| dbo:abstract |
Les " tortues " de Bristol (appelées en anglais Bristol's Robot Turtoises) sont des dispositifs automobiles automatiques, deux robots inventés par le neurophysiologiste William Grey Walter à l’Institut de neurologie Burden situé à Bristol à partir de 1947 au moment où se met en place la cybernétique. Elmer et Elsie, acronymes composites pour ELectro MEchanical Robots, Light Sensitive : c'est ainsi que Walter nomma ses deux premières tortues qui avaient en réalité la taille d'un petit chien. Qualifiées de Machina speculatrix en références aux travaux de René Descartes, ces dispositifs sont considérés comme étant les premiers robots électroniques autonomes, bien qu'il faille manier avec précaution ici le principe d'autonomie, autrement plus complexe. Ces machines reproduisent le mécanisme de l'apprentissage par acquisition de réflexes conditionnés. Les tortues de Grey Walter sont considérées comme une des premières réalisations contribuant au développement de la science cybernétique. Elles sont vues comme les ancêtres des robots de terrain et des armes dites « intelligentes ». De nombreux dispositifs reproduisant de manière artificielle la vie sont nés après ceux de Grey Walter dont le renard électronique d'Albert Ducrocq et le chariot industriel autonome de type Zebulon. (fr) Sa ríomhaireacht, gaireas leictrimheicniúil línithe. Rialaíonn an ríomhaire a mhionghluaiseachtaí. De ghnáth bíonn an teanga chláraithe LOGO bainteach lena úsáid, i gcomhthéacs bunoideachais de ghnáth. (ga) Turtles are a class of educational robots designed originally in the late 1940s (largely under the auspices of researcher William Grey Walter) and used in computer science and mechanical engineering training. These devices are traditionally built low to the ground with a roughly hemispheric (sometimes transparent) shell and a power train capable of a very small turning radius. The robots are often equipped with sensor devices which aid in avoiding obstacles and, if the robot is sufficiently sophisticated, allow it some perception of its environment. Turtle robots are commercially available and are common projects for robotics hobbyists. Turtle robots are closely associated with the work of Seymour Papert and the common use of the Logo programming language in computer education of the 1980s. Turtles specifically designed for use with Logo systems often come with pen mechanisms allowing the programmer to create a design on a large sheet of paper. The original Logo turtle, built by Paul Wexelblat at BBN, was named "Irving" and was demonstrated at the former Muzzey Junior High in Lexington, Massachusetts. "Irving" contained bump sensors and could give audio feedback with a bell. The development of the robotic Logo turtle led to the use of the term to describe the cursor in video screen implementations of the language and its turtle graphics package. (en) ウォルターの亀（ウォルターのかめ）またはマシナ・スペクラトリクスとは、が1950年代に創造した（実在した）ロボットである。日本では電子カメとも呼ばれた。 このロボットは、バッテリーと移動するためのタイヤとモーター、そして電圧低下時に自分で専用の充電場所を見付けるための光センサーとアナログ的な電子頭脳を持っている。バッテリーの電圧が下がると周囲を調べて、点灯するランプが目印となっている充電ステーションに入って、自分で充電する機能を持っており、更にはバッテリーが切れ掛かると、異常を知らせるロボット上部の警告灯が点灯して知らせる機能もあった。 その形状や行動様式が、池のまわりの草むらをノソノソと歩き廻るカメそっくりであるために、このように呼ばれる。 (ja) |
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http://roamerrobot.tumblr.com/post/23079345849/the-history-of-turtle-robots http://www.valiant-technology.com/uk/pages/go_magazine.php https://sites.google.com/view/machinaspeculatrix/home https://web.archive.org/web/20081009055230/http:/www.ias.uwe.ac.uk/Robots/gwonline/gwonline.html https://web.archive.org/web/20150131192445/https:/el.media.mit.edu/logo-foundation/logo/turtle.html |
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Sa ríomhaireacht, gaireas leictrimheicniúil línithe. Rialaíonn an ríomhaire a mhionghluaiseachtaí. De ghnáth bíonn an teanga chláraithe LOGO bainteach lena úsáid, i gcomhthéacs bunoideachais de ghnáth. (ga) ウォルターの亀（ウォルターのかめ）またはマシナ・スペクラトリクスとは、が1950年代に創造した（実在した）ロボットである。日本では電子カメとも呼ばれた。 このロボットは、バッテリーと移動するためのタイヤとモーター、そして電圧低下時に自分で専用の充電場所を見付けるための光センサーとアナログ的な電子頭脳を持っている。バッテリーの電圧が下がると周囲を調べて、点灯するランプが目印となっている充電ステーションに入って、自分で充電する機能を持っており、更にはバッテリーが切れ掛かると、異常を知らせるロボット上部の警告灯が点灯して知らせる機能もあった。 その形状や行動様式が、池のまわりの草むらをノソノソと歩き廻るカメそっくりであるために、このように呼ばれる。 (ja) Les " tortues " de Bristol (appelées en anglais Bristol's Robot Turtoises) sont des dispositifs automobiles automatiques, deux robots inventés par le neurophysiologiste William Grey Walter à l’Institut de neurologie Burden situé à Bristol à partir de 1947 au moment où se met en place la cybernétique. De nombreux dispositifs reproduisant de manière artificielle la vie sont nés après ceux de Grey Walter dont le renard électronique d'Albert Ducrocq et le chariot industriel autonome de type Zebulon. (fr) Turtles are a class of educational robots designed originally in the late 1940s (largely under the auspices of researcher William Grey Walter) and used in computer science and mechanical engineering training. These devices are traditionally built low to the ground with a roughly hemispheric (sometimes transparent) shell and a power train capable of a very small turning radius. The robots are often equipped with sensor devices which aid in avoiding obstacles and, if the robot is sufficiently sophisticated, allow it some perception of its environment. Turtle robots are commercially available and are common projects for robotics hobbyists. (en) |
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Turtar (ríomhaireacht) (ga) Tortues de Bristol (fr) ウォルターの亀 (ja) Turtle (robot) (en) |
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