Treaty of Balta Liman (original) (raw)
معاهدتا بلطة ليمان تم توقيعهما في بلطة ليمان (بالقرب من إسطنبول) وكانت الدولة العثمانية أحد الموقعين عليهما. وقع الأولى عن الدولة العثمانية مصطفى رشيد باشا.
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| dbo:abstract | معاهدتا بلطة ليمان تم توقيعهما في بلطة ليمان (بالقرب من إسطنبول) وكانت الدولة العثمانية أحد الموقعين عليهما. وقع الأولى عن الدولة العثمانية مصطفى رشيد باشا. (ar) Els Tractats de Balta Liman van ser dos pactes signats a Balta Liman, prop d'Istanbul sent l'Imperi Otomà un dels signants. (ca) Le Traité de Balta-Liman ou le traité anglo-ottoman, est un accord diplomatique signé entre l'Empire ottoman et le Royaume-Uni en 1838, dans les bouches du Danube. La signature eut lieu sur un vaisseau de ligne russe, fastueusement décoré, entre les représentants du sultan ottoman Mahmoud II et ceux de l'Empire britannique, en présence des observateurs de Méhémet Ali, le khédive de l’Égypte, et de ceux du tzar russe Nicolas Ier. Après avoir aidé Mahmoud II à réprimer les rebelles grecs en 1824, Méhémet Ali s'était lui-même rebellé contre l'Empire ottoman en faisant appel à la Grande-Bretagne et à la France. De son côté le sultan fit appel à la Russie, ce qui incita le Royaume-Uni à négocier avec les Ottomans afin de régler la question de l'Égypte dans le contexte du « Grand Jeu ». Le traité aboutit à une série de compromis territoriaux et politiques qui ne satisfirent personne complètement, mais restaurèrent provisoirement la paix, reconnurent à Méhémet Ali une certaine autonomie en Égypte, au Proche-Orient, en Crète et à Chypre, renforcèrent le rôle de la Russie comme protectrice des chrétiens orthodoxes de l'Empire ottoman (« millet de Rum ») et assurèrent la liberté du commerce dans l'Empire ottoman (dont profita en premier lieu l'Empire britannique). (fr) Los Tratados de Balta-Liman fueron dos pactos firmados en Balta-Liman, cerca de Estambul siendo el Imperio otomano uno de los firmantes. (es) Perjanjian Balta Limani adalah sebuah perjanjian dagang yang ditandatangani oleh Kesultanan Utsmaniyah dan Britania Raya pada tahun 1838. Menurut perjanjian ini, Utsmaniyah akan menghapuskan semua bentuk monopoli di negerinya, sehingga pedagang Britania dapat mengakses pasar Utsmaniyah dan dipungut pajaknya seperti halnya pedagang lokal. Namun, Britania Raya masih dapat memberlakukan kebijakan proteksionisme terhadap pasar pertaniannya. Sebelum perjanjian ini ditandatangani, pada musim gugur tahun 1831, Gubernur Mesir Muhammad Ali membangkang terhadap Utsmaniyah. Muhammad Ali tidak memperoleh wilayah yang telah dijanjikan oleh Sultan Utsmaniyah Mahmud II setelah Muhammad Ali membantu Utsmaniyah memadamkan pemberontakan di Yunani pada tahun 1824. Akibatnya, putra Muhammad Ali, Ibrahim Pasha, menyerang Lebanon dan Suriah dan berhasil mengalahkan pasukan Utsmaniyah. Sultan Mahmud II meminta bantuan dari Britania dan Prancis, tetapi mereka tidak mau melakukan campur tangan. Oleh sebab itu, Utsmaniyah terpaksa meminta bantuan Rusia yang kemudian membantu menghentikan pasukan Mesir. Setelah diadakannya perundingan, Mesir diperbolehkan mempertahankan wilayah-wilayah yang telah ditaklukannya, tetapi kedua belah pihak tidak puas dengan hasil perundingan tersebut. Ketegangan antara Mesir dan Utsmaniyah, ditambah dengan ancaman campur tangan Rusia, mendorong Britania Raya untuk berunding dengan Utsmaniyah. Britania lalu menawarkan bantuan dalam mengalahkan Muhammad Ali, dan sebagai gantinya Britania meminta akses pasar Utsmaniyah. Walaupun perjanjian ini meningkatkan perdagangan di antara kedua negara, usaha tekstil Utsmaniyah mengalami kehancuran karena kalah bersaing dengan tekstil buatan industri Britania. (in) The 1838 Treaty of Balta Liman, or the Anglo-Ottoman Treaty, is a formal trade agreement signed between the Sublime Porte of the Ottoman Empire and Great Britain. The trade policies imposed upon the Ottoman Empire, after the Treaty of Balta Liman, were some of the most liberal, open market, settlements that had ever been enacted during the time. The terms of the treaty stated that the Ottoman Empire will abolish all monopolies, allow British merchants and their collaborators to have full access to all Ottoman markets and will be taxed equally to local merchants. These agreements did not constitute an equal free trade arrangement, as the United Kingdom still employed protectionist policies on their agricultural markets. Leading up to the Treaty of Balta Liman, in the fall of 1831 the Governor of Egypt, Muhammad Ali of Egypt, retaliated against the Ottoman Empire. Mehmet Ali had not been given the territory that Ottoman Sultan, Mahmud II, had promised him, after he showed military expertise in defeating Greek rebels in 1824. In response Ali Pasha's son, Ibrahim Pasha, led the Egyptian army to storm Lebanon and Syria, quickly defeating Ottoman forces. Mahmud II appealed to Britain and France for help, though neither would intervene. Reluctantly the Empire turned to Russia for help, which in turn stopped Ali Pasha's advancements. After a round of negotiations Egypt was able to retain most of the conquered land, though neither party was truly satisfied with the outcome. Tensions between Egypt and the Ottoman Empire, along with fears of Russian intervention, gave London an incentive to negotiate with Constantinople, to gain the upper-hand in trade agreements. Britain took advantage of the unrest and offered its hand in helping the Ottoman Empire defeat Mehmet Ali Pasha, in exchange for complete access to Ottoman trade markets. (en) バリタ・リマヌ条約（バリタ・リマヌじょうやく、英語: Treaty of Balta Liman）または、オスマン=イギリス通商条約、英土通商条約は、1838年、イギリス（グレートブリテン及びアイルランド連合王国）とオスマン帝国が結んだ通商条約。オスマン帝国側に不利な不平等条約であり、その後、イギリスがアジア諸国と結ぶことになる一連の通商条約の原型となった。オスマン帝国はこののち同様の条約をフランス、ドイツ諸都市、プロイセン王国、ベルギー王国、ロシア帝国などとも結び、オスマン帝国の市場はこれにより、当時ヨーロッパ資本主義が主導していたグローバル化の波に直接さらされることとなった。 (ja) Il Trattato di Balta Liman del 1838 o Trattato anglo-ottomano, fu un accordo commerciale formale firmato tra la Sublime Porta dell'Impero Ottomano e la Gran Bretagna. Le politiche commerciali imposte all'Impero ottomano, dopo il Trattato di Balta Liman, sono state considerate tra le più liberali e aperte al mercato che siano mai state emanate nel tempo. I termini del trattato affermavano che l'Impero Ottomano avrebbe abolito tutti i monopoli, avrebbe consentito ai mercanti britannici e ai loro collaboratori di avere pieno accesso a tutti i mercati ottomani e avrebbe tassato in modo eguale i commercianti locali. Questi accordi non costituivano un accordo di libero scambio paritario, poiché il Regno Unito continuava ad applicare politiche protezionistiche sui propri mercati agricoli. In vista del Trattato di Balta Liman, nell'autunno del 1831 il Chedivè dell'Egitto, Mehmet Ali d'Egitto, si vendicò contro l'Impero ottomano. Mehmet Ali non aveva ricevuto il territorio che il sultano ottomano, Mahmud II, gli aveva promesso, dopo aver mostrato competenza militare nello sconfiggere i ribelli greci nel 1824. In risposta, il figlio di Mehmet Ali Pascià, Ibrāhīm Pascià, guidò l'esercito egiziano a prendere d'assalto il Libano e la Siria, sconfiggendo rapidamente le forze ottomane. Mahmud II chiese aiuto a Gran Bretagna e Francia, anche se nessuna delle due intervenne. Con riluttanza l'Impero si rivolse alla Russia per chiedere aiuto, che a sua volta riuscì a fermare i progressi di Ali Pascià. Dopo un giro di negoziati, l'Egitto fu in grado di mantenere la maggior parte delle terra conquistate, sebbene nessuna delle parti fosse veramente soddisfatta del risultato. Le tensioni tra l'Egitto e l'Impero Ottomano, insieme ai timori dell'intervento russo, diedero a Londra un incentivo a negoziare con Costantinopoli per avere il sopravvento negli accordi commerciali. La Gran Bretagna approfittando dei disordini offrì la sua mano per aiutare l'Impero ottomano a sconfiggere Mehmet Ali Pasha in cambio del completo accesso ai mercati commerciali ottomani. (it) |
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| rdfs:comment | معاهدتا بلطة ليمان تم توقيعهما في بلطة ليمان (بالقرب من إسطنبول) وكانت الدولة العثمانية أحد الموقعين عليهما. وقع الأولى عن الدولة العثمانية مصطفى رشيد باشا. (ar) Els Tractats de Balta Liman van ser dos pactes signats a Balta Liman, prop d'Istanbul sent l'Imperi Otomà un dels signants. (ca) Los Tratados de Balta-Liman fueron dos pactos firmados en Balta-Liman, cerca de Estambul siendo el Imperio otomano uno de los firmantes. (es) バリタ・リマヌ条約（バリタ・リマヌじょうやく、英語: Treaty of Balta Liman）または、オスマン=イギリス通商条約、英土通商条約は、1838年、イギリス（グレートブリテン及びアイルランド連合王国）とオスマン帝国が結んだ通商条約。オスマン帝国側に不利な不平等条約であり、その後、イギリスがアジア諸国と結ぶことになる一連の通商条約の原型となった。オスマン帝国はこののち同様の条約をフランス、ドイツ諸都市、プロイセン王国、ベルギー王国、ロシア帝国などとも結び、オスマン帝国の市場はこれにより、当時ヨーロッパ資本主義が主導していたグローバル化の波に直接さらされることとなった。 (ja) Perjanjian Balta Limani adalah sebuah perjanjian dagang yang ditandatangani oleh Kesultanan Utsmaniyah dan Britania Raya pada tahun 1838. Menurut perjanjian ini, Utsmaniyah akan menghapuskan semua bentuk monopoli di negerinya, sehingga pedagang Britania dapat mengakses pasar Utsmaniyah dan dipungut pajaknya seperti halnya pedagang lokal. Namun, Britania Raya masih dapat memberlakukan kebijakan proteksionisme terhadap pasar pertaniannya. (in) The 1838 Treaty of Balta Liman, or the Anglo-Ottoman Treaty, is a formal trade agreement signed between the Sublime Porte of the Ottoman Empire and Great Britain. The trade policies imposed upon the Ottoman Empire, after the Treaty of Balta Liman, were some of the most liberal, open market, settlements that had ever been enacted during the time. The terms of the treaty stated that the Ottoman Empire will abolish all monopolies, allow British merchants and their collaborators to have full access to all Ottoman markets and will be taxed equally to local merchants. These agreements did not constitute an equal free trade arrangement, as the United Kingdom still employed protectionist policies on their agricultural markets. (en) Le Traité de Balta-Liman ou le traité anglo-ottoman, est un accord diplomatique signé entre l'Empire ottoman et le Royaume-Uni en 1838, dans les bouches du Danube. La signature eut lieu sur un vaisseau de ligne russe, fastueusement décoré, entre les représentants du sultan ottoman Mahmoud II et ceux de l'Empire britannique, en présence des observateurs de Méhémet Ali, le khédive de l’Égypte, et de ceux du tzar russe Nicolas Ier. Après avoir aidé Mahmoud II à réprimer les rebelles grecs en 1824, Méhémet Ali s'était lui-même rebellé contre l'Empire ottoman en faisant appel à la Grande-Bretagne et à la France. De son côté le sultan fit appel à la Russie, ce qui incita le Royaume-Uni à négocier avec les Ottomans afin de régler la question de l'Égypte dans le contexte du « Grand Jeu ». (fr) Il Trattato di Balta Liman del 1838 o Trattato anglo-ottomano, fu un accordo commerciale formale firmato tra la Sublime Porta dell'Impero Ottomano e la Gran Bretagna. Le politiche commerciali imposte all'Impero ottomano, dopo il Trattato di Balta Liman, sono state considerate tra le più liberali e aperte al mercato che siano mai state emanate nel tempo. I termini del trattato affermavano che l'Impero Ottomano avrebbe abolito tutti i monopoli, avrebbe consentito ai mercanti britannici e ai loro collaboratori di avere pieno accesso a tutti i mercati ottomani e avrebbe tassato in modo eguale i commercianti locali. Questi accordi non costituivano un accordo di libero scambio paritario, poiché il Regno Unito continuava ad applicare politiche protezionistiche sui propri mercati agricoli. (it) |
| rdfs:label | معاهدة بلطة ليمان (ar) Tractat de Balta Liman (ca) Tratados de Balta Liman (es) Perjanjian Balta Liman (in) Trattato di Balta Liman (it) Traité de Balta-Liman (fr) バリタ・リマヌ条約 (ja) Treaty of Balta Liman (en) |
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