dbo:abstract
- Toghuzghuz (Tokuz Oghuz = Els Nou Oghuz) fou una confederació tribal turca. Fins al segle xi va designar als uigurs. Quan apareixen per primer cop a les fonts xineses el 630 (chiu hsing = els Nou Noms o els Nou Clans) no era equivalent a uigurs (aquestos estaven formats per 10 tribus i derivaven dels T'ieh-le o Poble dels Carros) que només eren un dels 9 clans o tribus i que llavors s'anomenaven oghurs. Les altres 8 tribus eren els Bukut, els Kun o Hunt, els Bayirku, els Tongra, els Sikar, els Ch'i-pi els A-pu-ssu i els Ku-lun-wu-ku. A les fonts musulmanes s'esmenten en temps del califa al-Mahdi (775-785). El rebel Rafi ibn al-Layth al Khurasan els hauria demanat ajut (806). Al-Tabari diu que havien penetrat a l'Ushrusana. Tulun, pare d'Ahmad ibn Tulun, que era un ghulam abbàssida, era d'origen tokuz oghuz. Foren el poble més poderós dels pobles turcs. El 1028-1036 l'estat de i els petits estats veïns del corredor del Kansu foren conquerits pels tanguts els descendents dels quals foren els uigurs grocs. Els uigurs del Kao-ch'ang eren opositors dels karakhànides musulmans i hi van lluitar diverses vegades. Els karakhànides van estendre la influència musulmana pel Turquestan oriental; a partir del 1130 part important d'aquestes regions foren sota control dels kara khitai. Al segle XIII els uigurs van esdevenir els principals funcionaris al naixent imperi mongol. (ca)
- The Toquz Oghuz (Old Turkic: 𐱃𐰸𐰆𐰔:𐰆𐰍𐰔, romanized: Toquz Oγuz; Chinese: 九姓; pinyin: Jiǔ Xìng; lit. 'Nine Surnames'; Tibetan: དྲུག་རུས་དགུ་, Wylie: drug rus dgu "Turks of Nine Bones") was a political alliance of nine Turkic-speaking Tiele tribes in Inner Asia, during the early Middle Ages. The Toquz Oghuz was consolidated and subordinated within the First Turkic Khaganate (552–743) and remained as a nine-tribe alliance after the Khaganate fragmented. Oghuz is a Turkic word meaning "community" and toquz means "nine". Similarly the Karluks were possibly known as the Üç-Oğuz – üç meaning "three". The root of the generalized ethnic term "oghuz" is og-, meaning "clan, tribe"; which in turn, according to Kononov, descends from the ancient Turkic word ög meaning "mother" (however, Golden considered such a further derivation impossible). Initially the oguz designated "tribes" or "tribal union", and eventually became an ethnonym. The Toquz Oghuz were perhaps first mentioned in the Orkhon inscriptions written in the 730s. The nine tribes were named in Chinese histories as the Huihe/Uyghur (回纥), Pugu (仆骨), Hun (浑), Bayegu (拔野古), Tongluo (同罗), Sijie (思结), Qibi (契苾), A-Busi (阿布思) and Gulunwugusi (骨仑屋骨思). The first seven named – who lived north of the Gobi Desert – were dominant, whereas the A-Busi and Gulunwugu(si) emerged later and were accepted on an equal footing with the others some time after 743. The A-Busi apparently originated as a sub-tribal group within the Sijie and the Gulunwugu(si) as a combination of two other tribes. Latter Gōktürk Khagan Bilge considered the Toquz Oghuz "[his] own people". It is also mentioned in Kul Tigin inscriptions that the Göktürks and Toquz Oghuz were fighting five times in a year. 𐱃𐰸𐰆𐰕:𐰆𐰍𐰕:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣:𐰚𐰤𐱅𐰃:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣𐰢:𐰼𐱅𐰃:𐱅𐰭𐰼𐰃:𐰘𐰃𐰼:𐰉𐰆𐰞𐰍𐰴𐰃𐰤:𐰇𐰲𐰇𐰤:𐰖𐰍𐰃:𐰉𐰆𐰡𐰃 Toquz Oγuz budun kentü budunïm erti Teŋіri jer bolγaqïn üčün yaγï boltï. "Nine Oguzes were my people. As Tengri and the earth came to disorder, they rose against us." Likewise, foreign sources suggested the political association of some Toquz Oghuz tribes to Göktürks. A Khotanese Saka text about Turks in Ganzhou mentioned saikairä ttūrkä chārä (< OTrk. *sïqïr türk çor). The Sïqïr Türks were identified with the Sikāri in Sogdian documents as well as the Sijie, who were mentioned as Tujue Sijie 突厥思結 in Zizhi Tongjian. Among the Eastern Turkic tribes who dwelt south the Gobi desert, Tang Huiyao listed the Sijie (erroneously rendered as Enjie 恩結), who dwelt in the Lushan military governorate 盧山都督府, and Fuli, who dwelt in the same jimi province of Dailin as the Sijie's splinter tribe A-Busi. The Fuli(-yu) (匐利[羽]), or Fuli(-ju) (伏利[具]), were identifiable as the Fuluo (覆羅) in other Chinese sources and the Bökli-Çöligil (OTrk. 𐰋𐰇𐰚𐰲𐰃:𐰲𐰇𐰠𐰏𐰠), who appeared on Kül-tegin inscription and were proposed to have originated from Tungusic Mohe, Koreans, or ethnic Turkic peoples. Kenzheakhmet (2014:297-299) links the Sijie's splinter-tribe Abusi (< OTrk. *Abïz) to the Fuli (< OTrk. *Bükeli < büke "snake, dragon" + coordinating conjunctive suffix -li, possibly). Another list of nine names - Yaoluoge (藥羅葛) (< OTrk. 𐰖𐰍𐰞𐰴𐰺 Yaglaqar), Huduoge (胡咄葛), Guluowu (啒羅勿), Mogexiqi (貊歌息訖), A-Wudi (阿勿嘀), Gesa (葛薩), Huwasu (斛嗢素), Yaowuge (藥勿葛), & Xiyawu (奚牙勿)- appeared in the Old Book of Tang and New Book of Tang. According to Haneda (1957), Toquz Oğuz were the Yaglaqar-led group of nine clans included in the Uighur tribe. In contrast, Golden (1992) proposed that Toquz Oğuz were the Tang Huiyao's nine-tribe group led by the Uyghur, which in turn comprised the nine subtribes led by Yaglaqar. The Shine Usu inscription mentioned that the Yağlaqar ruled over the On-Uyğur "Ten[-Tribes] Uyghur" and Toquz Oğuz "Nine[-Tribes] Oghuz". Meanwhile, Hashimoto, Katayama, and Senga propose that the Tang Huiyao's list (led by Uyghur) contained the names of the Toquz Oghuz tribes proper, while each name in the two lists (led by Yağlaqar) in the Books of Tang recorded each surname of each of nine subtribal chiefs (e.g. Uyghur chief's surname is Yağlaqar; Sijie chief's surname is Gesa, etc.). (en)
- Il Toquz Oghuz (turco antico: Toquz Oγuz) fu un'alleanza politica di nove tribù turche dell'Asia interna, durante l'Alto Medioevo. Il Toquz Oghuz fu consolidato all'interno del Khaganato turco (552-743), e rimase dopo la frammentazione del Khaganato. Oghuz è una parola turca che significa "comunità" e toquz significa "nove". Allo stesso modo i Qarluq erano anche conosciuti come Uch-Oguz, uch significando "tre". La radice del termine etnico generalizzato oghu è og-, che significa "clan, tribù"; che a sua volta, secondo Kononov, discende dall'antica parola turca ög che significa "madre" (tuttavia, Golden considerava un'ulteriore derivazione impossibile). Inizialmente l'oguz designava le "tribù" o l'"unione tribale", e alla fine divenne un etnonimo. Il Toquz Oghuz fu forse menzionato per la prima volta nelle iscrizioni dell'Orkhon scritte negli anni 730. Le nove tribù furono nominate nelle storie cinesi come Huihe (回 纥), Pugu (仆 骨), Hun (浑), Bayegu (拔 野 古), Tongluo (同 罗), Sijie (思 结), Qibi (契 苾), A-Busi (阿布思) e Gulunwugu (骨 仑 屋 骨). Le prime sette nominate - che vivevano a nord del deserto del Gobi - erano dominanti, mentre gli A-Busi e i Gulunwugu emersero in seguito e furono accettati su un piano di parità con gli altri qualche tempo dopo il 743. Gli A-Busi apparentemente si originarono come un sottogruppo tribale all'interno dei Sijie, e i Gulunwugu come una combinazione di altre due tribù. Il turcologo sostiene in modo controverso che Sitsze (pinyin: Sijie, Wade-Giles: Ssu-chieh) potrebbe essere una versione cinese di un endonimo con una radice in igil - una radice turca che significa "molti" (ssu-chieh < γiei-kiet < igil). Come tale, Zuev ha suggerito, la tribù potrebbe essere collegata agli Uokil e agli Augaloi in Transoxiana. Zuev collega anche Sijie (思结) alla sottotribù degli Āxījiē (阿悉結), che ha ricostruito in modo stravagante come a-siək-Kiet, presumibilmente da . (it)
- 九姓烏古斯（古突厥語： ，Toquz Oγuz，Toquz Oghuz，又譯九姓乌护），為古代突厥語民族，存在于古代五代宋辽时期，突厥汗国时形成反阿史那氏联盟，後成為回鶻汗國的核心之一。 九姓烏古斯在阙特勤碑提及他们。有人认为是铁勒诸部之一，即是。回纥和薛延陀、黠嘎斯等部族都是乌古斯的一部分。大致在伊犁河流域，包括内回鹘：药罗葛、胡咄葛、啒罗勿、貊歌息讫、阿勿嘀、葛萨(可萨人)、斛嗢素、药勿葛、奚牙勿、拔悉密、葛逻禄；外回鹘：薛延陀、契苾、(图瓦人)、骨利干、、仆骨、拔野古、同罗、、、、、阿跌、白霫等。 在古突厥语里，“烏古斯”有“部落”、“姓”、“联盟”、“箭”之意。这种部落联盟在很多突厥民族也有，如三姓葛逻禄，八姓烏古斯（乃蛮），十回紇，九姓鞑靼，三姓蔑儿乞。 (zh)
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
rdfs:comment
- 九姓烏古斯（古突厥語： ，Toquz Oγuz，Toquz Oghuz，又譯九姓乌护），為古代突厥語民族，存在于古代五代宋辽时期，突厥汗国时形成反阿史那氏联盟，後成為回鶻汗國的核心之一。 九姓烏古斯在阙特勤碑提及他们。有人认为是铁勒诸部之一，即是。回纥和薛延陀、黠嘎斯等部族都是乌古斯的一部分。大致在伊犁河流域，包括内回鹘：药罗葛、胡咄葛、啒罗勿、貊歌息讫、阿勿嘀、葛萨(可萨人)、斛嗢素、药勿葛、奚牙勿、拔悉密、葛逻禄；外回鹘：薛延陀、契苾、(图瓦人)、骨利干、、仆骨、拔野古、同罗、、、、、阿跌、白霫等。 在古突厥语里，“烏古斯”有“部落”、“姓”、“联盟”、“箭”之意。这种部落联盟在很多突厥民族也有，如三姓葛逻禄，八姓烏古斯（乃蛮），十回紇，九姓鞑靼，三姓蔑儿乞。 (zh)
- Toghuzghuz (Tokuz Oghuz = Els Nou Oghuz) fou una confederació tribal turca. Fins al segle xi va designar als uigurs. Quan apareixen per primer cop a les fonts xineses el 630 (chiu hsing = els Nou Noms o els Nou Clans) no era equivalent a uigurs (aquestos estaven formats per 10 tribus i derivaven dels T'ieh-le o Poble dels Carros) que només eren un dels 9 clans o tribus i que llavors s'anomenaven oghurs. Les altres 8 tribus eren els Bukut, els Kun o Hunt, els Bayirku, els Tongra, els Sikar, els Ch'i-pi els A-pu-ssu i els Ku-lun-wu-ku. (ca)
- Il Toquz Oghuz (turco antico: Toquz Oγuz) fu un'alleanza politica di nove tribù turche dell'Asia interna, durante l'Alto Medioevo. Il Toquz Oghuz fu consolidato all'interno del Khaganato turco (552-743), e rimase dopo la frammentazione del Khaganato. (it)
- The Toquz Oghuz (Old Turkic: 𐱃𐰸𐰆𐰔:𐰆𐰍𐰔, romanized: Toquz Oγuz; Chinese: 九姓; pinyin: Jiǔ Xìng; lit. 'Nine Surnames'; Tibetan: དྲུག་རུས་དགུ་, Wylie: drug rus dgu "Turks of Nine Bones") was a political alliance of nine Turkic-speaking Tiele tribes in Inner Asia, during the early Middle Ages. The Toquz Oghuz was consolidated and subordinated within the First Turkic Khaganate (552–743) and remained as a nine-tribe alliance after the Khaganate fragmented. 𐱃𐰸𐰆𐰕:𐰆𐰍𐰕:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣:𐰚𐰤𐱅𐰃:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣𐰢:𐰼𐱅𐰃:𐱅𐰭𐰼𐰃:𐰘𐰃𐰼:𐰉𐰆𐰞𐰍𐰴𐰃𐰤:𐰇𐰲𐰇𐰤:𐰖𐰍𐰃:𐰉𐰆𐰡𐰃 (en)
owl:sameAs