| dbo:abstract |
يوجد خلاف واسع النطاق بين المؤرخين حول نقطة التحول في الحرب الأهلية الأمريكية. تشير نقطة التحول في هذا السياق إلى وقوع حدث ما أثناء الصراع، يتفق معظم العلماء المعاصرين على أن النتيجة النهائية كانت حتمية بعد وقوعه. في حين أن معركة غيتيسبيرغ في يوليو 1863 هي الحدث الذي اُستشهَد به على نطاق واسع، واُعتبَر ذروة الحرب الأهلية الأمريكية العسكرية (غالبًا ما تُقرَن بحصار فيكسبيرغ، الذي انتهى بعد يوم واحد). وقعت العديد من المعارك والأحداث الحاسمة الأخرى خلال الحرب، واُقترَح تصنيفها كنقاط تحول. تعرض المقالة هذه الأحداث بترتيب زمني، مرفقةً بالحجج الإيجابية فقط لكل منها. غالبًا ما جعل الضباب المرافق للمعركة من المستحيل التعرف على جميع الآثار المترتبة على كل حدث. يمكن للإدراك المتأخر فقط أن يكشف عن نقطة النهاية وجميع التطورات التي أدت إليها. لذا قد يفتقر المراقبون المعاصرون إلى الثقة في توقع نقطة تحول. ولم يتعرّف الباحثون على الأحداث التي سترد أدناه على أنّها نقاط تحول في ذلك الوقت. (ar) There is widespread disagreement among historians about the turning point of the American Civil War. A turning point in this context is an event that occurred during the conflict after which most modern scholars would agree that the eventual outcome was inevitable. While the Battle of Gettysburg in July 1863 is the event most widely cited as the military climax of the American Civil War (often in combination with the siege of Vicksburg, which concluded a day later), there were several other decisive battles and events throughout the war which have been proposed as turning points. These events are presented here in chronological order. Only the positive arguments for each are given. At the time of an event, the fog of war often makes it impossible to recognize all of the implications of any specific outcome. Only hindsight can fully reveal the endpoint and all of the developments that led up to it. For this reason, contemporary observers may lack confidence in predicting a turning point. Many of the turning points of the Civil War cited here would not have been recognized as such at the time. (en) 對於美國內戰的轉捩點，各家觀點極不一致。美國內戰中最常被引用為決定性事件者或為蓋茨堡之役，但另有其他同具價值的選擇。轉捩點觀念為，經此事件後，大多數的觀察家會認為其後的事態發展無可避免。例如說，在第二次世界大戰中，一般以中途島之役為太平洋战场戰事之轉捩點，大日本帝國的作戰態勢自此役之後由戰略攻勢轉為戰略守勢；而廣被認為是美國革命的轉捩點。 有一種明顯是後見之明看法為，探討其結局並總結前此發生之事件。當代人對於評斷事件轉捩點多缺乏自信。美國內戰中，諸多由史家所提列的轉捩點，在發生當時並不為時人所識。例如說，蓋茨堡之役結束後，當時各方的軍民觀察家們皆認為這是一場大會戰；但北方人並不知道，到戰爭結束之前仍需兩年血流成河的日子。而南方的士氣未受重創，許多人認為羅伯特·李將軍僅是暫時受挫，他會再從無能的聯邦軍將領手中贏得更多的勝利。 美國內戰中有許多值得爭議的轉捩點。以下依發生日期羅列各種可能性，各條各款中僅列出正面論點。 (zh) |
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對於美國內戰的轉捩點，各家觀點極不一致。美國內戰中最常被引用為決定性事件者或為蓋茨堡之役，但另有其他同具價值的選擇。轉捩點觀念為，經此事件後，大多數的觀察家會認為其後的事態發展無可避免。例如說，在第二次世界大戰中，一般以中途島之役為太平洋战场戰事之轉捩點，大日本帝國的作戰態勢自此役之後由戰略攻勢轉為戰略守勢；而廣被認為是美國革命的轉捩點。 有一種明顯是後見之明看法為，探討其結局並總結前此發生之事件。當代人對於評斷事件轉捩點多缺乏自信。美國內戰中，諸多由史家所提列的轉捩點，在發生當時並不為時人所識。例如說，蓋茨堡之役結束後，當時各方的軍民觀察家們皆認為這是一場大會戰；但北方人並不知道，到戰爭結束之前仍需兩年血流成河的日子。而南方的士氣未受重創，許多人認為羅伯特·李將軍僅是暫時受挫，他會再從無能的聯邦軍將領手中贏得更多的勝利。 美國內戰中有許多值得爭議的轉捩點。以下依發生日期羅列各種可能性，各條各款中僅列出正面論點。 (zh) يوجد خلاف واسع النطاق بين المؤرخين حول نقطة التحول في الحرب الأهلية الأمريكية. تشير نقطة التحول في هذا السياق إلى وقوع حدث ما أثناء الصراع، يتفق معظم العلماء المعاصرين على أن النتيجة النهائية كانت حتمية بعد وقوعه. في حين أن معركة غيتيسبيرغ في يوليو 1863 هي الحدث الذي اُستشهَد به على نطاق واسع، واُعتبَر ذروة الحرب الأهلية الأمريكية العسكرية (غالبًا ما تُقرَن بحصار فيكسبيرغ، الذي انتهى بعد يوم واحد). وقعت العديد من المعارك والأحداث الحاسمة الأخرى خلال الحرب، واُقترَح تصنيفها كنقاط تحول. تعرض المقالة هذه الأحداث بترتيب زمني، مرفقةً بالحجج الإيجابية فقط لكل منها. (ar) There is widespread disagreement among historians about the turning point of the American Civil War. A turning point in this context is an event that occurred during the conflict after which most modern scholars would agree that the eventual outcome was inevitable. While the Battle of Gettysburg in July 1863 is the event most widely cited as the military climax of the American Civil War (often in combination with the siege of Vicksburg, which concluded a day later), there were several other decisive battles and events throughout the war which have been proposed as turning points. These events are presented here in chronological order. Only the positive arguments for each are given. (en) |
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نقطة التحول في الحرب الأهلية الأمريكية (ar) Turning point of the American Civil War (en) 美國內戰的轉捩點 (zh) |
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