Induced magnetic fields as evidence for subsurface oceans in Europa and Callisto (original) (raw)

• Kivelson, M. G.et al. Europa's magnetic signature: report from Galileo's first pass on December 19, 1996. Science 276, 1239–1241 (1997).
  Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
• Khurana, K. K., Kivelson, M. G., Russell, C. T., Walker, R. J. & Southwood, D. J. Absence of an internal magnetic field at Callisto. Nature 387, 262–264 (1997).
  Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
• Kivelson, M. G. Discovery of Ganymede's magnetic field by the Galileo spacecraft. Nature 384, 537–541 (1996).
  Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
• Kivelson, M. G.et al. Amagnetic signature at Io: initial report from the Gallileo magnetometer. Science 273, 337–340 (1996).
  Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
• Carr, M. H.et al. Evidence for a subsurface ocean on Europa. Nature 391, 363–365 (1998).
  Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
• Pappalardo, R. T.et al. Geological evidence for solid-state convection in Europa's ice shell. Nature 391, 365–368 (1998).
  Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
• Parkinson, W. D. Introduction to Geomagnetism 308–340 (Scottish Academic, Edinburgh, (1993)).
  Google Scholar
• Neubauer, F. M. Nonlinear standing Alfvén wave current system at Io: Theory. J. Geophys. Res. 85, 1171–1178 (1980).
  Article ADS Google Scholar
• Owen, C. J. et al. The lunar wake at 6.8 RL: WIND magnetic field observations. Geophys. Res. Lett. 23, 1263–1266 (1996).
  Article ADS Google Scholar
• Khurana, K. K. & Kivelson, M. G. Ultra low frequency MHD waves in Jupiter's middle magnetosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 94, 5241–5254 (1989).
  Article ADS Google Scholar
• Ip, W-H. Europa's oxygen exosphere and its magnetospheric interaction. Icarus 120, 317–325 (1996).
  Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
• Kliore, A. J., Hinson, D. P., Flasar, F. M., Nagy, A. F. & Cravens, T. E. The ionosphere of Europa from Galileo radio occultations. Science 277, 355–358 (1997).
  Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
• Neubauer, F. M. The subalfvénic interaction of the Galilean satellites with the Jovian magnetosphere. J. Geophys. Res. (Planets) 103, 19843–19866 (1998).
  Article ADS Google Scholar
• Montgomery, R. B. in American Institute of Physics Handbook 125–127 (McGraw Hill, New York, (1963)).
  Google Scholar
• Colburn, D. S. & Reynolds, R. T. Electrolytic currents in Europa. Icarus 63, 39–44 (1985).
  Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
• Kargel, J. S. & Consolmagno, G. J. Magnetic fields and the detectability of brine oceans in Jupiter's icy satellites. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. XXVII, 643–644 (1996).
  ADS Google Scholar
• Schubert, G., Spohn, T. & Reynolds, R. in Satellites (eds Burns, J. A. & Matthews, M. S.) 224–292 (Univ. Arizona Press, Tucson, (1986)).
  Google Scholar
• Anderson, J. D. Europa's differentiated internal structure: inferences from four Galileo encounters. Science(in the press).
• Reynolds, R. T. & Cassen, P. On the internal structure of the major satellites of the outer planets. Geophys. Res. Lett. 6, 121–124 (1979).
  Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
• Kirk, R. L. & Stevenson, D. J. Thermal evolution of a differentiated Ganymede and implications for surface features. Icarus 69, 91–135 (1987).
  Article ADS Google Scholar
• Cassen, P. M., Reynolds, R. T. & Peale, S. J. Is there liquid water on Europa? Geophys. Res. Lett. 6, 731–734 (1979).
  Article ADS Google Scholar
• Squyres, S. W., Reynolds, R. T., Cassen, P. M. & Peale, S. J. Liquid water and active resurfacing on Europa. Nature 301, 225–226 (1983).
  Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
• Ross, M. N. & Schubert, G. Tidal heating in an internal ocean model of Europa. Nature 325, 133–134 (1987).
  Article ADS Google Scholar
• Ojakangas, G. W. & Stevenson, D. J. Thermal state of an ice shell on Europa. Icarus 81, 220–241 (1989).
  Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
• Durham, W. B., Kirby, S. H. & Stern, L. A. Creep of water ices at planetary conditions: a compilation. J. Geophys. Res. 102, 16293–16302 (1997).
  Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
• McCord, T. B.et al. Salts on Europa's surface detected by Galileo's Near Infrared Mapping Spectrometer. Science 280, 1242–1245 (1998).
  Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
• Stevenson, D. J. in Proc. Europa Conf. 69–70 (San Juan Capistrano Research Inst., San Juan Capistrano, CA, (1996)).
  Google Scholar
• Anderson, J. D.et al. Distribution of rock, metals, and ices in Callisto. Science 280, 1573–1576 (1998).
  Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
• Anderson, J. D., Lau, E. L., Sjogren, W. L., Schubert, G. & Moore, W. B. Gravitational constraints on the internal structure of Ganymede. Nature 384, 541–543 (1996).
  Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
• Schubert, G., Zhang, K., Kivelson, M. G. & Anderson, J. D. The magnetic field and internal structure of Ganymede. Nature 384, 544–545 (1996).
  Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
• Jackson, J. D. Classical Electrodynamics 2nd edn 338 (Wiley, New York, (1975)).
  Google Scholar
• Connerney, J. E. P. Magnetic fields of the outer planets. J. Geophys. Res. 98, 18659–18679 (1993).
  Article ADS Google Scholar
• Khurana, K. K. Euler potential models of Jupiter's magnetospheric field. J. Geophys. Res. 102, 11295–11306 (1997).
  Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
• Kivelson M. G.et al. Europa and Callisto; induced or intrinsic fields in a periodically varying plasma environment. J. Geophys. Res. (submitted).