Isotopes of tin (original) (raw)

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Nuclides with atomic number of 50 but with different mass numbers

Isotopes of tin (50Sn)

Main isotopes[1] Decay abun­dance half-life (_t_1/2) mode pro­duct 112Sn 0.970% stable 114Sn 0.66% stable 115Sn 0.34% stable 116Sn 14.5% stable 117Sn 7.68% stable 118Sn 24.2% stable 119Sn 8.59% stable 120Sn 32.6% stable 122Sn 4.63% stable 124Sn 5.79% stable 126Sn trace 2.3×105 y β− 126Sb
Standard atomic weight _A_r°(Sn)
118.710±0.007[2]118.71±0.01 (abridged)[3]
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Tin (50Sn) is the element with the greatest number of stable isotopes (ten; three of them are potentially radioactive but have not been observed to decay). This is probably related to the fact that 50 is a "magic number" of protons. In addition, twenty-nine unstable tin isotopes are known, including tin-100 (100Sn) (discovered in 1994)[4] and tin-132 (132Sn), which are both "doubly magic". The longest-lived tin radioisotope is tin-126 (126Sn), with a half-life of 230,000 years. The other 28 radioisotopes have half-lives of less than a year.

| Nuclide[n 1] | Z | N | Isotopic mass (Da)[5][n 2][n 3] | Half-life[1][n 4] | Decay mode[1][n 5] | Daughter isotope[n 6] | Spin andparity[1][n 7][n 4] | Natural abundance (mole fraction) | | | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | | Excitation energy[n 4] | Normal proportion[1] | Range of variation | | | | | | | | | 99Sn[n 8] | 50 | 49 | 98.94850(63)# | 24(4) ms | β+ (95%) | 99In | 9/2+# | | | | β+p (5%) | 98Cd | | | | | | | | | | 100Sn[n 9] | 50 | 50 | 99.93865(26) | 1.18(8) s | β+ (>83%) | 100In | 0+ | | | | β+p (<17%) | 99Cd | | | | | | | | | | 101Sn | 50 | 51 | 100.93526(32) | 2.22(5) s | β+ | 101In | (7/2+) | | | | β+p? | 100Cd | | | | | | | | | | 102Sn | 50 | 52 | 101.93029(11) | 3.8(2) s | β+ | 102In | 0+ | | | | 102mSn | 2017(2) keV | 367(8) ns | IT | 102Sn | (6+) | | | | | | 103Sn | 50 | 53 | 102.92797(11)# | 7.0(2) s | β+ (98.8%) | 103In | 5/2+# | | | | β+p (1.2%) | 102Cd | | | | | | | | | | 104Sn | 50 | 54 | 103.923105(6) | 20.8(5) s | β+ | 104In | 0+ | | | | 105Sn | 50 | 55 | 104.921268(4) | 32.7(5) s | β+ | 105In | (5/2+) | | | | β+p (0.011%) | 104Cd | | | | | | | | | | 106Sn | 50 | 56 | 105.916957(5) | 1.92(8) min | β+ | 106In | 0+ | | | | 107Sn | 50 | 57 | 106.915714(6) | 2.90(5) min | β+ | 107In | (5/2+) | | | | 108Sn | 50 | 58 | 107.911894(6) | 10.30(8) min | β+ | 108In | 0+ | | | | 109Sn | 50 | 59 | 108.911293(9) | 18.1(2) min | β+ | 109In | 5/2+ | | | | 110Sn | 50 | 60 | 109.907845(15) | 4.154(4) h | EC | 110In | 0+ | | | | 111Sn | 50 | 61 | 110.907741(6) | 35.3(6) min | β+ | 111In | 7/2+ | | | | 111mSn | 254.71(4) keV | 12.5(10) μs | IT | 111Sn | 1/2+ | | | | | | 112Sn | 50 | 62 | 111.9048249(3) | **Observationally Stable**[n 10] | 0+ | 0.0097(1) | | | | | 113Sn | 50 | 63 | 112.9051759(17) | 115.08(4) d | β+ | **113In** | 1/2+ | | | | 113mSn | 77.389(19) keV | 21.4(4) min | IT (91.1%) | 113Sn | 7/2+ | | | | | | β+ (8.9%) | **113In** | | | | | | | | | | 114Sn | 50 | 64 | 113.90278013(3) | **Stable** | 0+ | 0.0066(1) | | | | | 114mSn | 3087.37(7) keV | 733(14) ns | IT | 114Sn | 7− | | | | | | 115Sn | 50 | 65 | 114.903344695(16) | **Stable** | 1/2+ | 0.0034(1) | | | | | 115m1Sn | 612.81(4) keV | 3.26(8) μs | IT | **115Sn** | 7/2+ | | | | | | 115m2Sn | 713.64(12) keV | 159(1) μs | IT | **115Sn** | 11/2− | | | | | | 116Sn | 50 | 66 | 115.90174283(10) | **Stable** | 0+ | 0.1454(9) | | | | | 116m1Sn | 2365.975(21) keV | 348(19) ns | IT | **116Sn** | 5− | | | | | | 116m2Sn | 3547.16(17) keV | 833(30) ns | IT | **116Sn** | 10+ | | | | | | 117Sn | 50 | 67 | 116.90295404(52) | **Stable** | 1/2+ | 0.0768(7) | | | | | 117m1Sn | 314.58(4) keV | 13.939(24) d | IT | **117Sn** | 11/2− | | | | | | 117m2Sn | 2406.4(4) keV | 1.75(7) μs | IT | **117Sn** | (19/2+) | | | | | | 118Sn | 50 | 68 | 117.90160663(54) | **Stable** | 0+ | 0.2422(9) | | | | | 118m1Sn | 2574.91(4) keV | 230(10) ns | IT | **118Sn** | 7− | | | | | | 118m2Sn | 3108.06(22) keV | 2.52(6) μs | IT | **118Sn** | (10+) | | | | | | 119Sn | 50 | 69 | 118.90331127(78) | **Stable** | 1/2+ | 0.0859(4) | | | | | 119m1Sn | 89.531(13) keV | 293.1(7) d | IT | **119Sn** | 11/2− | | | | | | 119m2Sn | 2127.0(10) keV | 9.6(12) μs | IT | **119Sn** | (19/2+) | | | | | | 119m3Sn | 2369.0(3) keV | 96(9) ns | IT | **119Sn** | 23/2+ | | | | | | 120Sn | 50 | 70 | 119.90220256(99) | **Stable** | 0+ | 0.3258(9) | | | | | 120m1Sn | 2481.63(6) keV | 11.8(5) μs | IT | **120Sn** | 7− | | | | | | 120m2Sn | 2902.22(22) keV | 6.26(11) μs | IT | **120Sn** | 10+ | | | | | | 121Sn[n 11] | 50 | 71 | 120.9042435(11) | 27.03(4) h | β− | **121Sb** | 3/2+ | | | | 121m1Sn | 6.31(6) keV | 43.9(5) y | IT (77.6%) | 121Sn | 11/2− | | | | | | β− (22.4%) | **121Sb** | | | | | | | | | | 121m2Sn | 1998.68(13) keV | 5.3(5) μs | IT | 121Sn | 19/2+ | | | | | | 121m3Sn | 2222.0(2) keV | 520(50) ns | IT | 121Sn | 23/2+ | | | | | | 121m4Sn | 2833.9(2) keV | 167(25) ns | IT | 121Sn | 27/2− | | | | | | 122Sn[n 11] | 50 | 72 | 121.9034455(26) | **Observationally Stable**[n 12] | 0+ | 0.0463(3) | | | | | 122m1Sn | 2409.03(4) keV | 7.5(9) μs | IT | **122Sn** | 7− | | | | | | 122m2Sn | 2765.5(3) keV | 62(3) μs | IT | **122Sn** | 10+ | | | | | | 122m3Sn | 4721.2(3) keV | 139(9) ns | IT | **122Sn** | 15− | | | | | | 123Sn[n 11] | 50 | 73 | 122.9057271(27) | 129.2(4) d | β− | **123Sb** | 11/2− | | | | 123m1Sn | 24.6(4) keV | 40.06(1) min | β− | **123Sb** | 3/2+ | | | | | | 123m2Sn | 1944.90(12) keV | 7.4(26) μs | IT | 123Sn | 19/2+ | | | | | | 123m3Sn | 2152.66(19) keV | 6 μs | IT | 123Sn | 23/2+ | | | | | | 123m4Sn | 2712.47(21) keV | 34 μs | IT | 123Sn | 27/2− | | | | | | 124Sn[n 11] | 50 | 74 | 123.9052796(14) | **Observationally Stable**[n 13] | 0+ | 0.0579(5) | | | | | 124m1Sn | 2204.620(23) keV | 270(60) ns | IT | **124Sn** | 5- | | | | | | 124m2Sn | 2324.96(4) keV | 3.1(5) μs | IT | **124Sn** | 7− | | | | | | 124m3Sn | 2656.6(3) keV | 51(3) μs | IT | **124Sn** | 10+ | | | | | | 124m4Sn | 4552.4(3) keV | 260(25) ns | IT | **124Sn** | 15− | | | | | | 125Sn[n 11] | 50 | 75 | 124.9077894(14) | 9.634(15) d | β− | 125Sb | 11/2− | | | | 125m1Sn | 27.50(14) keV | 9.77(25) min | β− | 125Sb | 3/2+ | | | | | | 125m2Sn | 1892.8(3) keV | 6.2(2) μs | IT | 125Sn | 19/2+ | | | | | | 125m3Sn | 2059.5(4) keV | 650(60) ns | IT | 125Sn | 23/2+ | | | | | | 125m4Sn | 2623.5(5) keV | 230(17) ns | IT | 125Sn | 27/2− | | | | | | 126Sn[n 14] | 50 | 76 | 125.907658(11) | 2.30(14)×105 y | β− | 126Sb | 0+ | < 10−14[6] | | | 126m1Sn | 2218.99(8) keV | 6.1(7) μs | IT | 126Sn | 7− | | | | | | 126m2Sn | 2564.5(5) keV | 7.6(3) μs | IT | 126Sn | 10+ | | | | | | 126m3Sn | 4347.4(4) keV | 114(2) ns | IT | 126Sn | 15− | | | | | | 127Sn | 50 | 77 | 126.9103917(99) | 2.10(4) h | β− | 127Sb | 11/2− | | | | 127m1Sn | 5.07(6) keV | 4.13(3) min | β− | 127Sb | 3/2+ | | | | | | 127m2Sn | 1826.67(16) keV | 4.52(15) μs | IT | 127Sn | 19/2+ | | | | | | 127m3Sn | 1930.97(17) keV | 1.26(15) μs | IT | 127Sn | (23/2+) | | | | | | 127m4Sn | 2552.4(10) keV | 250 ns (30) ns | IT | 127Sn | (27/2−) | | | | | | 128Sn | 50 | 78 | 127.910508(19) | 59.07(14) min | β− | 128Sb | 0+ | | | | 128m1Sn | 2091.50(11) keV | 6.5(5) s | IT | 128Sn | 7− | | | | | | 128m2Sn | 2491.91(17) keV | 2.91(14) μs | IT | 128Sn | 10+ | | | | | | 128m3Sn | 4099.5(4) keV | 220(30) ns | IT | 128Sn | (15−) | | | | | | 129Sn | 50 | 79 | 128.913482(19) | 2.23(4) min | β− | 129Sb | 3/2+ | | | | 129m1Sn | 35.15(5) keV | 6.9(1) min | β− | 129Sb | 11/2− | | | | | | 129m2Sn | 1761.6(10) keV | 3.49(11) μs | IT | 129Sn | (19/2+) | | | | | | 129m3Sn | 1802.6(10) keV | 2.22(13) μs | IT | 129Sn | 23/2+ | | | | | | 129m4Sn | 2552.9(11) keV | 221(18) ns | IT | 129Sn | (27/2−) | | | | | | 130Sn | 50 | 80 | 129.9139745(20) | 3.72(7) min | β− | 130Sb | 0+ | | | | 130m1Sn | 1946.88(10) keV | 1.7(1) min | β− | 130Sb | 7− | | | | | | 130m2Sn | 2434.79(12) keV | 1.501(17) μs | IT | 130Sn | (10+) | | | | | | 131Sn | 50 | 81 | 130.917053(4) | 56.0(5) s | β− | 131Sb | 3/2+ | | | | 131m1Sn | 65.1(3) keV | 58.4(5) s | β− | 131Sb | 11/2− | | | | | | IT? | 131Sn | | | | | | | | | | 131m2Sn | 4670.0(4) keV | 316(5) ns | IT | 131Sn | (23/2−) | | | | | | 132Sn | 50 | 82 | 131.9178239(21) | 39.7(8) s | β− | 132Sb | 0+ | | | | 132mSn | 4848.52(20) keV | 2.080(16) μs | IT | 132Sn | 8+ | | | | | | 133Sn | 50 | 83 | 132.9239138(20) | 1.37(7) s | β− (99.97%) | 133Sb | 7/2− | | | | β−n (.0294%) | 132Sb | | | | | | | | | | 134Sn | 50 | 84 | 133.928680(3) | 0.93(8) s | β− (83%) | 134Sb | 0+ | | | | β−n (17%) | 133Sb | | | | | | | | | | 134mSn | 1247.4(5) keV | 87(8) ns | IT | 132Sn | 6+ | | | | | | 135Sn | 50 | 85 | 134.934909(3) | 515(5) ms | β− (79%) | 135Sb | 7/2−# | | | | β−n (21%) | 134Sb | | | | | | | | | | β−2n? | 133Sb | | | | | | | | | | 136Sn | 50 | 86 | 135.93970(22)# | 355(18) ms | β− (72%) | 136Sb | 0+ | | | | β−n (28%) | 135Sb | | | | | | | | | | β−2n? | 134Sb | | | | | | | | | | 137Sn | 50 | 87 | 136.94616(32)# | 249(15) ms | β− (52%) | 137Sb | 5/2−# | | | | β−n (48%) | 136Sb | | | | | | | | | | β−2n? | 135Sb | | | | | | | | | | 138Sn | 50 | 88 | 137.95114(43)# | 148(9) ms | β− (64%) | 138Sb | 0+ | | | | β−n (36%) | 137Sb | | | | | | | | | | β−2n? | 136Sb | | | | | | | | | | 138mSn | 1344(2) keV | 210(45) ns | IT | 138Sn | (6+) | | | | | | 139Sn | 50 | 89 | 138.95780(43)# | 120(38) ms | β− | 139Sb | 5/2−# | | | | β−n? | 138Sb | | | | | | | | | | β−2n? | 137Sb | | | | | | | | | | 140Sn | 50 | 90 | 139.96297(32)# | 50# ms[>550 ns] | β−? | 140Sb | 0+ | | | | β−n? | 139Sb | | | | | | | | | | β−2n? | 138Sb | | | | | | | | | | This table header & footer: view | | | | | | | | | |

  1. ^ mSn – Excited nuclear isomer.
  2. ^ ( ) – Uncertainty (1_σ_) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
  3. ^ # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
  4. ^ a b c # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
  5. ^ Modes of decay:
  6. ^ Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
  7. ^ ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
  8. ^ Heaviest known nuclide with more protons than neutrons
  9. ^ Heaviest nuclide with equal numbers of protons and neutrons with no observed α decay
  10. ^ Believed to decay by β+β+ to 112Cd
  11. ^ a b c d e Fission product
  12. ^ Believed to undergo β−β− decay to 122Te
  13. ^ Believed to undergo β−β− decay to 124Te with a half-life over 1×1017 years
  14. ^ Long-lived fission product

Tin-117m is a radioisotope of tin. One of its uses is in a particulate suspension to treat canine synovitis (radiosynoviorthesis).[7]

Tin-121m (121mSn) is a radioisotope and nuclear isomer of tin with a half-life of 43.9 years.

In a normal thermal reactor, it has a very low fission product yield; thus, this isotope is not a significant contributor to nuclear waste. Fast fission or fission of some heavier actinides will produce tin-121 at higher yields. For example, its yield from uranium-235 is 0.0007% per thermal fission and 0.002% per fast fission.[8]

Yield, % per fission[8]

| | Thermal | Fast | 14 MeV | | | ------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------- | ----------- | | 232Th | not fissile | 0.0481 ± 0.0077 | 0.87 ± 0.20 | | 233U | 0.224 ± 0.018 | 0.278 ± 0.022 | 1.92 ± 0.31 | | 235U | 0.056 ± 0.004 | 0.0137 ± 0.001 | 1.70 ± 0.14 | | 238U | not fissile | 0.054 ± 0.004 | 1.31 ± 0.21 | | 239Pu | 0.199 ± 0.016 | 0.26 ± 0.02 | 2.02 ± 0.22 | | 241Pu | 0.082 ± 0.019 | 0.22 ± 0.03 | ? |

Tin-126 is a radioisotope of tin and one of the only seven long-lived fission products of uranium and plutonium. While tin-126's half-life of 230,000 years translates to a low specific activity of gamma radiation, its short-lived decay products, two isomers of antimony-126, emit 17 and 40 keV gamma radiation and a 3.67 MeV beta particle on their way to stable tellurium-126, making external exposure to tin-126 a potential concern.

Tin-126 is in the middle of the mass range for fission products. Thermal reactors, which make up almost all current nuclear power plants, produce it at a very low yield (0.056% for 235U), since slow neutrons almost always fission 235U or 239Pu into unequal halves. Fast fission in a fast reactor or nuclear weapon, or fission of some heavy minor actinides such as californium, will produce it at higher yields.

  1. ^ a b c d e Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
  2. ^ "Standard Atomic Weights: Tin". CIAAW. 1983.
  3. ^ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
  4. ^ K. Sümmerer; R. Schneider; T Faestermann; J. Friese; H. Geissel; R. Gernhäuser; H. Gilg; F. Heine; J. Homolka; P. Kienle; H. J. Körner; G. Münzenberg; J. Reinhold; K. Zeitelhack (April 1997). "Identification and decay spectroscopy of 100Sn at the GSI projectile fragment separator FRS". Nuclear Physics A. 616 (1–2): 341–345. Bibcode:1997NuPhA.616..341S. doi:10.1016/S0375-9474(97)00106-1.
  5. ^ Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). "The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references*". Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030003. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf.
  6. ^ Shen, Hongtao; Jiang, Shan; He, Ming; Dong, Kejun; Li, Chaoli; He, Guozhu; Wu, Shaolei; Gong, Jie; Lu, Liyan; Li, Shizhuo; Zhang, Dawei; Shi, Guozhu; Huang, Chuntang; Wu, Shaoyong (February 2011). "Study on measurement of fission product nuclide 126Sn by AMS" (PDF). Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms. 269 (3): 392–395. doi:10.1016/j.nimb.2010.11.059.
  7. ^ "https://www.nrc.gov/site-help/search.html?site=AllSites&searchtext=synovetin" (PDF).
  8. ^ a b M. B. Chadwick et al, "Evaluated Nuclear Data File (ENDF) : ENDF/B-VII.1: Nuclear Data for Science and Technology: Cross Sections, Covariances, Fission Product Yields, and Decay Data", Nucl. Data Sheets 112(2011)2887. (accessed at https://www-nds.iaea.org/exfor/endf.htm)