تشخيصات الدليل التشخيصي والإحصائي للاضطرابات النفسية، بمعنى أنه لا يوجد طُرُق موضوعية لاكتشاف وجود المرض النفسي من عدمه. وخلال عمله حافظ الدكتور على موقفه في نفي معاداته للطب النفسي ولكنه أكد على معاداته للطب النفسي القسري، وكان معارضاً لقانون المتطلبات المدنية والعلاجات الطبية النفسية الجبرية، وهو مؤمن وممارس للعلاج النفسي المعرفي والسلوكي، والطب النفسي أيضاً فقط للبالغين بموافقتهم.وتعود آراء الدكتور ساس في العلاج إلى الحقوق المدنية للأفراد والمبنية على مبادئ أن كل شخص له الحق في الملكية الذاتية لجسده وعقله، وله حق الحرية ضد أي عنف من الأخرين على الرغم من انتقاده ممارسة الطب النفسي في «العالم الحر» والدول الشيوعية. فقد كان مؤمناً بأن الانتحار وممارسة الطب النفسي واستخدام وبيع المخدرات والعلاقات الجنسية يجب أن تكون خاصة وضمن اتفاق بين الأطراف وقانونية. (ar) Thomas Szasz (15. dubna 1920, Budapešť, Maďarsko – 8. září 2012, Manlius, New York, USA) byl americký psychiatr maďarského původu. Stal se kritikem morálních i vědeckých základů klasické psychiatrie, jedním z představitelů antipsychiatrie. (cs) Thomas Istvan Szasz (Budapest, Hongria, 15 d'abril de 1920 - 8 de setembre de 2012) fou un professor de psiquiatria a la Universitat de Siracusa a Nova York. Szasz va ser un crític dels fonaments morals i científics de la psiquiatria i un dels referents de l'antipsiquiatria. És conegut pel seu llibre de 1970, La fabricació de la bogeria: un estudi comparatiu de la inquisició amb el moviment de salut mental i encara més per The myth of mental illness títol que traduït seria «El mite de la malaltia mental». Hi va plantejar els principals arguments contra els nombrosos prejudicis ideològics i la falta de respecte de la llibertat individual que predominaven en la psiquiatria al darrer quart del segle xx. Va comparar els psiquiatres amb alquimistes i astròlegs. «Per ell, la malaltia mental era sovint un mite, destinat a dissimular els conflictes morals propis de les relacions humanes.» Forma part d'un moviment d'estudiosos que a mitjan segle xx van estudiar els trastorns mentals en relació amb les estructures socials i pràctiques assistencials deshumanitzadores. La seva postura sobre el tractament involuntari és conseqüència de les seves arrels conceptuals en el liberalisme clàssic i el principi que cada persona té jurisdicció sobre el seu propi cos i ment. Szasz considera que la pràctica de la medicina i l'ús de medicaments ha de ser privat i amb consentiment propi, fora de la jurisdicció de l'Estat; al seu torn, qüestiona els règims autoritaris i els estats policials. Thomas Szasz va acabar amb la seva vida el 8 de setembre de 2012 amb 92 anys. No volia patir el dolor crònic, conseqüència d'una caiguda poc abans. Szasz defensava el dret al suïcidi als seus escrits. (ca) Thomas Stephen Szasz [sɑːs] (* 15. April 1920 als Tamás István Szász in Budapest; † 8. September 2012 in Manlius, New York) war ein US-amerikanischer Psychiater ungarischer Herkunft. Szasz wurde bekannt durch seine Kritik an den moralischen und wissenschaftlichen Grundlagen der Psychiatrie. Er wird teilweise der sogenannten Antipsychiatrie zugerechnet und gilt als Mitbegründer dieser Bewegung, wandte sich selbst allerdings vehement gegen diese Einordnung. (de) Ο Τόμας Στέφεν Σας (1920-2012) ήταν Αμερικανός ψυχίατρος και ψυχαναλυτής ουγγρικής καταγωγής, γνωστός για τις έντονα επικριτικές απόψεις του ενάντια στις πρακτικές και τις θεωρητικές κατασκευές της ακαδημαϊκής-θεσμικής ψυχιατρικής, την οποία δεν δίσταζε να αποκαλεί συχνά "ψευδοεπιστήμη". Τις ιδέες του αυτές τις ανέπτυξε σε μια σειρά άρθρων και βιβλίων, μεταξύ των οποίων και τα φημισμένα και ιδιαίτερα δημοφιλή στην εποχή τους "Ο μύθος της ψυχικής αρρώστιας" (1961) και "Η βιομηχανία της τρέλας" (1970). Θεωρήθηκε ο πιο ριζοσπαστικός εκπρόσωπος του αντιψυχιατρικού κινήματος - ενός έντονα πολιτικοποιημένου όσο και πολύμορφου κινήματος καταγγελίας και αμφισβήτησης των ψυχιατρικών θεσμών που γνώρισε μεγάλη άνθηση και δημοτικότητα στις δεκαετίες του 1960 και 1970 σε πολλές χώρες της Δυτικής Ευρώπης και της Αμερικής. Ωστόσο, και σε αντίθεση με άλλες σημαντικές προσωπικότητες του κινήματος αυτού που ανήκαν κατά κανόνα στην μαρξιστική αριστερά, ο Σας θα χαρακτηριζόταν πολιτικά περισσότερο ως ελευθερόφρονας ουμανιστής (libertarian humanist). (el) Thomas Istvan Szasz (Budapest, Hungría, 15 de abril de 1920 - 8 de septiembre de 2012) fue profesor emérito de psiquiatría en la Universidad de Syracuse en Nueva York. Reconocido crítico de los fundamentos morales y científicos de la psiquiatría y uno de los referentes de la antipsiquiatría, aunque no se identificara con esa corriente. Es conocido por sus libros El mito de la enfermedad mental y La fabricación de la locura: un estudio comparativo de la inquisición con el movimiento de salud mental, en los que planteó sus principales argumentos con los que se le asocia. Su postura sobre el tratamiento involuntario es consecuencia de sus raíces conceptuales en el liberalismo clásico y el principio de que cada persona tiene jurisdicción sobre su propio cuerpo y su mente. Szasz considera que la práctica de la medicina y el uso de medicamentos debe ser privado y con consentimiento propio, fuera de la jurisdicción del Estado, a su vez cuestiona los regímenes autoritarios y los Estados policiales. (es) Thomas Stephen Szasz, né Tamás István Szász ([saːs]) le 15 avril 1920 à Budapest et mort le 8 septembre 2012 à Manlius dans l'État de New York, est un psychiatre et professeur émérite de psychiatrie hongrois à la SUNY Upstate Medical University à Syracuse. Contestataire et critique de la morale et des fondations scientifiques de la psychiatrie, il exprime ses idées dans de nombreux ouvrages comme The Myth of Mental Illness (Le Mythe de la maladie mentale) publié en 1961 ou The Manufacture of Madness (Fabriquer la folie) publié en 1970. Thomas Szasz est l'un des penseurs de l'antipsychiatrie. Sa lutte libertarienne se rapporte à la médecine en particulier et de manière plus générale à la primauté des relations contractuelles de toutes sortes entre individus majeurs. Cela l'amène à aborder d'autres thématiques comme la sexualité, les drogues ou le suicide. (fr) Thomas Stephen Szasz (/sɑːs/ SAHSS; Hungarian: Szász Tamás István [saːs]; 15 April 1920 – 8 September 2012) was a Hungarian-American academic and psychiatrist. He served for most of his career as professor of psychiatry at the State University of New York Upstate Medical University in Syracuse, New York. A distinguished lifetime fellow of the American Psychiatric Association and a life member of the American Psychoanalytic Association, he was best known as a social critic of the moral and scientific foundations of psychiatry, as what he saw as the social control aims of medicine in modern society, as well as scientism. His books The Myth of Mental Illness (1961) and The Manufacture of Madness (1970) set out some of the arguments most associated with him. Szasz argued throughout his career that mental illness is a metaphor for human problems in living, and that mental illnesses are not "illnesses" in the sense that physical illnesses are, and that except for a few identifiable brain diseases, there are "neither biological or chemical tests nor biopsy or necropsy findings for verifying DSM diagnoses." Szasz maintained throughout his career that he was not anti-psychiatry but rather that he opposed coercive psychiatry. He was a staunch opponent of civil commitment and involuntary psychiatric treatment, but he believed in and practiced psychiatry and psychotherapy between consenting adults. (en) 토머스 사스(영어: Thomas Szasz, 1920년 4월 15일 ~ 2012년 9월 8일)는 헝가리 출신 미국의 정신과 의사, 정신분석학자이다. 과학주의와 의료화, 정신과학에 대한 비판과 반정신의학 운동으로 유명하며, 현대 정신과학의 과학적 및 도덕적 근거에 대하여 부정적인 입장을 표명하였다. 대표 저서인 《Myth of Mental Illness》(정신질환의 신화, 1961)와 《The Manufacture of Madness》(광기의 제조, 1970) 등을 통해 이러한 주장을 펼쳤다. 사스는 정신질환이 과는 근본적으로 다르고 실제로 질병이 아니며, 단지 인간이 살아가는 데 있어서 생긴 생활상의 문제를 "은유적으로" 표현한 것이라고 주장하였다. 또한 DSM에 대하여 몇 가지 식별 가능한 뇌 질환을 제외하면 생물학적 검사나 화학적 검사, 생검, 부검을 통해 눈으로 확인할 수 없는 질병 목록이라고 비판하였다. 사스는 자신의 사상을 반정신의학이 아닌 강제적 정신의학에 대한 반대(anti-coercive psychiatry)라고 표현하였고, 실제로 과 (civil commitment) 제도를 반대하였지만 자발적 입원 및 정신병원 방문에 동의한 사람들의 약물치료, 정신분석 치료 및 심리치료는 찬성하였다. 이러한 그의 견해는 자유주의 사상과 자기소유권, 개념에 기초하며, 사스는 정신의학의 이념적 이용에 비판적으로 대응하였다. (ko) Thomas Stephen Szasz, anglicizzazione di Tomás István Szász (Budapest, 15 aprile 1920 – Manlius, 8 settembre 2012), è stato uno psichiatra e attivista ungherese naturalizzato statunitense. Fu professore emerito di psichiatria presso lo Health Science Center, della State University di New York, sede di Syracuse, famoso per essere uno dei principali critici dei fondamenti morali e scientifici della psichiatria, vicino alle convinzioni dell'antipsichiatria. Sostenne la liberalizzazione delle droghe, dei farmaci e la lotta all'istituto del manicomio e dell'ospedalizzazione forzata attuata nel sistema sanitario degli Stati Uniti, affermando che esistono malattie neurologiche, disordini comportamentali e problemi filosofico-esistenziali, ma non malattie "mentali" in senso stretto, che lui considerava un'invenzione della psichiatria, alla cui pratica non era però contrario se consensuale. I suoi due libri più noti sono Il mito della malattia mentale e The Manufacture of Madness: A Comparative Study of the Inquisition and the Mental Health Movement, che espongono alcuni degli argomenti cui è più associato. Le sue posizioni politiche e sociali sono invece spesso avvicinate al libertarianismo, al miniarchismo o al libertarianismo di sinistra, anche se si inseriscono direttamente nel solco del liberalismo classico, riprendendo anche alcune posizioni dell'utilitarista John Stuart Mill sul rispetto dell'individuo come obbligo da parte della società. Pur non essendo contrario a uno stato sociale minimo, ammonì in Farmacrazia, medicina e politica in America, a prestare attenzione di non trasformare il welfare state in uno Stato terapeutico. (it) Thomas Stephen Szasz, (geboren als Szász Tamás István, Boedapest, 15 april 1920 – 8 september 2012) was een Hongaars psychiater en wetenschapper. Sinds 1990 was hij emeritushoogleraar psychiatrie van de State University of New York. Hij was een prominent figuur in de antipsychiatriebeweging, een bekende maatschappijcriticus en criticus van zowel de morele en wetenschappelijke grondslagen van de psychiatrie en de maatschappelijke controlefunctie van de geneeskunde in de huidige maatschappij, als van het geloof in de wetenschap. Hij is bekend van zijn boeken (‘Geestesziekte als mythe’, 1960) en The Manufacture of Madness: A Comparative Study of the Inquisition and the Mental Health Movement (‘De waan van de waanzin: de psychiatrie als voortzetting van de inquisitie’, 1970). Zijn ideeën over de specialistische behandeling komen voort uit klassieke liberale redenen, die gebaseerd zijn op het principe dat iedereen een lichamelijk en geestelijk zelfbeschikkingsrecht heeft. Tevens heeft iedereen het recht om gevrijwaard te zijn van geweld door anderen. Toch had hij net zoveel kritiek op de “vrije wereld" als op de communistische landen, voor hun gebruik van de psychiatrie en hun angst voor medicijnen. Hij vond dat suïcide, de geneeskundige praktijk, gebruik en verkoop van medicijnen en seksuele relaties privé en een kwestie van onderlinge afspraak zouden moeten zijn en buiten de jurisdictie zouden moeten vallen. In 1973 riep de hem uit tot Humanist van het Jaar. (nl) Thomas Stephen Szasz (ur. jako Tamás István Szász 14 kwietnia 1920 w Budapeszcie, zm. 8 września 2012 w Manlius) – amerykański psychiatra i psychoanalityk węgierskiego pochodzenia, wykładowca akademicki, autor, działacz społeczny. Od 1990 profesor emeritus psychiatrii w Health Science Center w Syracuse w stanie Nowy Jork. Czołowy działacz ruchu antypsychiatrii, autor książek The Myth of Mental Illness (1960), Law, liberty, and psychiatry: an inquiry into the social uses of mental health practice (1963), The Manufacture of Madness: A Comparative Study of the Inquisition and the Mental Health Movement (1970). Jego podstawowe założenie było, iż szaleństwo, jako objaw chorób typu schizofrenii, jest po prostu metaforą. W 1973 przyznało mu tytuł „Humanist of the Year”. (pl) Томас Стивен Сас (англ. Thomas Stephen Szasz, урождённый Тамаш Иштван Сас, венг. Szász Tamás István; 15 апреля 1920, Будапешт — 8 сентября 2012, Нью-Йорк) — американский психиатр. Почётный профессор психиатрии в отставке в Государственном университете нью-йоркского центра здравоохранения в городе Сиракьюс, штат Нью-Йорк. Пожизненный член Американской психиатрической ассоциации. Видный деятель антипсихиатрического движения, широко известный социальный критик моральных и научных основ психиатрии и использования медицины с целью социального контроля в современном обществе, а также сциентизма. Широко известен благодаря своим книгам «Миф душевной болезни» и «Фабрика безумия: Сравнительное исследование инквизиции и движения за душевное здоровье», где выдвинуты аргументы, с которыми, как правило, ассоциируется его имя. Его взгляды на недобровольные меры в психиатрии имеют классические либеральные корни и базируются на принципах, что каждый человек обладает правом самостоятельно распоряжаться собственным телом и сознанием, правом не подвергаться насилию со стороны других. Критиковал несоциалистические и социалистические страны за использование психиатрии в интересах власти и ограничения на распространение наркотических средств. Сас полагал, что в отношении суицида, обращения за медицинской помощью, употребления и реализации лекарственных средств, а также половых связей должны действовать принципы конфиденциальности, взаимной договорённости и отсутствия государственной юрисдикции. В 1973 году Американская гуманистическая ассоциация присвоила Сасу почётное звание «Гуманист года». (ru) Thomas Stephen Szasz, em húngaro Szász Tamás István (Budapeste, 15 de abril de 1920 - Manlius, Nova Iorque, 8 de setembro de 2012), foi um psiquiatra e acadêmico húngaro, residente nos Estados Unidos. Desde 1990 foi Professor Emérito de psiquiatria do Health Science Center ('Centro de Ciência da Saúde') da (SUNY), em Syracuse. Szasz foi uma figura proeminente entre os adversários da psiquiatria coercitiva e um conhecido crítico social dos fundamentos morais e científicos da psiquiatria e dos objetivos de controlo social da medicina na sociedade moderna, bem como do cientificismo, que considera como uma espécie de secularização da religião. Ele é bem conhecido por seus livros, O Mito da Doença Mental (1960) e A Fabricação da Loucura: Um Estudo Comparativo da Inquisição e do Movimento de Saúde Mental (1970), que definem alguns dos seus principais argumentos. Sua concepção sobre o tratamento especial (involuntário) é uma consequência de suas raízes no liberalismo clássico, baseadas nos princípios de que cada pessoa tem o direito ser dona de seu corpo e mente e de não sofrer violência dos outros, embora tenha criticado tanto o chamado "mundo livre" como os estados comunistas, por sua utilização de psiquiatria, e pela "drogofobia". Segundo Szasz, o suicídio, a prática da medicina, o uso e a venda de drogas, assim como as relações sexuais, devem ser privados, contratuais e fora da jurisdição do Estado. Em 1970, Szasz fundou, juntamente com George Alexander e Erving Goffman, a American Association for the Abolition of Involuntary Mental Hospitalization (AAAIMH), com o objetivo de abolir a intervenção psiquiátrica involuntária. A organização foi dissolvida em 1980. Em 1973, foi eleito "Humanista do Ano" pela American Humanist Association. Szasz começou a criticar o uso da expressão 'doença mental' como um conceito legal em 1958 em um artigo publicado na Columbia Law Review. No artigo, argumenta que 'doença mental' denota uma teoria e não um fato. Portanto, não é mais nem menos factual do que seria acusar alguém de estar possuído pelo demônio. Em 1961, Szasz testemunha perante um comité do Senado dos Estados Unidos que o uso de hospitais psiquiátricos para encarcerar pessoas definidas como doentes mentais violava as premissas do relacionamento entre paciente e médico e transformava o médico em um guarda de prisão, um carcereiro. Em Antipsychiatry: Quackery Squared, Szasz rejeita a sua vinculação, tanto à psiquiatra quanto à antipsiquiatria. Inspirou o sobrenome do personagem Victor Szasz da DC Comics. (pt) Thomas Stephen Szasz, ursprungligen Tamás István Szász, född 15 april 1920 i Budapest, Ungern, död 8 september 2012 i , Onondaga County, New York, var en ungersk-amerikansk psykiater och psykoanalytiker. Szasz är känd för sin kritik mot vetenskapligheten i psykiatrin och begreppet "psykisk sjukdom". I kontrast till fysiska sjukdomar är psykiska sjukdomar inte "sjukdomar" i samma avseende som de fysiska enligt Szasz. Förutom ett par verkligt identifierbara hjärnsjukdomar, fungerar varken "biologiska tester, kemiska tester, vävnadsprovtagning, eller obduktion, eller övriga fynd för att verifiera symptomdiagnoserna i DSM." (sv) 湯瑪士·史蒂芬·薩斯(又譯湯瑪斯·薩茲) (/sɑːs/ SAHSS; 匈牙利語：Szasz Tamas Istvan; （1920年4月15日－2012年9月8日）)是匈牙利裔美國學者、精神病學家和心理分析，他大部分的職業生涯，都是貢獻於位在美國紐約州雪城的。薩斯是美國精神醫學學會的傑出人士和的終身會員，他是最著名的精神病學的典範和科學基礎的社會批評家，正如他所認為的現代社會醫學的社會控制目標，還有科學主義。他的著作《精神疾病的神話》(1961)和《虛構的瘋狂》(1970)闡述了一些與他最相關的論點。 薩斯在整個職業生涯中都認為精神疾病是生活中人類問題的隱喻，精神疾病不是身體疾病意義上的「疾病」，除少數可識別的腦部疾病外，「 精神疾病診斷與統計手冊所列出的精神疾病，缺乏生物或化學檢查，或活檢、屍體解剖的驗證」 。 薩斯在他的職業生涯中一直堅持他並非反精神醫學 ，而是反對強制性的精神醫療。薩斯反對拘禁和非自願式的精神醫療，但是針對成年人且經過被治療者同意的心理治療、精神醫療，他並不反對，並且自己也長年投入這些實務工作。他對精神醫療的特殊診斷看法，源於 ，基於每個人都有權享有身體完整性、個人主權，以及和免於他人暴力的權利。他在冷戰時期批評所謂的「自由世界」國家，卻和共產主義國家同樣的方式在進行精神醫療。 (zh) |
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| rdfs:comment | Thomas Szasz (15. dubna 1920, Budapešť, Maďarsko – 8. září 2012, Manlius, New York, USA) byl americký psychiatr maďarského původu. Stal se kritikem morálních i vědeckých základů klasické psychiatrie, jedním z představitelů antipsychiatrie. (cs) Thomas Stephen Szasz [sɑːs] (* 15. April 1920 als Tamás István Szász in Budapest; † 8. September 2012 in Manlius, New York) war ein US-amerikanischer Psychiater ungarischer Herkunft. Szasz wurde bekannt durch seine Kritik an den moralischen und wissenschaftlichen Grundlagen der Psychiatrie. Er wird teilweise der sogenannten Antipsychiatrie zugerechnet und gilt als Mitbegründer dieser Bewegung, wandte sich selbst allerdings vehement gegen diese Einordnung. (de) 토머스 사스(영어: Thomas Szasz, 1920년 4월 15일 ~ 2012년 9월 8일)는 헝가리 출신 미국의 정신과 의사, 정신분석학자이다. 과학주의와 의료화, 정신과학에 대한 비판과 반정신의학 운동으로 유명하며, 현대 정신과학의 과학적 및 도덕적 근거에 대하여 부정적인 입장을 표명하였다. 대표 저서인 《Myth of Mental Illness》(정신질환의 신화, 1961)와 《The Manufacture of Madness》(광기의 제조, 1970) 등을 통해 이러한 주장을 펼쳤다. 사스는 정신질환이 과는 근본적으로 다르고 실제로 질병이 아니며, 단지 인간이 살아가는 데 있어서 생긴 생활상의 문제를 "은유적으로" 표현한 것이라고 주장하였다. 또한 DSM에 대하여 몇 가지 식별 가능한 뇌 질환을 제외하면 생물학적 검사나 화학적 검사, 생검, 부검을 통해 눈으로 확인할 수 없는 질병 목록이라고 비판하였다. 사스는 자신의 사상을 반정신의학이 아닌 강제적 정신의학에 대한 반대(anti-coercive psychiatry)라고 표현하였고, 실제로 과 (civil commitment) 제도를 반대하였지만 자발적 입원 및 정신병원 방문에 동의한 사람들의 약물치료, 정신분석 치료 및 심리치료는 찬성하였다. 이러한 그의 견해는 자유주의 사상과 자기소유권, 개념에 기초하며, 사스는 정신의학의 이념적 이용에 비판적으로 대응하였다. (ko) 湯瑪士·史蒂芬·薩斯(又譯湯瑪斯·薩茲) (/sɑːs/ SAHSS; 匈牙利語：Szasz Tamas Istvan; （1920年4月15日－2012年9月8日）)是匈牙利裔美國學者、精神病學家和心理分析，他大部分的職業生涯，都是貢獻於位在美國紐約州雪城的。薩斯是美國精神醫學學會的傑出人士和的終身會員，他是最著名的精神病學的典範和科學基礎的社會批評家，正如他所認為的現代社會醫學的社會控制目標，還有科學主義。他的著作《精神疾病的神話》(1961)和《虛構的瘋狂》(1970)闡述了一些與他最相關的論點。 薩斯在整個職業生涯中都認為精神疾病是生活中人類問題的隱喻，精神疾病不是身體疾病意義上的「疾病」，除少數可識別的腦部疾病外，「 精神疾病診斷與統計手冊所列出的精神疾病，缺乏生物或化學檢查，或活檢、屍體解剖的驗證」 。 薩斯在他的職業生涯中一直堅持他並非反精神醫學 ，而是反對強制性的精神醫療。薩斯反對拘禁和非自願式的精神醫療，但是針對成年人且經過被治療者同意的心理治療、精神醫療，他並不反對，並且自己也長年投入這些實務工作。他對精神醫療的特殊診斷看法，源於 ，基於每個人都有權享有身體完整性、個人主權，以及和免於他人暴力的權利。他在冷戰時期批評所謂的「自由世界」國家，卻和共產主義國家同樣的方式在進行精神醫療。 (zh) 'توماس ستيفن ساس' (بالإنجليزية: Thomas Stephen Szasz) (15أبريل، 1920 - 8 سبتمبر، 2012) هو طبيب نفسي ومحلل نفسي وأكاديمي عمل معظم حياته المهنية بروفيسوراً في الطب النفسي في جامعة أبستيت نيويورك الطبية في مدينة سيراكيوز في نيويورك. ويعد الدكتور ساس عضواً بارزاً في الجمعية الأمريكية للأطباء النفسيين، وعضواً في الجمعية الأمريكية للمحللين النفسيين. واشتهر الدكتور كناقد اجتماعي للقواعد والأساسيات الأخلاقية والعلمية التي بُني عليها الطب النفسي والذي اعتبرها أهدافاً طبية للسيطرة على المجتمع في العصر الحديث، بالإضافة إلى إضفاء الطابع العلمي للطب النفسي. ومن مؤلفاته «خرافة الطب النفسي» (1961)، و«صناعة الجنون» (1970)، والتي أثارت جدلاً واسعاً. (ar) Thomas Istvan Szasz (Budapest, Hongria, 15 d'abril de 1920 - 8 de setembre de 2012) fou un professor de psiquiatria a la Universitat de Siracusa a Nova York. Szasz va ser un crític dels fonaments morals i científics de la psiquiatria i un dels referents de l'antipsiquiatria. Thomas Szasz va acabar amb la seva vida el 8 de setembre de 2012 amb 92 anys. No volia patir el dolor crònic, conseqüència d'una caiguda poc abans. Szasz defensava el dret al suïcidi als seus escrits. (ca) Ο Τόμας Στέφεν Σας (1920-2012) ήταν Αμερικανός ψυχίατρος και ψυχαναλυτής ουγγρικής καταγωγής, γνωστός για τις έντονα επικριτικές απόψεις του ενάντια στις πρακτικές και τις θεωρητικές κατασκευές της ακαδημαϊκής-θεσμικής ψυχιατρικής, την οποία δεν δίσταζε να αποκαλεί συχνά "ψευδοεπιστήμη". Τις ιδέες του αυτές τις ανέπτυξε σε μια σειρά άρθρων και βιβλίων, μεταξύ των οποίων και τα φημισμένα και ιδιαίτερα δημοφιλή στην εποχή τους "Ο μύθος της ψυχικής αρρώστιας" (1961) και "Η βιομηχανία της τρέλας" (1970). (el) Thomas Istvan Szasz (Budapest, Hungría, 15 de abril de 1920 - 8 de septiembre de 2012) fue profesor emérito de psiquiatría en la Universidad de Syracuse en Nueva York. Reconocido crítico de los fundamentos morales y científicos de la psiquiatría y uno de los referentes de la antipsiquiatría, aunque no se identificara con esa corriente. Es conocido por sus libros El mito de la enfermedad mental y La fabricación de la locura: un estudio comparativo de la inquisición con el movimiento de salud mental, en los que planteó sus principales argumentos con los que se le asocia. (es) Thomas Stephen Szasz, né Tamás István Szász ([saːs]) le 15 avril 1920 à Budapest et mort le 8 septembre 2012 à Manlius dans l'État de New York, est un psychiatre et professeur émérite de psychiatrie hongrois à la SUNY Upstate Medical University à Syracuse. Contestataire et critique de la morale et des fondations scientifiques de la psychiatrie, il exprime ses idées dans de nombreux ouvrages comme The Myth of Mental Illness (Le Mythe de la maladie mentale) publié en 1961 ou The Manufacture of Madness (Fabriquer la folie) publié en 1970. Thomas Szasz est l'un des penseurs de l'antipsychiatrie. (fr) Thomas Stephen Szasz (/sɑːs/ SAHSS; Hungarian: Szász Tamás István [saːs]; 15 April 1920 – 8 September 2012) was a Hungarian-American academic and psychiatrist. He served for most of his career as professor of psychiatry at the State University of New York Upstate Medical University in Syracuse, New York. A distinguished lifetime fellow of the American Psychiatric Association and a life member of the American Psychoanalytic Association, he was best known as a social critic of the moral and scientific foundations of psychiatry, as what he saw as the social control aims of medicine in modern society, as well as scientism. His books The Myth of Mental Illness (1961) and The Manufacture of Madness (1970) set out some of the arguments most associated with him. (en) Thomas Stephen Szasz, anglicizzazione di Tomás István Szász (Budapest, 15 aprile 1920 – Manlius, 8 settembre 2012), è stato uno psichiatra e attivista ungherese naturalizzato statunitense. Fu professore emerito di psichiatria presso lo Health Science Center, della State University di New York, sede di Syracuse, famoso per essere uno dei principali critici dei fondamenti morali e scientifici della psichiatria, vicino alle convinzioni dell'antipsichiatria. Sostenne la liberalizzazione delle droghe, dei farmaci e la lotta all'istituto del manicomio e dell'ospedalizzazione forzata attuata nel sistema sanitario degli Stati Uniti, affermando che esistono malattie neurologiche, disordini comportamentali e problemi filosofico-esistenziali, ma non malattie "mentali" in senso stretto, che lui consid (it) Thomas Stephen Szasz (ur. jako Tamás István Szász 14 kwietnia 1920 w Budapeszcie, zm. 8 września 2012 w Manlius) – amerykański psychiatra i psychoanalityk węgierskiego pochodzenia, wykładowca akademicki, autor, działacz społeczny. W 1973 przyznało mu tytuł „Humanist of the Year”. (pl) Thomas Stephen Szasz, (geboren als Szász Tamás István, Boedapest, 15 april 1920 – 8 september 2012) was een Hongaars psychiater en wetenschapper. Sinds 1990 was hij emeritushoogleraar psychiatrie van de State University of New York. Hij was een prominent figuur in de antipsychiatriebeweging, een bekende maatschappijcriticus en criticus van zowel de morele en wetenschappelijke grondslagen van de psychiatrie en de maatschappelijke controlefunctie van de geneeskunde in de huidige maatschappij, als van het geloof in de wetenschap. Hij is bekend van zijn boeken (‘Geestesziekte als mythe’, 1960) en The Manufacture of Madness: A Comparative Study of the Inquisition and the Mental Health Movement (‘De waan van de waanzin: de psychiatrie als voortzetting van de inquisitie’, 1970). (nl) Thomas Stephen Szasz, em húngaro Szász Tamás István (Budapeste, 15 de abril de 1920 - Manlius, Nova Iorque, 8 de setembro de 2012), foi um psiquiatra e acadêmico húngaro, residente nos Estados Unidos. Desde 1990 foi Professor Emérito de psiquiatria do Health Science Center ('Centro de Ciência da Saúde') da (SUNY), em Syracuse. Em 1970, Szasz fundou, juntamente com George Alexander e Erving Goffman, a American Association for the Abolition of Involuntary Mental Hospitalization (AAAIMH), com o objetivo de abolir a intervenção psiquiátrica involuntária. A organização foi dissolvida em 1980. (pt) Томас Стивен Сас (англ. Thomas Stephen Szasz, урождённый Тамаш Иштван Сас, венг. Szász Tamás István; 15 апреля 1920, Будапешт — 8 сентября 2012, Нью-Йорк) — американский психиатр. Почётный профессор психиатрии в отставке в Государственном университете нью-йоркского центра здравоохранения в городе Сиракьюс, штат Нью-Йорк. Пожизненный член Американской психиатрической ассоциации. Видный деятель антипсихиатрического движения, широко известный социальный критик моральных и научных основ психиатрии и использования медицины с целью социального контроля в современном обществе, а также сциентизма. (ru) Thomas Stephen Szasz, ursprungligen Tamás István Szász, född 15 april 1920 i Budapest, Ungern, död 8 september 2012 i , Onondaga County, New York, var en ungersk-amerikansk psykiater och psykoanalytiker. Szasz är känd för sin kritik mot vetenskapligheten i psykiatrin och begreppet "psykisk sjukdom". (sv) |
| rdfs:label | توماس ساس (ar) Thomas Istvan Szasz (ca) Thomas Szasz (cs) Thomas Szasz (de) Τόμας Σας (el) Thomas Szasz (es) Thomas Szasz (fr) Thomas Szasz (it) 토머스 사스 (ko) Thomas Szasz (nl) Thomas Szasz (pl) Thomas Szasz (pt) Сас, Томас (ru) Thomas Szasz (en) Thomas Szasz (sv) 湯瑪士·薩斯 (zh) |
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| is foaf:primaryTopic of | wikipedia-en:Thomas_Szasz |
