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Nonetheless, the method and criteria employed in these endeavours clearly change from one historical context to another, and in consequence exemplars of legitimate science are historically variable. Thus, work on N-rays was considered genuinely scientific in France, while scientists of other nationalities were united in dismissing it as fraud or figment (Nye 1980). The practice of acupuncture has a 'scientific' rationale in China, but in the West it remains, at best, a curious if efficacious empirical technique. Social Darwinism, once thought to be a routine extension of Darwinian and other scientific evolutionary ideas to mankind, has since been denied the status of real scientific knowledge. Astrology, once indistinguishable from astronomy, and homoeopathy, which for a while after its inception held real promise of becoming the orthodoxy in medicine, remain firmly saddled with the label of pseudo-sciences in spite of recent work which seems to some to call for a reassessment (Gauquelin, 1984; Benveniste, 1988).

����ɂ�������炸�A�����̒T���ɂ������č̗p���ꂽ���@�ƋK���͖��m�ɁA�ЂƂ‚̗��j�I�R���e�L�X�g����ʂ̃R���e�L�X�g�ɕω����A���ʂƂ��āA�����Ȋw�̖͔͂͗��j�I�ɕω�����B���������āAN���̓t�����X�ł͖{���̉Ȋw���ƍl�����Ă��邪�A����ȊO�̍��̉Ȋw�҂����͍��\���邢�͋��\�Ƃ���[Nye 1980]�A�p�����邱�Ƃł܂Ƃ܂��Ă���B�I�̎��H�͒����ł͉Ȋw�I�����������Ă��邪�A���m�ł́A�����������Ƃ��A�L���Ȏ��ؓI��@���ǂ����Ƃ����D��S�̑Ώۂł����Ȃ��B�Љ�I�_�[�E�B�j�Y���́A���‚ẮA�_�[�E�B���Ȃǂ̉Ȋw�I�i���̍l���̐l�ނւ̕��ʂ̊g�����ƍl�����Ă������A���̌�A�{���̉Ȋw�m���Ƃ����n�ʂ�ے肳�ꂽ�B�萯�p�́A���‚Ă͓V���w�ƕs�•��������B�z���I�p�V�[�́A�n�܂��Ă��班���̊Ԃ͐�����w�ɂȂ�Ɗ��҂���A�ĕ]���̕K�v���������ŋ߂̌���[Gauquelin, 1984; Benveniste, 1988]�ɂ�������炸�A�^���Ȋw�̃��x����\��ꂽ�܂܂ł���B

[Barry Barnes, David Bloor, and John Henry: "Scientific Knowledge:A Sociological Analysis", 1996, p.140]

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Michel Gauquelin's statistical evidence in support of astrology would perhaps be a serious embarrassment to scientists if they were not so good at ignoring it. But one day it could conceivably come to be accommodated as a triumph of the scientific method. Gauquelin's work seems to imply the existence of forces and interactions unrecognized by current scientific theory and yet it is based on methodological principles and empirical evidence which have so far stood up to sceptical challange. Two other examples, only marginally beyond the pale, are acupuncture and water dowsing; these seemingly empirically effective techniques have been excluded from the rank of legitimate science because they are incompatible with prevailing scientific theory. They could 'in theory' be transformed into instances of 'good science', either by a modest shift in our conception of what constitutes science in the direction of good method or of efficacious knowledge, or by a theoretical reformulation which reconciled current science with the knowledge in question.

Michel Gauquelin�́A�萯�p���x�����铝�v�I�؋��́A�Ȋw�҂���������𖳎�����̂����ӂłȂ���΁A�Ȋw�҂�����[���ɍ��f���������낤�B�������A���‚̓��ɂ��A�Ȋw�I���@�̏����Ƃ��āA�Ȋw�Ɏ�荞�܂�邱�ƂɂȂ邩������Ȃ��BGauquelin�̐��ʂ́A���݂̉Ȋw���_���F�����Ă��Ȃ��͂Ƒ��ݍ�p�̑��݂��Ӗ����Ă��āA���A����͉��^�ً̈c�ɑ΍R�ł���A���@�_�I�����ƌo���I�؋��Ɋ�Â��Ă���B����2��́A���E�̂����O�ɂ���A�I�Ɛ����肢�ł���B���ꂠ�͌o���I�ɗL���Ȏ�@�Ǝv���邪�A�x�z�I�ȉȊw���_�Ɣ�݊��ł��邽�߂ɁA�����Ȋw�̒n�ʂ��珜�O����Ă���B�����͗��_�I�ɂ́A�u�ǂ����@���邢�͗L�v�Ȓn��̕����ŁA�����Ȋw���r�����邩�ɂ‚��Ẳ�X�̊T�O�̉����ȕύX�v���邢�́u���݂̉Ȋw�ƁA���ƂȒl��m���𒲒₷�闝�_�I�Ē莮���v�ɂ���āA�ǂ��Ȋw�ɓ]���ł���B

[Barry Barnes, David Bloor, and John Henry: "Scientific Knowledge:A Sociological Analysis", 1996, pp.140-141]

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In some way Gauquelin is fortunate in merely being ignored; many practitioners of 'genuine science' fare no better. Other producers of 'suspect' work which nonetheless has prima facie claims to be scientific encounter active hostility. Parapsychology and creationism, for example, continue to be attacked and stigmatized as pseudo-scientific and the 'pretensions' of their practitioners are often ridiculed. Nor is the way that such fields are discriminated from 'genuinely scientific' enterprises invariably fair and even-handed. Often historically specific criteria of good science are selectively applied, and 'pseudo-sciences' are condemned as such on the basis of tests which most currently accepted genuine sciences would surely fail (Collins and Pinch 1982).

����Ӗ��AGauquelin�͖������ꂽ�����ōK�^�������B�����́u�{���̉Ȋw�v�̎��H�҂����́A������ǂ��Ȃ��B�u�^�킵���v���ʂ��o�������H�҂����́A�ꉞ�͉Ȋw�I�咣�������Ă���̂����A�����ȓG�ӂɑ�������B���Ƃ��΁A���S���w�Ƒn���_�́A��ɍU������A�^���Ȋw�̉����𒅂����A���H�҂̎����͚}�΂��ꑱ����B�܂����̂悤�ȕ���́A��Ɍ����Ō����ȁu�{���̉Ȋw�v�E���獷�ʂ���Ă���B���j�I�ɂ́A�ǂ��Ȋw�̋K���͑I��I�ɓK�p����Ă��āA���ݎ󂯓�����Ă���{���̉Ȋw�ł��m���Ɏ��s����e�X�g�Ɋ�Â��āA�^���Ȋw���Ɣ���Ă���B

[Barry Barnes, David Bloor, and John Henry: "Scientific Knowledge:A Sociological Analysis", 1996, p.141]

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