List of rulers of Kongo (original) (raw)

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Manikongo of Kongo
Imperial
Álvaro I of Kongo
Details
First monarch Lukeni lua Nimi
Last monarch Manuel III
Formation c. 1390; 635 years ago (1390)
Abolition 1914
Residence Mbanza Kongo
Appointer Hereditary, Dynastic (various)
Pretender See list

This is a list of the rulers of the Kingdom of Kongo, known commonly as the Manikongos (KiKongo: Mwenekongo). Mwene (plural: Awene) in Kikongo meant a person holding authority, particularly judicial authority, derived from the root -wene which meant territory (over which jurisdiction was held). The ruler of Kongo was the most powerful mwene in the region who the Portuguese regarded as the king (in Kikongo ntinu) upon their arrival in 1483.

The kings claimed several titles and the following royal style in Portuguese "Pela graça de Deus Rei do Congo, do Loango, de Cacongo e de Ngoio, aquém e além do Zaire, Senhor dos Ambundos e de Angola, de Aquisima, de Musuru, de Matamba, de Malilu, de Musuko e Anzizo, da conquista de Pangu-Alumbu, etc.", that means "By the grace of God King of Kongo, of Loango, of Kakongo and of Ngoyo, on this side of the Zaire and beyond it, Lord of the Ambundu and of Angola, of Aquisima, of Musuru, of Matamba, of Malilu, of Musuko and Anzizo, of the conquest of Pangu-Alumbu, etc.".

Kandas, Gerações and Houses

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The kingdom of Kongo had a formal state apparatus, in which most positions (rendas in Portuguese-language documents, meaning income bearing positions) were in the hands of the king, and the king himself was elected by powerful officials. Kings sought and held office with the assistance of a kanda. Each kanda (plural: makanda) was a faction which organized people according to a common goal, often but not always rooted in a kin-based relationship.[1] Kandas generally took the name of a person (i.e. Nimi, Nlaza or Mpanzu), but could also take the name of a location or title such as Mbala (court)[2]) or birthplace (Kwilu or Nsundi[3]). The Kikongo prefix "ki" is added onto these names to mean "people with something in common".[4] These factions were recorded as gerações or casas (lineages or houses) in Kongo documents written in Portuguese. Until the mid-seventeenth century, following the Battle of Mbwila, these factions were short-lived and fluctuating, but following the battle, factions were much firmer and lasted for generations, particularly the Kimpanzu and Kinlaza.[5] The Quilombo dos Palmares, a Maroon kingdom formed in Northeast Brazil, was founded by princes and nobles who were enslaved and transported to Portuguese Brazil after the battle in Kongo. There, they retained their titles and their lineage survived even after the kingdom itself was destroyed.

When the Portuguese arrived in Kongo in 1483,[6] the reigning king represented the Nimi kanda.[7] This kanda was probably descended from Nimi a Nzima, father of the founder of Kongo.[8] Divisions emerged within the kanda during succession disputes, for example, following the death of Afonso I in 1542, his son Pedro I and grandson Diogo I formed two opposed factions, that of Pedro was called the Kibala (court) faction, and the other, whose name is unknown that followed Diogo.[9] Other elections in the sixteenth century probably also involved similar factions, though the details are unknown.

King Álvaro I was the first king of the House of Kwilu (Portuguese: Coulo). This kanda or lineage was named for the birthplace of Álvaro,[10] north of the capital city. The Kwilu reigned until 1614 when Antonio da Silva, Duke of Mbamba intervened to place Bernardo I on the throne, in place of Álvaro II's minor son, who would eventually take office as Álvaro III.

Another kanda, the House of Nsundi, later known as the Kinkanga a Mvika, took control of Kongo in 1622 under Pedro II, and retained it through the reign of his son, Garcia I.[11] Garcia never held power strongly, and the Kimpanzu returned to power under Ambrosio I. Kimpanzu domination ended in 1641 when two brothers Álvaro and Garcia of the new House of Kinlaza overthrew Álvaro V and took power.[12] The members of the Kikanga a Mvika were all killed or absorbed into the Kinlaza by 1657.[13] The Kinlaza dynasty would reign until Kongo's catastrophic civil war following the 1665 Battle of Mbwila, when sporadic and violent alternation followed.

The capital was destroyed in 1678.[14] Its destruction forced the claimants from both sides of the conflict to rule from mountain fortresses. The Kinlaza retreated to Mbula where they founded the capital of Lemba.[13] Earlier another branch of Kinlaza, under the leadership of Garcia III of Kongo founded a settlement at Kibangu. The Kimpanzu based their struggle for the throne at Mbamba Luvota in the south of Soyo.[13] A new faction appeared in the form of the Água Rosada kanda, headquartered at the mountain fortress of Kibangu. This might be considered a new house formed from both the Kinlaza and Kimpanzu, its founders were the children of a Kimpanzu father and a Kinlaza mother.[15] All parties claimed kingship over Kongo (or what was left of it), but their power rarely held beyond their fortresses or the immediately surrounding area.

The country was finally reunited by Pedro IV of the Água Rosada kanda. Pedro IV declared a doctrine of shared power by which the throne would shift (in due time) from Kinlaza to the Kimpanzu and back.,[16] while the Água Rosada appear to have continued as neutral in Pedro's fortress of Kibangu.[17]

The system functioned sporadically, with considerable fighting, until 1764 when José I of the Kinlaza faction usurped the throne and thrust the country back into civil war. The Kinlaza enjoyed a short-lived second dynasty that ended in 1788. After that, the throne moved through various royal hands until the kingship was extinguished in 1914.

The selection of kings of Kongo was by a variety of principles, as kings themselves evoked different methods of selection in their letters announcing their succession. Typically the kingdom was said to pass by election,[18] though the electors and the process they used changed over time and according to circumstances. Frequently election seems to have been a combination of elective and hereditary principles.[18]

The following section is divided into periods based on kanda or house rulership. Most houses reigned of a distinct period with few if any intervals. This is not the case, however; after the Kongo Civil War. During this period you will note the name of each king's kanda alongside their reign.

Pre-colonial rulers

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Ancestors of later rulers

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According to oral tradition, the first king was the son of chief Nimi and his consort of unknown name, Mwene Mbata's daughter. Most of the succeeding dynasties either claim descent from this union or otherwise derive their legitimacy from it.

House of Kilukeni/Lukeni kanda (1390s–1568)

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Name Lifespan Reign start Reign end Notes Family Image
Lukeni lua Nimi c. 1380 – c. 1420 (aged 39/40) c. 1390 c. 1420 1 Manikongo. He was the son of Chief Nimi and his consort, Mwene Mbata's daughter. Kilukeni
Nanga of Kongo c. 1381 – c. 1435 (aged 53/54) c. 1420 c. 1435 2 Manikongo. He was a cousin of his predecessor. Kilukeni
Nlaza of Kongo c. 1407 – c. 1450 (aged 42/43) c. 1435 c. 1450 3 Manikongo. He was a cousin of the 1st King. Kilukeni
Nkuwu a Ntinu of Kongo c. 1422 – c. 1470 (aged 47/48) c. 1450 c. 1470 4 Manikongo. He was the son of the 1st King. Also known as Nkuwu a Lukeni. Kilukeni
João I Nzinga a Nkuwu c. 1440 – 1509 (aged 68/69) c. 1470 1509 5 Manikongo. He was the son of his predecessor and was baptized as João I on 3 May 1491, but returned to traditional beliefs around 1495. Kilukeni
Afonso I Mvemba a Nzinga 1456–1542 or 1543 (aged 85/86 or 86/87) 1509 1542 or 1543 6 Manikongo. He was the son of his predecessor and the first true Catholic king of Kongo. After him every king was Catholic. Granted a coat of arms. Kilukeni
Pedro I Nkanga a Mvemba 1478–1566 (aged 87/88) 1542/43 1545 7 Manikongo. He was the son of his predecessor, but a member of a different Kanda (the House of Kibala).[19] Kilukeni
Francisco I of Kongo 1500–1545 (aged 44/45) 1545 1545 8 Manikongo. He was the son of his predecessor. Kilukeni
Diogo I Nkumbi a Mpudi 1503–1561 (aged 57/58) 1545 4 November 1561 9 Manikongo. He was a brother of his predecessor. Kilukeni
Afonso II Mpemba a Nzinga 1531 – 1 December 1561 (aged 29/30) 4 November 1561 1 December 1561 10 Manikongo. He was the son of his predecessor. Kilukeni
Bernardo I of Kongo 1534 – 10 April 1561 (aged 31/32) 1 December 1561 10 April 1567 11 Manikongo. He was a brother of his predecessor. Kilukeni
Henrique I Nerika a Mpudi 1505 – 1 February 1568 (aged 62/63) 10 April 1567 1 February 1568 12 Manikongo. He was the uncle of his predecessor. Kilukeni

House of Kwilu/Kwilu kanda (1568–1622)

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Name Lifespan Reign start Reign end Notes Family Image
Álvaro I Nimi a Lukeni lua Mvemba 1537 – 6 March 1587 (aged 49/50) 1 February 1568 6 March 1587 13 Manikongo. He was the son-in-law of his predecessor. Granted a coat of arms. Kwilu
Álvaro II Nimi a Nkanga 1565 – 9 August 1614 (aged 48/49) 6 March 1587 9 August 1614 14 Manikongo. He was a son of his predecessor. Kwilu
Bernardo II Nimi a Nkanga 1570 – 20 August 1615 (aged 44/45) 9 August 1614 20 August 1615 15 Manikongo. He was a brother of his predecessor. Kwilu
Álvaro III Nimi a Mpanzu 1595 – 4 May 1622 (aged 26/27) 20 August 1615 4 May 1622 16 Manikongo. He was the son of his predecessor. Kwilu

House of Nsundi/Kinkanga a Mvika kanda (1622–1626)

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Name Lifespan Reign start Reign end Notes Family Image
Pedro II Nkanga a Mvika 1575 – 13 April 1624 (aged 48/49) 27 April 1622 13 April 1624 17 Manikongo. He was a distant cousin of his predecessor. Kinkanga
Garcia I Mvemba a Nkanga 1600 – 26 June 1626 (aged 25/26) 13 April 1624 26 June 1626 18 Manikongo. He was the son of his predecessor. Kinkanga

House of Kwilu/Kwilu kanda (1626–1636)

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Name Lifespan Reign start Reign end Notes Family Image
Ambrósio I Nimi a Nkanga 1600/1610 – 7 March 1631 (aged 21/31) March 1626 7 March 1631 19 Manikongo. He was the son of Álvaro III. Kwilu
Álvaro IV Nzinga a Nkuwu 1610 – 25 March 1636 (aged 25/26) 8 February 1631 24 February 1636 20 Manikongo. He was a brother of his predecessor. Kwilu

House of Kimpanzu/Mpanzu kanda (1636)

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Name Lifespan Reign start Reign end Notes Family Image
Álvaro V Mpanzu a Nimi 1613 – 14 August 1636 (aged 23) 27 February 1636 14 August 1636 21 Manikongo. He was a son of Pedro II. Kimpanzu

House of Kinlaza/Nlaza kanda (1636–1665)

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Name Lifespan Reign start Reign end Notes Family Image
Álvaro VI Nimi a Lukeni a Nzenze a Ntumba 1581 – 22 February 1641 (aged 59/60) 27 August 1636 22 February 1641 22 Manikongo. He was a descendant of Afonso I. Kinlaza
Garcia II Nkanga a Lukeni a Nzenze a Ntumba 1615 – 23 January 1660 (aged 44/45) 23 February 1641 23 January 1660 23 Manikongo. He was a brother of his predecessor. Granted a coat of arms. Kinlaza
António I Mvita a Nkanga 1617 – 29 October 1665 (aged 47/48) 23 January 1660 29 October 1665 24 Manikongo. He was a nephew of his predecessor. Kinlaza

Civil War (1665–1709)

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Kings of São Salvador (1665–1678 and 1691–1709)

Name Lifespan Reign start Reign end Notes Family Image
Afonso II of Kongo and Nkondo 1632–1669 (aged 36/37) November 1665 December 1665 Claimed the title of Manikongo. He ruled the capital of the once unified Kingdom, but was deposed only a month into his term. The deposed king was forced to flee into the mountains of Nkondo where he ruled until his death in 1669. Was a relative of António I. Kimpanzu
Álvaro VII Mpanzu a Mpandu 1631 – June 1666 (aged 34/35) December 1665 June 1666 Claimed the title of Manikongo. He sent Capuchin friar, Friar Girolamo of Montesarchio, to make peace with the Portuguese in to Luanda, in Christmas 1665. But the friar was waylaid by a rebellion in Mbamba, and only returned to the capital in June 1666.[20] Kinlaza
Álvaro VIII Mvemba a Mpanzu 1630 – January 1669 (aged 38/39) June 1666 January 1669 Claimed the title of Manikongo. Was elevated to the throne by Paulo da Silva, Count of Soyo, who marched on São Salvador and killed his predecessor. In 1667, he sent his ambassador, Anastasius, to Luanda, to negotiate a treaty that ceded to the Portugueses the right to exploit the mines of the provinces of Mbamba and Mpemba.[20] Kinlaza
Pedro III Nsimba Ntamba 1648–1680 (aged 34/35) January 1669 June 1669 Claimed the title of Manikongo. As Marquis of Mbemba, he led a small army and attacked Mbamba, killed Count Theodosius and then invaded the kingdom's capital, killing Alvaro VIII and proclaimed himself king.[21] Kinlaza
Álvaro IX Mpanzu a Ntivila 1650–1669 (aged 18/19) June 1669 End of 1670 Claimed the title of Manikongo. In 1670, Álvaro IX was overthrown by the Soyo. Kimpanzu
Rafael I Nzinga a Nkanga Unknown – 1673 (aged 4+) End of 1670 Mid of 1673 He claimed the title of Manikongo. After his ascension, he was briefly driven from the capital by Soyo.[22] Kinlaza
Afonso III Mvemba a Nimi Unknown – mid 1674 (aged 37+) Mid 1673 Mid 1674 He claimed the title of Manikongo. He governed the Marquisate/Kingdom of Nkondo from late 1669 until mid 1673. Kimpanzu
Daniel I Miala mia Nzimbwila Unknown – mid 1678 (aged 4+) Mid 1674 Mid 1678 He claimed the title of Manikongo. In 1678 Pedro III marched on São Salvador with Jaga mercenaries resulting in the Sack of São Salvador, which burnt the majority of the city to the ground and killed Daniel I.[21] Kimpanzu
Interregnum 13 years Mid 1678 1691 After the Sack of São Salvador the nation essentially ceased to exist for over a decade, instead split into three rival kingdoms ruled by the various claimants to the throne.
Manuel Afonso Nzinga an Elenke Unknown – 23 September 1693 (aged 3/7+) 1691 1692 He conquered São Salvador, but was deposed and executed in 23 September 1693.[23] Kimpanzu
Pedro IV Afonso Agua Rosada Nusamu a Mvemba c. 1666 – 21 February 1718 (aged 51/52) 1692 1704 He claimed the title of Manikongo, until he reunified the Kingdom.[24] Água Rosada
Pedro Constantino da Silva Unknown – 15 February 1709 (aged 13+) 1704 15 February 1709 He claimed the title of Manikongo and was a staunch supporter of Dona Beatriz Kimpa Vita. Kimpanzu

Kings of Kibangu for the House of Kinlaza (1678–1704)

Name Lifespan Reign start Reign end Notes Family Image
Sebastião I 1634 – 1669/70 (aged 35/36) 1666 1669/70 Claimed the title of Manikongo. He ruled the Kingdom of Kibangu and was assassinated by Dom Rafael I. His 3 sons founded the House of Água Rosada. Kinlaza
Garcia III Nkanga a Mvemba Unknown – 1685/89 (aged 19+) 1669/70 1685/89 Claimed the title of Manikongo. He ruled the Kingdom of Kibangu after his father and was assassinated by Dom Pedro III. Água Rosada
André I Mvizi a Nkanga 1625–1685/89 (aged 60/61) 1685/89 1686/90 Claimed the title of Manikongo. He ruled the Kingdom of Kibangu after his brother, but died of natural causes after 1 year. Kinlaza
Manuel Afonso Nzinga an Elenke Unknown – 23 September 1693 (aged 3/7+) 1686/90 1687/91 He conquered the Kingdom of Kibangu for a year and was executed in 23 September 1693.[23] Kimpanzu
Álvaro X Nimi a Mvemba Agua Rosada Unknown – December 1695 (aged 25+) 1688 1695 Claimed the title of Manikongo. He was a son of Sebastião I and reconquered the Kingdom of Kibangu. He ordered the edification of several churches in Kibagu but had a premature death before they were completed.[25] Água Rosada
Pedro IV Afonso Agua Rosada Nusamu a Mvemba c. 1666 – 21 February 1718 (aged 51/52) 1 December 1695 15 February 1709 He claimed the title of Manikongo, until he reunified the Kingdom. He ruled the Kingdom of Kibangu after his brother.[24] Água Rosada

Kings of Nkondo for the House of Kimpanzu (1666–1709)

Name Lifespan Reign start Reign end Notes Family Image
Afonso II of Kongo and Nkondo 1632–1669 (aged 36/37) 1666 1669 Claimed the title of Manikongo. He was a grandson of Álvaro II, who married Ana Afonso de Leão and ruled the Kingdom of Nkondo. Kimpanzu
Afonso III of Kongo Unknown – mid 1674 (aged 37+) 1669 Mid 1673 Claimed the title of Manikongo. He ruled the Kingdom of Nkondo after his brother. Kimpanzu
Ana Afonso de Leão 1625–1710 (aged 84/85) 1673 1709 Claimed the title of Manikongo. She was the sister of Garcia II and ruled the Kingdom of Nkondo after her brother-in-law. Kinlaza

Awenekongo of Lemba-Mbula for the House of Kinlaza (1669–1716)

Name Lifespan Reign start Reign end Notes Family Image
Pedro III Nsimba Ntamba 1648–1683 (aged 34/35) June 1669 1680/83 Claimed the title of Manikongo. He was a grandson of Álvaro II and ruled the Kingdom of Lemba-Mbula. He was assassinated by the King of Mbamba-Lovata, Manuel de Nóbrega.[21] Kinlaza
João Manuel II Nzuzi a Ntamba Unknown–1716 (aged 36+) 1680/83 1716 Claimed the title of Manikongo. He was a brother of his predecessor and ruled the Kingdom of Lemba-Mbula.[26] Kinlaza

Mwenekongo of Mbamba-Lovata for the House of Kimpanzu (1678–1715)

Name Lifespan Reign start Reign end Notes Family Image
Manuel II of Kongo Unknown–1715 (aged 45+) 1678 1715 Claimed the title of Manikongo. Born Manuel de Vuzi a Nóbrega. He was a grandson of Álvaro II and ruled the Kingdom of Mbamba-Lovata.[21] Kimpanzu

Reunification and Elective Monarchy (1709–1888)

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Portuguese vassalage (1888–1914)

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Name Lifespan Reign start Reign end Notes Family Image
Pedro V Elelo Unknown–1891 (aged 31+) 7 August 1859 February 1891 Manikongo. He was a nephew of his Henrique III. Signed a treaty of vassalage with Portugal in 1888. He was the 6th king named Pedro, but signed his correspondence as Pedro V, thus ignoring the Pedro V who had ruled from 1763 to 1764. Kinlaza
Álvaro XIV Unknown – 18 November 1896 February 1891 18 November 1896 Manikongo. He was a nephew of his predecessor. Also known as Água Rosada. Água Rosada
Henrique IV of Kongo 1873–1901 (aged 27/28) 1896 1901 Manikongo. He was a half-brother of his predecessor. Also known as Tekenge. Água Rosada
Pedro VI of Kongo 1880 – 24 June 1910 (aged 29/30) 1901 1910 Manikongo. He was a nephew of Álvaro XIV. Also known as Mbemba. Água Rosada
Manuel Nkomba of Kongo Unknown – 1911 1910 1911 Manikongo. He was a son of his predecessor. He was not awarded the title of Manuel III. Água Rosada
Manuel III of Kongo 1884–1927 (aged 42/43) 1911 1914 Manikongo. He was an uncle of his predecessor. Also known as Kiditu. The Portuguese abolished the title of King of Kongo following the revolt of 1914. Água Rosada

Pretenders to the throne 1914-2000

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Pretenders to the throne since 2000

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The head of the nucleus of the Traditional Authorities of the Royal Court of Kongo is Afonso Mendes and is living in Mbanza-Kongo[32]

Following the usurpation of the title of King of Kongo by certain ill-intentioned individuals, the traditional authorities of Mbanza-Kongo issued a statement on April 17, 2024, declaring that any person claiming to be the King of Kongo is an imposter, as no king has been elected or resides in Mbanza-Kongo today. [36]

"The head of the Department of Tourism at the Provincial Office for Culture, Tourism, Youth, and Sports of Zaire, Abia Graça Fortunato, explained that most of these individuals arrive in Mbanza Kongo as tourists and take advantage of the photos they take with the coordinator of the Lumbu and the director of Culture to carry out their deceptions.

Often, he noted, they welcome visits from both local and foreign tourists to the Museum of the Kings of Congo, where representatives of the Royal Court of the former Kingdom of Kongo work. Unfortunately, some people use these photos to present themselves as kings."

— Fernando Neto, 2024

Brazilian branch of Palmares

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The Quilombo dos Palmares was a Maroon Kingdom formed in the Captaincy of Pernambuco in what is now Northeast Brazil sometime around 1605 by princes and nobles from the Kingdom of Kongo. They had been captured during the Battle of Mbwila, and were subsequently transported there as slaves. After escaping slavery, they resumed use of their royal and noble titles. The members of this branch probably belonged to the House of Awenekongo of the Nlaza kanda of Antonio I.

This list is constructed primarily from that found in Graziano Saccardo, 'Congo e Angola con la storia dell'antica missione dei cappuccini (3 vols, Milan, 1982–83), vol. 3, pp. 11–14. Saccardo bases his reconstruction on several king lists produced over time, by António da Silva, Duke of Mbamba in 1617, by António de Teruel in 1664, by Pedro Mendes in 1710 and by Francisco das Necessidades in 1844. In addition, many of the kings wrote letters and signed them with both their names and their numbers, and Saccardo has found many of these to verify the kinglists.

Saccardo's king list has been modified in the following manner: the Kikongo names of the kings have been given in a Kikongo form following norms established in Joseph de Munck, Kinkulu kia Nsi eto' (Tumba, 1956, 2nd ed, Matadi, 1971). The Christian names of the kings are given in modern Portuguese spelling. In addition, Saccardo's entries have been updated by a number of sources, most notably the king list, unknown to him found in the Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro (Rio de Janeiro) Manuscritos, Lata 6, pasta 2. "Catallogo dos reis de Congo" MS of c. 1758.

  1. ^ John Thornton, "Elite Women in the Kingdom of Kongo: Historical Perspectives on Women's Political Power", Journal of African History 47 (2006): 439.
  2. ^ Thornton, John: "Elite Women" p. 445.
  3. ^ Thornton "Elite Women," p. 449.
  4. ^ Thornton, "Elite Women", p. 445.
  5. ^ Thornton "Elite Women ", p. 449.
  6. ^ Oliver, Roland and Anthony Atmore: Medieval Africa, 1250–1800 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001 p. 168.
  7. ^ "Elite Women", p 445.
  8. ^ Thornton,"Elite Women", p. 445.
  9. ^ Thornton, "Elite Women", p.
  10. ^ John Thornton, The Kingdom of Kongo: Civil War and Transition, 1641–1718 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983)
  11. ^ Thornton, Kingdom of Kongo, pp. 449–50.
  12. ^ Thornton, Kingdom of Kongo.
  13. ^ a b c Thornton, John K: "The Kongolese Saint Anthony: Dona Beatriz Kimpa Vita and the Antonian Movement, 1684–1706", p. 39. Cambridge University, 1998
  14. ^ Thornton, John K: "The Kongolese Saint Anthony: Dona Beatriz Kimpa Vita and the Antonian Movement, 1684–1706", p. 23. Cambridge University, 1998
  15. ^ Thornton, John K: "The Kongolese Saint Anthony: Dona Beatriz Kimpa Vita and the Antonian Movement, 1684–1706", p. 40. Cambridge University, 1998
  16. ^ Thornton, John: "Elite Women in the Kingdom of Kongo: Historical Perspectives on Women's Political Power", p. 455. The Journal of African History, Vol. 47, 2006
  17. ^ Thornton, John K: "The Kongolese Saint Anthony: Dona Beatriz Kimpa Vita and the Antonian Movement, 1684–1706", p. 201. Cambridge University, 1998
  18. ^ a b Thornton, John: "Elite Women in the Kingdom of Kongo: Historical Perspectives on Women's Political Power", p. 439. The Journal of African History, Vol. 47, 2006
  19. ^ Thornton, John: "Elite Women in the Kingdom of Kongo: Historical Perspectives on Women's Political Power", pa. 445. The Journal of African History, Vol. 47, 2006
  20. ^ a b Shillington, Kevin: Encyclopedia of African History, Vol. 1, p. 776. Routledge, 2004
  21. ^ a b c d Thornton, John K: The Kongolese Saint Anthony: Dona Beatriz Kimpa Vita and the Antonian Movement, 1684–1706, p. 79. Cambridge University, 1998
  22. ^ Thornton, John: "Elite Women in the Kingdom of Kongo: Historical Perspectives on Women's Political Power", p. 456. The Journal of African History, Vol. 47, 2006
  23. ^ a b Thornton, John K: The Kongolese Saint Anthony: Dona Beatriz Kimpa Vita and the Antonian Movement, 1684–1706, p. 39. Cambridge University, 1998
  24. ^ a b Thornton, John K: The Kongolese Saint Anthony: Dona Beatriz Kimpa Vita and the Antonian Movement, 1684–1706, p. 36. Cambridge University, 1998
  25. ^ Thornton, John K: The Kongolese Saint Anthony: Dona Beatriz Kimpa Vita and the Antonian Movement, 1684–1706, p. 20. Cambridge University, 1998
  26. ^ Thornton, John K: The Kongolese Saint Anthony: Dona Beatriz Kimpa Vita and the Antonian Movement, 1684–1706, p. 38. Cambridge University, 1998
  27. ^ Thornton, John: "The Origins and Early History of the Kingdom of Kongo, c. 1350–1550", p. 100. International Journal of African Historical Studies, Vol. 34, No. 1, 2001
  28. ^ a b R.A.U. Juchter van Bergen Quast (2 January 2021). "The common origin of the five Orders of Christ". Adelsrecht. To my knowledge, Dom Jose Henrique Da Silva born 1942 or 1944, is a potential claimant. He is said to live in Cabinda, northern enclave of Angola. In addition, an American citizen, originally named Dom Manuel Alvaro Afonso Nzinga, grand duke of Nzinga, has a legitimate claim.
  29. ^ Nassoro Habib Mbwana Msonde, A Revised History for Advanced Level and Colleges: Part One, Xlibris Corporation, 2017
  30. ^ Boy, Once I. Was A. Clever (11 July 2020). "Once I Was A Clever Boy: The Kingdom of Kongo". Once I Was A Clever Boy. Retrieved 24 August 2021.
  31. ^ "New King of Kongo". alt.talk.royalty.narkive.com. Retrieved 24 August 2021.
  32. ^ "Autoridades tradicionais do Zaire propõem nova designação para a província". ANGOP (in Portuguese). 23 July 2019. Archived from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  33. ^ "Constituição da República de Angola – Edição Especial 2022 – Embaixada da República de Angola no Japão" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 16 November 2024.
  34. ^ "Morreu Nzolamesso António, o Rei que tentou impedir chuvas em Luanda » XAA". portalxaa.com (in European Portuguese). 10 October 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2024.
  35. ^ Canal Mundo Real (16 September 2023). Novo Rei Ascende na África. Retrieved 16 November 2024 – via YouTube.
  36. ^ Com, Grxnet. "Jornal de Angola - Notícias - Mbanza Kongo: Coordenador nega existência de Soberanos do Reino do Kongo". Jornal de Angola.
  37. ^ "Pensées de Zabos: SA MAJESTE TUZOLANA SAKIBANZA NGIANGALELE, NTINU a KONGO, SONNE LA TROMPETTE DU RETOUR AU BERCAIL". 2020.
  38. ^ "Sa majesté Ntinu kongo tuzolana SAKIBANZA ngiangalele en Action". YouTube. 2 December 2021.
  39. ^ https://www.facebook.com/mireille.akouala/posts/pfbid0vSjD8YXpWsBussfASnddWF1fiZWAZGhBav4ap3UZjByAan4cLUmJGfbQaefRMfBJl
  40. ^ "Roi Kongo Mfumu Difima: "La RDC doit bien préparer les élections"". YouTube. 5 December 2018.
  41. ^ "Commission Consultative de règlement des conflits Coutumiers : Sa Majesté Mfumu Difima Ntinu reconduit pour 3 ans". 30 March 2023.
  42. ^ "Mfumu Difima satisfait du plan d'actions prioritaires des affaires coutumières 2022-202". 15 March 2022.