IBM Selectric typewriter (original) (raw)

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Les machines à écrire IBM Selectric, dites « machines à boule », sont une ligne de produits commercialisée par IBM en 1961 ayant rencontré un grand succès auprès du public. Le mécanisme de la Selectric se distinguait par l'utilisation d'un codage binaire mécanique interne à six bits et de deux convertisseurs digitaux - analogiques mécaniques (trois bits rotation de la boule et trois bits inclinaison), appelés liaisons whiffletree, pour sélectionner le caractère à saisir. La Selectric II possède un clavier à sept bits mécaniques qui code 96 glyphes et permet de dactylographier certaines langues internationales comme l'hébreu et le français.

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dbo:abstract La màquina d'escriure IBM Selectric (coneguda també com a IBM de bola) és un influent disseny de màquina d'escriure elèctrica d'IBM. Va ser introduïda el 1961. Un fet molt important, que més tard IBM adaptaria al seu PC, va ser l'establiment d'un estàndard de teclats per part d'IBM per a tots els països. En lloc de la clàssica "cistella" amb tipus pivotants, la Selectric tenia una bola, un element pivotant i rotatori (a vegades anomenada "bola de tipus") que es podia canviar per aplicar diferents tipografies dins del mateix document, ressuscitant una característica que havia estat pionera a la màquina d'escriure Blickensderfer, d'èxit moderat, seixanta anys abans. La Selectric també va reemplaçar el tradicional carro lliscant amb un corró per al paper que es mantenia fix mentre el mecanisme amb la bola de tipus i la cinta es movien a l'ample del paper. Les Selectric i les seves descendents eventualment van capturar el 75 per cent del mercat nord-americà de màquines d'escriure elèctriques usades en oficines. (ca) Der Schreibmaschinen-Kugelkopf (seltener: Typenkopf) ist ein in elektrisch angetriebenen Schreibmaschinen verwendeter kompakter Typen-Träger in Kugelform. Die zu schreibenden Zeichen sind in mehreren übereinanderliegenden Kreisen auf dem Umfang eines Kugelrings angeordnet. Zur Auswahl eines Zeichens wird der Kopf um die Ringachse gedreht und zwischen den Typenkreisen gekippt. Jede Taste löst die Auswahlbewegungen für die ihr entsprechende Type aus. Zum Drucken wird der sehr leichte Kugelkopf gegen die Schreibwalze mit dem aufgespannten Papier und dem darüber liegenden Farbband geschlagen. Eingeführt wurde der Kugelkopf im IBM Selectric typewriter am 31. Juli 1961. Der Kugelkopf wurde aber letztlich vom modernen Typenrad abgelöst, dessen einzige Drehbewegung vom in Zeilenrichtung mitbewegten leichten Elektromotor erzeugt werden konnte.Die aufwendigen Mechanismen zum Drehen und Kippen des Kugelkopfes entfielen. Das Typenrad ist leichter als ein Kugelkopf, was ebenfalls zum noch schnelleren Schreiben bzw. Ausdrucken in Verbindung mit Schreibautomaten und Textsystemen beiträgt. (de) The IBM Selectric typewriter was a highly successful line of electric typewriters introduced by IBM on 31 July 1961. Instead of the "basket" of individual typebars that swung up to strike the ribbon and page in a typical typewriter of the period, the Selectric had an "element" (frequently called a "typeball", or less formally, a "golf ball") that rotated and pivoted to the correct position before striking the paper. The element could be easily interchanged to use different fonts within the same document typed on the same typewriter, resurrecting a capability which had been pioneered by typewriters such as the Hammond and Blickensderfer in the late 19th century. The Selectric also replaced the traditional typewriter's horizontally-moving carriage with a roller (platen) that turned to advance the paper vertically, while the typeball and ribbon mechanism moved horizontally across the paper. The Selectric mechanism was notable for using internal mechanical binary coding and two mechanical digital-to-analog converters, called whiffletree linkages, to select the character to be typed. Selectrics and their descendants eventually captured 75 percent of the United States market for electric typewriters used in business. By the Selectric's 25th anniversary, in 1986, a total of more than 13 million machines had been made and sold. IBM replaced the Selectric line with the IBM Wheelwriter in 1984, and transferred its typewriter business to the newly formed Lexmark in 1991. (en) La máquina de escribir IBM Selectric (conocida también como la IBM de bola o IBM a bochita) es un influyente diseño de máquina de escribir eléctrica de IBM. Fue introducida al mercado en 1961. En lugar de una "canasta" con tipos pivotantes, la Selectric tenía un elemento pivotante y rotatorio (a veces llamado "bola de tipos") que podía cambiarse para aplicar distintas tipografías, resucitando una característica que había sido pionera con la máquina de escribir Blickensderfer, de éxito moderado, sesenta años antes. La Selectric también reemplazó el tradicional carro deslizante por un rodillo para papel que se mantenía fijo mientras el mecanismo con la bola de tipos y la cinta se movían a lo ancho del papel. Las Selectric y sus descendientes capturaron finalmente el 75 por ciento del mercado estadounidense de máquinas de escribir eléctricas usadas en oficinas.​ (es) Les machines à écrire IBM Selectric, dites « machines à boule », sont une ligne de produits commercialisée par IBM en 1961 ayant rencontré un grand succès auprès du public. Le mécanisme de la Selectric se distinguait par l'utilisation d'un codage binaire mécanique interne à six bits et de deux convertisseurs digitaux - analogiques mécaniques (trois bits rotation de la boule et trois bits inclinaison), appelés liaisons whiffletree, pour sélectionner le caractère à saisir. La Selectric II possède un clavier à sept bits mécaniques qui code 96 glyphes et permet de dactylographier certaines langues internationales comme l'hébreu et le français. (fr) IBM Selectric typewriter(アイビーエム セレクトリック タイプライター)は、IBMが1961年に発表し、アメリカで広く普及した電動タイプライターである。印字部品の形状から「IBMゴルフボール タイプライター」と呼ばれる事もある。 (ja) La macchina da scrivere IBM Selectric (conosciuta anche col nome di "macchina con la pallina da golf") è stata una linea di macchine da scrivere elettriche che riscosse molto successo. Fu presentata dall'IBM il 31 luglio 1961. Il cuore della macchina, e la novità del prodotto, era la testina rotante, una sfera sulla quale erano fissati i caratteri. A differenza delle normali macchine conosciute fino a quel momento, che avevano una serie di barre metalliche collegate ai tasti che battevano sul nastro inchiostrato, la Selectric presentava tutti i caratteri su un unico elemento meccanico. Questo, opportunamente ruotato e inclinato, si presentava davanti al nastro col carattere scelto, stampando sulla carta sottostante. La testina era sostituibile con semplicità, permettendo di stampare diversi set di caratteri nello stesso documento: una caratteristica unica per l'epoca.Altra novità di rilievo era l'assenza del carrello. Nelle macchine precedenti il carrello sul quale era fissata la carta si muoveva mentre i caratteri battevano sempre al centro della macchina. Nella Selectric era la testina ad andare a destra e sinistra, mentre la carta si muoveva in avanti, eliminando il carrello. La Selectric e le sue discendenti conquistarono il 75% del mercato statunitense delle macchine per scrivere elettricheQueste macchine furono sostituite nel 1984 dal modello "Wheelwriter", che in Italia prese il nome di "margherita". (it) A máquina de escrever IBM Selectric (conhecida também como a IBM de bola ou IBM a bochita) é um influente desenho de máquina de escrever eléctrica da IBM. Foi introduzida em 31 de julho de 1961. Em lugar de uma "canasta" com tipos pivotantes, a Selectric tinha um elemento pivotante e rotatório (às vezes chamado "bola de tipos") que podia se mudar para aplicar diferentes tipografías, ressuscitando uma característica que tinha sido pioneira com a máquina de escrever , de sucesso moderado, sessenta anos dantes. A Selectric também substituiu a tradicional carroça deslizante por um rolo para papel que se mantinha fixo enquanto o mecanismo com a bola de tipos e a fita se moviam na largura do papel. As Selectric e suas sucessoras conquistaram 75 por cento do mercado estadounidense de máquinas de escrever eléctricas usadas em escritórios. A IBM substituiu a linha Selectric pela IBM Wheelwriter em 1984 e transferiu seu negócio de máquinas de escrever para a recém-formada Lexmark em 1991.. (pt) Selectric — серия электромеханических пишущих машин американской компании «IBM». (ru)
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dbp:caption IBM Selectric I (en)
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dbp:manufacturer International Business Machines Corporation (en)
dbp:predecessor IBM Electric and Electromatic typewriters (en)
dbp:related IBM MT/ST and MT/SC, IBM MC (en)
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rdfs:comment Les machines à écrire IBM Selectric, dites « machines à boule », sont une ligne de produits commercialisée par IBM en 1961 ayant rencontré un grand succès auprès du public. Le mécanisme de la Selectric se distinguait par l'utilisation d'un codage binaire mécanique interne à six bits et de deux convertisseurs digitaux - analogiques mécaniques (trois bits rotation de la boule et trois bits inclinaison), appelés liaisons whiffletree, pour sélectionner le caractère à saisir. La Selectric II possède un clavier à sept bits mécaniques qui code 96 glyphes et permet de dactylographier certaines langues internationales comme l'hébreu et le français. (fr) IBM Selectric typewriter(アイビーエム セレクトリック タイプライター)は、IBMが1961年に発表し、アメリカで広く普及した電動タイプライターである。印字部品の形状から「IBMゴルフボール タイプライター」と呼ばれる事もある。 (ja) Selectric — серия электромеханических пишущих машин американской компании «IBM». (ru) La màquina d'escriure IBM Selectric (coneguda també com a IBM de bola) és un influent disseny de màquina d'escriure elèctrica d'IBM. Va ser introduïda el 1961. Un fet molt important, que més tard IBM adaptaria al seu PC, va ser l'establiment d'un estàndard de teclats per part d'IBM per a tots els països. Les Selectric i les seves descendents eventualment van capturar el 75 per cent del mercat nord-americà de màquines d'escriure elèctriques usades en oficines. (ca) Der Schreibmaschinen-Kugelkopf (seltener: Typenkopf) ist ein in elektrisch angetriebenen Schreibmaschinen verwendeter kompakter Typen-Träger in Kugelform. Die zu schreibenden Zeichen sind in mehreren übereinanderliegenden Kreisen auf dem Umfang eines Kugelrings angeordnet. Zur Auswahl eines Zeichens wird der Kopf um die Ringachse gedreht und zwischen den Typenkreisen gekippt. Jede Taste löst die Auswahlbewegungen für die ihr entsprechende Type aus. Zum Drucken wird der sehr leichte Kugelkopf gegen die Schreibwalze mit dem aufgespannten Papier und dem darüber liegenden Farbband geschlagen. (de) The IBM Selectric typewriter was a highly successful line of electric typewriters introduced by IBM on 31 July 1961. Instead of the "basket" of individual typebars that swung up to strike the ribbon and page in a typical typewriter of the period, the Selectric had an "element" (frequently called a "typeball", or less formally, a "golf ball") that rotated and pivoted to the correct position before striking the paper. The element could be easily interchanged to use different fonts within the same document typed on the same typewriter, resurrecting a capability which had been pioneered by typewriters such as the Hammond and Blickensderfer in the late 19th century. (en) La máquina de escribir IBM Selectric (conocida también como la IBM de bola o IBM a bochita) es un influyente diseño de máquina de escribir eléctrica de IBM. Fue introducida al mercado en 1961. En lugar de una "canasta" con tipos pivotantes, la Selectric tenía un elemento pivotante y rotatorio (a veces llamado "bola de tipos") que podía cambiarse para aplicar distintas tipografías, resucitando una característica que había sido pionera con la máquina de escribir Blickensderfer, de éxito moderado, sesenta años antes. La Selectric también reemplazó el tradicional carro deslizante por un rodillo para papel que se mantenía fijo mientras el mecanismo con la bola de tipos y la cinta se movían a lo ancho del papel. (es) La macchina da scrivere IBM Selectric (conosciuta anche col nome di "macchina con la pallina da golf") è stata una linea di macchine da scrivere elettriche che riscosse molto successo. Fu presentata dall'IBM il 31 luglio 1961. La Selectric e le sue discendenti conquistarono il 75% del mercato statunitense delle macchine per scrivere elettricheQueste macchine furono sostituite nel 1984 dal modello "Wheelwriter", che in Italia prese il nome di "margherita". (it) A máquina de escrever IBM Selectric (conhecida também como a IBM de bola ou IBM a bochita) é um influente desenho de máquina de escrever eléctrica da IBM. Foi introduzida em 31 de julho de 1961. Em lugar de uma "canasta" com tipos pivotantes, a Selectric tinha um elemento pivotante e rotatório (às vezes chamado "bola de tipos") que podia se mudar para aplicar diferentes tipografías, ressuscitando uma característica que tinha sido pioneira com a máquina de escrever , de sucesso moderado, sessenta anos dantes. A Selectric também substituiu a tradicional carroça deslizante por um rolo para papel que se mantinha fixo enquanto o mecanismo com a bola de tipos e a fita se moviam na largura do papel. (pt)
rdfs:label IBM Selectric (ca) Schreibmaschinen-Kugelkopf (de) IBM Selectric (es) IBM Selectric typewriter (en) IBM Selectric (it) Technique IBM à boule (fr) IBM Selectric typewriter (ja) IBM Selectric (ru) IBM Selectric (pt)
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is foaf:primaryTopic of wikipedia-en:IBM_Selectric_typewriter