Univac Athena Missile Guidance Computer at CMU (original) (raw)

Univac Athena Missile Guidance Computer

This Page last updated on .

This page continues the documentation of the computers at Carnegie-Mellon University in the 1960's. You can click on the links above to learn about some of the other computers.

My name is Mark DiVecchio, I'm one of a group of Engineering students at Carnegie-Mellon University who, in the late 1960's, adopted a cast away computer and turned it into a friend, an enemy and the platform for many senior projects.

The computer is the Athena, designed at Sperry Rand/Univac by a team led by Seymour Cray.

Pat Stakem wrote:
"Remember that great scene in the movie Blues Brothers when John Belushi tells his brother, "We're putting the band back together!""

I've started this page to collect the information that we have on the Athena. In 1972, CMU wanted the computer gone and Pat Stakem arranged to have the Athena shipped to the Smithsonian Institution where, as far as we know, it still sits in storage - somewhere.....maybe with the Ark from "Raiders".

Just so you know who to blame, my comments are all in black. Comments of others are in red.

I'm asking anyone who has information they can share to send it to me and I will add it to this page. If you see errors caused by my now aging memory, let me know. We would like, especially, to find the people originally associated with the Athena at CMU.

So far, here are the names (and man-numbers) we remember:

Patrick Stakem	PS08	pstakemloyola.edu	Professor Patrick H. Stakem - Linux in Space Presentation - Sheffield October 2003
Mark DiVecchio	MD05	markdsilogic.com	Its Mark on the left in this 1978(?) photo taken at the Trenton Computer Festival. (TCF home page). More photos on my genealogy web page. Amateur radio K3FWT
Joel Platt			See below for 1967 photo.
Chris Hausler	JH37	jchauslerearthlink.net	Its Chris on the right in this 1978(?) photo taken at the Trenton Computer Festival. Read this short article about Chris' early days and how he ended up at CMU. Amataur radio WB2TLL.
Charlie Putney	CP05	chputneygmail.com	Photo from http://www.codeproject.com/gadgets/WifiScanner.asp
Lauston Stephens	LS28	Ls28aol.com	Taken at son, Micah's, wedding Sep 2003.
Dave Vavra	DV03	davavraverizon.net
Dave Rodgers	DR04	drodgersagami.comdave_rodgersmsn.com (best)	From http://www.agami.comSee below for 1967 photo.
Glenn Sembroski	GS33	sembroskphysics.purdue.edu
John Yurkon	JY08	yurkonmsu.edu
Jim Pollock	JP40	jpollock1sbcglobal.net	From last contact that I had with Jim - about 1972Mar 2010: With the help of Roy Engehausen and the CMU Alumni Directory, we have found Jim. See emails below.
Walt Sullivan
Dale Dewey		Dale passed away on 17 July 2020 in Rochester, NY.
Ken Corbin	KC08	kencxpeak.org	Aug 2017: With the help of Jim Chew, we have found Ken.
Tom Engelesiepen	TE04	te04sbcglobal.net	Mar 2010: With the help of Roy Engehausen and the IBM employee directory, we have found Tom.
Tom Wadlow
Bernie Luksich	BL11
Jim Chew		8152jomgmail.com
Tom Lawrence	TL07

Here are some other people, not directly involved with the Athena but who have contributed information to this web site:

H. Roy Engehausen	HE01	r.engehausengmail.com	Here is a photo of Roy and me taken about 1966(from my genealogy web page). Amateur radio AA4RE.
David Chou	DC08	dchouu.washington.edu	Dave worked in the Comp Center. He sent me scans of several G-21 manuals. Links to those manuals are in the G-21 web page.
Bob McFarland	RM08	rm08alumni.carnegiemellon.edu	Bob, Dave Vavra and I worked together during 1970-71 at Management Science Associates. We were PDP-8 programmers for the scoreboard at Three Rivers Stadium in Pittsburgh, Veterans Stadium in Philadelphia and for the passenger information sign system for the Bay Area Rapid Transit System in San Francisco.
Ron Herold	ronsolverrr.org
Carol Ziemba	Carol was one of three women in the EE program at CMU class of 1970. She wasn't involved with the Athena but did contribute some information to this web site. Carol passed away in April 2024.1985 ca Chris Hausler, Pat Stakem and CarolTrenton Computer Fair

From Patrick Stakem:

The Athena cost about $1,800,000. when new, and weighed over 18,000 lbs when shipped. It spent most of its operational life at a missile silo. It was built by Sperry Rand/Univac, for support of the Titan missile.

The computer, declared surplus by the Federal Government, went to Carnegie Tech via the Pennsylvania Bureau of Surplus Federal Property. It was used as an undergrad project until 1971, when the former EE undergrad students (Athena Systems Development Group) orchestrated its donation to the Smithsonian. It joined a sister unit, the Atlas Mod I Guidance Computer, at the Smithsonian.

The architecture was Harvard; separate data and instruction memories were used.

A Frieden terminal with paper tape equipment was used with the Athena, as well as an operating console. An interesting feature, mentioned in the CalPoly section, is the mode "BattleShort". In this mode, referred to as melt-before-fail, the power to the machine could NOT be shut off.

The Athena used a massive motor-generator set with 440 volt 3 phase AC input. I hooked this up from the lab mains, and got the generator set going initially. When the generator was started, the building lights dimmed, and there was no question that the machine was on. The motor generator control unit (seen behind the console) weighed a ton, and the motor/generator itself weighed over 2 tons.

The last launch supported by an Athena computer was a Thor-Agena missile launched in 1972 from Vandenberg AFB in California. It was used on over 400 missile flights.

According to one web site, the 18 Titan I Missile Complexes were only a stop-gap measure (awaiting the Minuteman Missile) and none of the complexes were operational for more than four years.

Here is an ad that I found from the September 1958 issue of Scientific American placed by Remington Rand Univac, A Division of Sperry Rand Corporation.

Excerpt:

Unisys History Newsletter

Volume 3, Number 4 August 1999

Sperry Rand Military Computers 1957-1975

by George Gray

Although many of the computers of the 1940s were developed as military projects, the use of vacuum tubes made them too big and unreliable for incorporation into actual weapons systems. The Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation built the BINAC in 1949 for Northrop Aircraft, but no one seriously expected it to be put into an airplane. The massive SAGE (semi-automatic ground environment) system built by IBM during the 1950s for the North American air defense system was for command and control, not for missile guidance. When vacuum tubes were replaced by transistors, it became possible to have computers of smaller size and greater reliability. The transistor was invented at Bell Laboratories in 1948, but it took several years of development to become suitable for use in computers. Bell Labs built the first transistor computer, the TRADIC (Transistor Digital Computer), for the Air Force in 1954. It used 700 point-contact transistors and 10,000 germanium diodes. (A diode is an electronic device which allows current to flow in only one direction.) Both of the two major computer development groups (St. Paul and Philadelphia) at Sperry Rand became involved in early transistor computer projects. Philadelphia became embroiled in the long and costly LARC supercomputer project for the Atomic Energy Commission. St. Paul, building on its early work for the Navy, became heavily involved in military projects.

Athena

St. Paul made its first venture into transistors with the Athena ground guidance computer for the Air Force's Titan intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM). A ground guidance computer, as the name indicates, stayed on the ground and transmitted instructions to the missile. The Athena's designers had a choice of technologies. During the early 1950s there was a period of time when the magnetic amplifier, which was eventually used in the UNIVAC Solid State computer, was a serious rival to the transistor. One of the first proposed designs of the Philadelphia division's LARC computer used amplifiers, but they were soon rejected as being too slow for a machine which had to be very fast. At St. Paul, the lead computer designer for the Athena project, Seymour Cray, directed the construction of two prototypes. The Magnetic Switch Test Computer (MAGTEC) used magnetic cores, while the Transistor Test Computer (TRANSTEC) used transistors. They had identical instruction sets. Two versions of the MAGTEC were built; both had magnetic core circuits on plug-in cards less than three inches square which were mounted on racks. There were two models of the TRANSTEC, which had transistor circuits on its plug-in cards. The TRANSTEC II had 4,096 24-bit words of memory. After thorough testing, Cray was satisfied that transistors were superior and would be reliable enough to meet the stringent requirements in the Athena contract.

The Athena computer had 256 words of 24-bit core memory to be used as a data work area and an 8192-word drum for the storage of the program and data items which did not change (constants). The Athena was completed in 1957. It occupied 370 square feet and weighed 21,000 pounds. Once in service, it was found to have a mean time to failure of 48 days, twenty times better than the original specifications. Since the late 1950s were the time of the perceived "missile gap" between the U.S. and the Soviet Union, the U.S. Air Force deployed the liquid fuel Titan as an interim measure pending the completion of the solid fuel Minuteman ICBM. St. Paul delivered 23 Athena computers to Air Force sites by the mid-1960s. In the late 1960s, the Air Force gave one of the original Athena computers to the electrical engineering department of Carnegie Mellon University. It was used for various class projects and later donated to the Smithsonian Institution.

Click here for full newsletter.

PDF Version of newsletter here.

The Athena was even announced in the July 1958 issue of the then foundling Electronics Illustrated (sent to me by James Chew):

History of Sperry Univac Computers.Univac’s Radio Guidance of Missiles at Vandenberg Air Force Base (VAFB) By Dick Kistler
(at the web site VIP Club - Information Technology Pioneers, Retirees of UNISYS, Lockheed Martin, et al.)

Homegrown Documentation and Manuals

In my boxes of 'stuff', I had a copy of the Athena user's manual. Click here.
Written 22 Oct 1968 by :

PS08 - Patrick Stakem
JP40 - Jim Pollock
JY08 - John Yurkon
GS33 - Glenn Sembroski
CP05 - Charlie Putney

CIT Student-produced documentation (list from Pat):

Athena Console User's Manual, 1970
A Technical Description of the New Monitor, 1971
Using the Athena Assembler, 1970/71

Tom Engelsiepen wrote:

Here is the 1970 version of the ASDG Console Users's Manual, and an Athena instruction set description from November 1971, that shows some of the newer additions.

Well someone was pretty busy back in 1970 and 1971 adding a bunch of new instructions.I compared the two instruction lists and I found these new instructions:Transfer Character to TapeZero IAROperate TeletypeVerify Paper TapeRewind Paper TapeRead Paper TapeCompare Constant RegisterCompare Negative RegisterCompare CharacterCompare Negative CharacterCompare SkipLoad XSkip if GreaterSkip if EqualSkip if Greater or EqualSkip if LessSkip if Not LessSkip if Less or EqualRestore InterruptsHaltSkip on Sense SwitchesSkip on Reader ClearSkip on Reader SelectedSKip on Teletype Ready It looks like alot of paper tape handling instructions and a lot of compare instructions.Does anyone remember who did these?
Date: Mon, 29 Mar 2010 15:56:20 -0400From: Glenn H Sembroski <sembroskphysics.purdue.edu>Subject: Re: Athena Instructions 1970 -> 1971 Hi all, I think I did one of the compare instructions for a physics electronic's lab project. Got an A. I think what clinched the grade was showing the instruction in operation to the lab instructor and letting him hit the power-on switch. That always worked. With girls also. Glenn
From: "David A Vavra" <davavraverizon.net>Subject: RE: Athena Instructions 1970 -> 1971Date: Fri, 02 Apr 2010 14:26:54 -0400 I worked on a number of instruction changes/additions but frankly don't remember which. IIRC, C. Putney worked on adding the Bogart Typewriter to the Athena. It's all becoming a jumble in time anymore. DAV

Notes from Jim Pollock

Date: Fri, 11 Apr 2008 23:28:26 -0700From: Roy <r.engehausengmail.com> James Pollock worked for IBM San Jose for a number of years. I think I last saw him in 2002 or so. He is not listed in the San Jose employee directory that I can access. It may be an unlisted entry. However, IBM San Jose is a shadow of its former self. The disk division was all sold to Hitachi around that time and that is where he worked.
A few years later, Roy was able to find Jim's phone number on the CMU Alumni web site. I called him on the phone in March of 2010 and talked with him. He later replied via email.
Date: Wed, 10 Mar 2010 20:28:15 -0800 (PST)From: James Pollock <jpollock1sbcglobal.net>Subject: Email address and a pic Mark, Thanks for tracking me down and the link to the web site. Very interesting stuff. Here is a picture of a B-250 logic module to add to your collection of pictures. Regards, Jim
Date: Wed, 10 Mar 2010 22:17:52 -0800 (PST)From: James Pollock <jpollock1sbcglobal.net>Subject: Athena CMU History Mark, If I have time this weekend I will check the attic to see if I might have some of my old documentation for the hardware changes I made. I know I have some of the old computer printouts for a program I was writing on the CMU main frame (IBM 360 mod 67???) so it seems I might have some Athena stuff too. Jim
Date: Sun, 14 Mar 2010 23:45:08 -0700 (PDT)From: James Pollock <jpollock1sbcglobal.net>Subject: Athena Documentation Mark, I was able to locate my Athena folder. Attached is a recreated copy of the keypunch instructions. Here is what I have: 1. "Modifications Made to the ATHENA Computer (April - June 1969) by James R. Pollock C-MU" Five page document that outlines limitations of ATHENA hardware and the seven hardware modifications that were made to address them. 2. "Instructions for using the ATHENA KEYPUNCH" Two page document which is attached in PDF format. 3. "James R Pollock - Senior Project" This document details the attachment of the B-250 to the Athena to add storage. Twelve page report which includes block and logic diagrams. 4. "ATHENA INSTUCTION SET DESCRIPTION" Three pages of instruction definitions including the new ones I added and a fourth page labled "TYPEWRITER CODE" mapping octel numbers to typewriter characters. 5. "INSTRUCTION DESCRIPTION" These are two pages (5-40 and 5-41) from the original Athena manual T.O. 21-SM68-2F-6-1 dated February 1963. 6. Two handwritten notes from Mark DiVecchio to me and what looks like a draft copy of my reply. 7. Invoice for one carton of 7/8" wide paper tape dated 2/12/70. 8. Disassemly dumps of Athena routines and two handwritten partial index pages. The 16 pages cover MOVE, ISR, PUNCH, CORE LOAD, Find/Change, OP-Table, Core Dump, PRI-DD-PRT, Print 4 Char, ERR-T-BKS, DD, Sys. Sub. routines. Plus 11 other pages of unlabled dumps. Regards, Jim (JP40)
Date: Mon, 15 Mar 2010 16:14:44 -0700 (PDT)From: James Pollock <jpollock1sbcglobal.net>Subject: Re: Athena Documentation Mark, The instruction set document I have appears to be the one I created to document all the new instructions I added in April through June of 1969. It has the new DRUM WRITE, JUMP TO SUBROUTINE, and indirect core addressing functions. It also documents the Teletype Input/Output sequences. It covers 33 instructions types giving OP Code, octel code, bit field usage, function and description for each. Seems to be all you need to write Athena code on the modified hardware. Regards, Jim (JP40)
Modifications Made to the ATHENA Computer (April – June 1969) by James R. Pollock C-MU The Univac ATHENA (used for Titan 1 missle guidance) is a small general purpose digital computer given to the school in 1966. Due to the computer's age (designed in 1959) and intended use as a secure military control unit, there were many limitations which prevented its use as an effective and efficient tool for instruction or research. As designed there were only 256 24 bit words of magnetic core storage which store temporary quantities generated by a program. All instructions were stored on drum (8192 words) and executed from the drum. There were no instructions which allowed reading or writing on the drum. The drum was initially loaded by manually going into Load Program or Manual Load modes. In Load Program, a high speed 7 level paper tape reader is used to dump a program from the tape onto the drum. In Manual Load, instructions can be loaded by hand one at a time. All program input came from a radar set and output went to the guidance equipment or to a small adding machine used as a printer. The only part of the IO setup that came with the computer was the adding machine. Some of the limitations: 1. Storage – only 256 words. 2. Not being able to read or write prevents having subroutines, using the drum for additional storage to supplement core, and having programs that can modify themself or other programs. 3. Loading a program is very difficult because there was no punch with the unit and 7 level is not standard (teletype punches are 8 level). 4. There is no way of entering information into a program. 5. The adding machine is very slow and prints only numeric characters. 6. There is no way of saving a program i.e. punching it on paper tape. In an effort to remedy many of these limitations the following modifications have been made. 1. A. Added an Indirect Unconditional Jump. Jump to the drum location whose address is stored in the core address specified in this instruction. B. Added an instruction which allows the Program Address Register(it contains the address of the next instruction to be executed) to be loaded into the Accumulator. These two instructions were added mainly because the micro commands were needed for Drum Read-Write and it was easy to make them into separate commands. They can be used for some types of subroutines. 2. A typewriter was installed to expand the output and provide an input device. 3. A form of Indirect Addressing was added. It was discovered to be very difficult to use the newly installed typewriter because there was no easy way of accessing large numbers of core locations without having an instruction per location to be accessed. Indirect Addressing solved this problem. 4. Added the two commands Drum Read and Drum Write. A special drum protect feature was also installed to keep one program from accidentally destroying another. The drum is divided in half with the lower half prevented from writing on the upper half. A program in the upper half can write anywhere on the drum. The idea is that system programs (fully debugged programs like general purpose subroutines, input-output routines, etc.) will be kept in the upper half and programs being worked on will be in the lower half. 5. A 7 level punch was salvaged from an old Digital Differential Analyzer, converted,and installed on the ATHENA as an output device. Programs can now be dumped from the drum on to paper tape for storage and later read in on the high speed paper tape readers. Programs can also be punched off line by hand. 6. A Jump to Subroutine command has been added. This makes it very easy to use subroutines. 7. A clear Accumulator and an Exclusive Or were added. Previously to clear the Accumulator a zero had to be stored in core and then loaded into the Accumulator. With the modifications made so far and the ones to come the ATHENA should now be able to move from just taking up space in the E.E. building to being a useful instructional tool. It is doubtful that the ATHENA could be used as an effective research computer with its present dependence on a drum a relatively low speed storage device (even moving at12,000 rpm). Until more core is added and the execution of instructions occurs from core, the main use I see for the ATHENA is for instructional purposes. ( I presently have 8 - 4096 7bit core units that will be installed when I have the time and figure out the wiring.) I feel that a computer that students can program, run, and modify would be of great assistance in teaching them the fundamentals of computer design. There are several PDP-8’s on campus that could serve the same purpose but these are tied up with various projects. Taking a digital design course one may learn about the PDP-8 and write machine code programs but must run them on the Univac 1108. This does not really give the student the contact he needs.with the machine. If one were going to be a programmer then that is all the contact one needs but if one intends to design computer systems the machine is the important part.(A pdf version of Jim's document is here.)

1968 October

Photo taken by Patrick Stakem soon after the Athena was installed at CMU. This is in room 55A of Hamerschlag Hall on the CMU campus.

Pat may have more taken at the same time. He wrote:

"I suspect I took it. Offhand, I don't know where the picture or the negative is. I have pretty well finished up organizing my pix as a part of a book project I am into. I need to do the negatives, but I am waiting for the humidity to go down a bit. I have negatives filed by date, so I should be able to find it."

1968 October - Athena installed at CMU.This was before the computer was modified to give it more general purpose functionality.

Pat wrote:
"My understanding was that the Dept. Head (and I can't remember his name, preceded Jordan) had this thing for surplus stuff, and that's why we had the Bogart, the Athena, the big lathe that broke the granite steps, etc. It came all unassembled, of course, and we used the manuals to cable it. I did the motor-generator, maybe because I had ac circuits by then :^}

I seem to recall that we didn't have much problem getting it up & working. I guess the instructions were designed for AF enlisted men. We had trouble figuring out it was working, and what to do when it went into "battle short". I guess you got involved after it was working, and we had decided to make the mods."

I recall seeing the Athena stored in one of the rooms on the first floor of Hamerschlag before it was reassembled.

Pat wrote:
"It was out in the hall, mostly, until we got the dept head to give it to us , what was it, 55a? the raised floor had to go down first, and the inter-cabinet wiring. Then the cabinets had to be wrestled into place. The motor-generator, you will recall, was behind the console at the back of the room, plugged into a power outlet (440 v or so). I don't remember the grunt work."

I recall that the power was cabled in from a big patch panel in the main part of room 55.

Date: Sat, 12 Apr 2008 10:07:10 -0700
From: Roy <r.engehausengmail.com>
Subject: Mark's web page

From the web page

Pat wrote:
"My understanding was that the Dept. Head (and I can't remember his name, preceded Jordan) had this thing for surplus stuff, and that's why we had the Bogart, the Athena, the big lathe that broke the granite steps, etc."

The answer is Everard M. Williams

1967 Here is a letter from Univac to Joel Platt. It talks about a national Athena User's Group. It is from Dale Rummer at the UNIVAC Federal Systems Division in St. Paul, MN. I've found an email for a person with the same name and I've sent an email to him. As of Oct 1, 2007, I've not heard back from him.

1972 Click here for a letter from Univac to Dr. Uta Merzbach of the Smithsonian Institution.

Photos

The following photos were taken about 1971 by Mark DiVecchio. These were taken with a typical 35mm camera of the day (a Minolta SRT-101) on slide film. The scans of the slides suffer from all the ills of old slides.

These photos were taken after the core group of people had graduated and a little before the Athena was packed off to the Smithsonian Institution.

Glenn wrote:
"I was the one who "decabled" the Athena so it could be taken apart and loaded on the moving trucks to the Smithsonian. That was a job that took me a good part of the summer (1972)."

Please help me with better descriptions of each slide. I'm not sure if my memory has the details right. High res (1200dpi) scans of these slides are available if anyone wants them.

Control consoleabout 1971 IIRC every bit in every register appeared on the console. Each register had one clear button on the end and each bit could be individually set by pressing the lamp for that bit which was also a pushbutton.
Typical circuit cabinet showing the logic modules. Each of these metal modules was replaceable. Each contained a small number of logic elements. Like 2 flip-flops or 4 AND gates. Similar to the first generation of IC's. Photo taken about 1971.John Yurkon wrote:"One detail that isn't on the web page, but perhaps is in the manual, is that the transistor circuits were in cans pressurized with argon to keep the computer running under the most adverse conditions."
Motor Generator Unitabout 1971
This teletypwriter was added by ??. A Frieden Flexowriter. It was the only human interface device (besides the lights on the console. Originally, the Athena came with an adding machine type of very simple output device. This Flexowriter came from the Bogart computer which was also given to Carnegie. Photo taken about 1971.
Constants Unit. This could hold 8 constants which could be read by a running program.
Typical backpanel wiring in the one of the cabinets. Photo taken about 1971.
Date: Sat, 15 Sep 2007 21:33:39 -0400From: John E Yurkon <yurkonmsu.edu> My involvement was helping to finish connecting the units and diagnosing why the RAM wasn't working. That turned out to be simply one unconnected power supply cable. John
Control unit for the Motor Generator Photo taken about 1971.
Power control Photo taken about 1971.Right in the middle is the famous "Battle Short" button. The Athena ran on 208VAC, 3-Phase, 420 CPS (Hertz).
Date: Sat, 15 Sep 2007 14:11:30 -0700From: David Rodgers <dave_rodgersmsn.com> Mark, et al., I started working on Athena when it first arrived: cables cut by ax, documents in disarray. We first figured out how to power the MG set and learned not to press the "battle short" button. Regards to all, Dave
Another view of the console along with the Motor Generator control unit. Photo taken about 1971.
John Yurkon wrote:"Charlie, perhaps along with others, wrote a prime number generator for it. Writing any code for it was a chore because the speed of the magnetic drum was fast enough that it would pass by the next address before an instruction would complete. So, to maximize the use of the limited instruction space you'd have to sort of interleave the code and make sure you knew how long an instruction would take."
The raised floor of the Athena. The first cabinet on the left was the paper tape readers. Photo taken about 1971.Glenn wrote:"I just looked at the site. Very very cool. I think the Burroughs computer was a B280. I have a couple of logic modules from it and a memory stack stuck away in storage some place. When I have time I'll send more info. For instance, I was the one who "decabled" the Athena so it could be taken apart and loaded on the moving trucks to the Smithsonian. That was a job that took me a good part of the summer (1972)."
Paper tape readers. This loaded programs into the 8K of drum memory. I originally wrote here that these were magnetic tape readers. Lauston wrote: Mark, et al., The caption for the photo of the tape drive says, "Magnetic tape." The manual says: "HIGH TEMP TAPE, DS123, figure 1-65, T,O. 21-SM6B-2D-6-1: Indicator Iamp which indicates a condition of high temperature in the perforated tape reader assembly". IIRC, it was originally paper tape, read by photo cells and sometimes there were light or oily spots on the tape that would get a false bit and could be corrected with marker. The tape in the picture is dark, but I think it is paper. Later on 16 Mar 2010, Jim Pollock wrote: Mark, On closer inspection of the Paper Tape Invoice I think it clears up the confusion on the Athena tape reader picture you have. In the picture the tape looked very dark like magnetic tape but we all know it was actually paper. The invoice gives the reason in the description. "1 CTN PAPER TAPE 8 IN DIA 7/8 IN WIDE 2 IN CORE BLACK OPAQUE, UNOILED" So the paper tape the Athena used was actually opaque (black?) Regards, Jim (JP40)Chris quickly followed with: I think we may have gotten the opaque tape because of problems with the oiled "yellow" tape. As I stated in that email a year or so ago, we did have to buy our own tape as it was 7/8" not the popular 1" stuff used on the Teletypes and minicomputers around campus. We bought a box of the yellow oiled tape in 67 or 68 when Dave Vavra wrote his Athena cross assembler which ran on the G-20 and punched tape on its PT-10. (Mark, if you want me to make a copy of the PT-10 service manual and mail it to you I will, I think I did send you a photo showing the "Bendix G-20" loose leaf binder in which it is stored.) However there were two problems with this tape and this was true with the minicomputer photo "high speed readers" I used in the 70's as well. Over time the oil in the tape coalesces into translucent drops which the photo readers "see through". I remember having to use black magic markers on this tape on the Athena to try (sometimes not successful as the tape was still translucent although now black) to get it to read. The other problem is that some of the oil transfers to the guides and pinch rollers of the drive and messes them up too. I know this was a major problem with the minicomputer readers I used in the early to mid 70's. The black unoiled tape gets around both of these problems (at the cost of wearing out the dies on the paper tape punches much more quickly). As a side note, about a dozen years ago the BNSF RR presented me with a DG high speed paper tape reader in excellent condition (installed in a late 1970's system by contract requirement but rarely used) complete with full technical docs. For a while I was thinking of interfacing it to a PC using the printer port but to date its still collecting dust in my shop :-) The notes from Tom tell me something I didn't know either. I was always aware of two groups of folks who worked on the Athena of which as I earlier stated, I knew of the first group but I really only got involved with the second. Tom documents a third group of which I was unaware. Like Mark, I too do not recognize some of the names he lists. The groups did overlap some but each seemed to come at the machine with differing goals building on the efforts of the previous groups. Realizing I needed to focus more on graduating from CMU, I didn't have much to do with the Athena after 1969 or early 70 and when I went to work for the school in the CS engineering lab starting summer 1970, I had more than enough computer stuff to keep me busy and (maybe :-) out of trouble. 73, Chris Hausler
I'm not sure what this set of wiring and connectors were for. The logic was some form of RTL logic. Inputs were all through resistors and you can add more resistors to make bigger OR gates. I think the blue modules were resistor packs (??). Output of the gates were wired NAND?? Is that right? I seem to recall that if you wired the outputs of the OR gates together, you got the NAND function. That made is possible to build logic using multiple OR gates feeding a NAND function. Is my memory correct on this? Photo taken about 1971. Tom Engelsiepen reminded me that diodes were used to expand the OR gates and that is was probably and AND function when wiring the outputs together.

The console of the Burroughs B-250 that became attached to the Athena. A senior project by Jim Pollock. Photo taken about 1971.Dave Vavra wrote:"The Burroughs was a B-250 IIRC."
Date: Sat, 15 Sep 2007 12:20:37 -0400From: jchausler <jchauslerearthlink.net>Subject: Re: Athena Systems Devlopment Group rulz! Hi All, What a blast from the past! Yes, Jim Pollock was the man who did the senior project. IIRC it was mostly built on a panel in the Burroughs B250 (yes it was a 250) which sat in the machine's cabinet on the front of the machine below the front panel. I recall helping to un-wire wrap the panel as I was sitting in front of the I/O desk in Scaife so Jim could do his circuit on. I recall that a number of folks helped with this effort. (I also recall the sore wrist I got doing this :-) I remember Pat Stakem and I leaving Jim drunk on the sidewalk waiting to be picked up for his flight back to California after graduation, the last I saw of Jim :-) Although I have a fair amount of computer junk (junque, collectibles :-) from or about that period in my stash, the only Athena thing I have is one of those cordwood plug in modules from the B250, I believe a dual flop. From the late 1960's to the late 1970's it hung from the rear view mirror in whatever was my current car. Now, among some R series DEC modules, a single G-15 flop plug in (bought from Boston Computer Museum about 15 years ago) some DDP-516 modules and a few others, once a year it hangs from my Christmas tree :-) Other times it sits on the shelf in my family room among all the other trinkets. About all I did for the Athena was to write what I believe was the initial "debug monitor" which used the Flexowriter as a console. The best I can describe this is that it was similar in concept to the early "debug ROMS" which came with some of the early micro-processors, like MIKBUG for the Motorola 6800. Anyway I called it "SHE" (somewhat helpful executive) and stealing a bit from the comp center named the associated routines "HER THINGS" (helpful executive routines, to help implement new and greater systems), the "things" part being what was stolen. Charley Putney (and yes, last I heard, he was in Ireland, I traded emails with him some years ago but seem to have lost his email address, he was working for Data Products IIRC at the time.) wrote an editor and assembler for the machine and I believe rewrote or expanded "SHE". I seem to recall that over time there were sort of two groups, the initial group which included Dave Rogers and Walt Sullivan who installed the machine along with some others and then the later group with which I was more involved. Remember the Flexowriter was something we added. The machine came with that little waist high box inside of which was what amounted to an adding machine with solenoids over each key. It would just print out numbers on (natch) a strip of adding machine tape. It was just used as a printer, its adding machine functions apparently being crippled or removed for the application. Yes the Athena was installed in HH55. This was adjacent to HH53 where Gordon Bell had his office and the PDP-8 and G-15 were located. The department head who tended to collect "junque" and got the Athena was Williams. I'd have to look up his first name. I believe he retired in 68 or 69. His replacement (one or more folks before Jordan) I recall did not like the Athena group and wanted it gone, I believe so he could expand (as was eventually done) the materials labs. Williams was also the one who got the IBM 7090 from Gulf Oil which sat in the halls for some time and whose motor generator set provided some entertainment for a few of us (remember turning it on the first time with the 10 foot pole from behind the HH53 door). A fond memory I have of the Athena is the start up of the motor generator set. When running it just made a loud rushing air noise but sounded somewhat like a siren when starting up. I remember walking across campus in the middle of the night when things were otherwise quiet and even though the open windows in HH55 faced away from the campus (this was before we "stole" the air conditioner from HH53 after the G-15 had been removed) hearing the thing start up :-) Ah, those were the days my friends, we thought they'd never end... J. Chris Hausler JH37
I think this is the insides of the B-250, a Burroughs computer that was interfaced to the Athena. The interface design was was a senior project by Jim Pollock. It actually worked. The claim to fame of this Burroughs computer is that it did decimal arithmetic, not binary. Photo taken about 1971.
This was core memory unit that I, Mark DiVecchio, tried to add. It was my senior project. It never worked. The core was from theBogart. Photo taken about 1971. I am somewhat amazed that this project sat, virtually untouched, from spring of 1970 until I took this photo and it probably remained untouched until Glenn Sembroski diassembled the Athena to ship to the Smithsonian.From the Bogart Programmers Manual:1. Core Storage× This storage can retain 4096 24-bit words, a total of 98,304 bits of information × The Magnetic-core storage contains 24 planes. Each 10 inch plane is a 64 by 64 square array of 406 cores. Three of the four wires running through each core write information into the core and the fourth wire senses whether a 1 or a 0 is stored in the core. × If the core is magnetized in one direction, a 1 is stored in it; and if it is magnetized in the reverse direction, a 0 is stored in it. Information read out by applying a current to the two read-out wires drives the core into its zero state. If a 1 is stored in the core, the magnetic direction-change induces a voltage in the read-out wire. By sensing the voltage on the read-out wire, it is possible to determine the previous magnetic state of the core. × Since the read-out wire sets the core to the zero state, it is necessary for the memory circuits to restore the core to a one-state. If it contains a 1, this is the regeneration portion of the storage cycle. The total storage cycle of read-out and information regeneration takes 20 microseconds per word.

Date: Sun, 14 Jan 2007 21:09:58 -0500 (EST)From: Ls28aol.comSubject: Athena Systems Development GroupTo: markdsilogic.com Hello Mark, You may not remember me. I was a freshman at CMU in 1968 and left in '69 when my dad died. I was part of the informal ASDG. (I wrote a routine to move code from one part of drum to another.) I was doing a little nostalgic surfing tonight and came across your website with the above e-mail address as well as your resume that states that you own or owned a business by the name, Athena Systems Development Group. Did you partner with or employ any of the others that were in the group at CMU? I see you kept in touch with Pat Stakem. I cannot put a face to the name, but I remember the name. On my last trip home from Pittsburgh, I stopped to see Charlie Putney, who was in a car accident on his way back to campus and was recuperating in a hospital at the time. Last I knew, he was in Texas. It was interesting to learn that the Athena that was at CMU went to the Smithsonian. I also appreciated the photo you have of the console in your website. I imagined that the machine went for parts or scrap metal and was lost to history. I wonder if it is displayed or stored in DC. I was given the ID, LS28, for access to the other mainframes at CMU. In a field where things can be obsolete in less than 40 minutes, it amuses me to use an ID that is almost 40 years old. After CMU, I worked for Applied Logic Corporation in Princeton, NJ, for 3 years. It was a time-sharing business with a national phone network. We used DEC PDP-10's for mainframes and PDP-8's for communication nodes. I moved to Vermont in '73 and have worked for a small, family-owned dairy for almost 31 years. When they decided to begin to use computers, I selected the desktop and wrote the applications (Paradox). There just wasn't anything on the market that exactly fit our needs. Cindy, my wife of 29 years, and I have four children. Our oldest, Andrew, is stationed at Camp Pendleton. We went to see him before he went to Iraq. We only saw San Diego in the dark because of the schedule for our flights in and out, but it seems like a nice city. Micah, our second, is in Ogden, Utah. Our daughter, Arla, is in Duluth, MN. We have yet to visit either of those places. Our youngest, Tim, is still home. We are a four time zone family. No doubt this is much more information than you were hoping for when you got up this morning, but since you have much of your own on the Internet, I trust you value such things. Cordially, Lauston Stephens

Lauston Stephens wrote: Dear Mark, Do you remember the name of the fella that implemented drum read, drum write and the interrupt on the Athena? He was from southern CA and, I believe, class of '69. He knew what he was doing and, as I recall, once did a little soldering without powering down the Athena. Being young and impressionable, I wanted to be just like him. There were some modules in the cabinet near the console on the window side of the room that were designed for I/O, relays or something along that line. Somehow, I was assigned/allowed to do a hardware modification in that area. No doubt, someone else wanted to do something else at the same time and I did some (poor) soldering with power up. Things did not work as expected. No doubt, I blew some components and have regretted my rashness ever since. It's not like there were replacement parts at Radio Shack and plenty of money in the budget. Foul deed, I betrayed the trust granted me by my superiors and smote the goddess Athena a mortal blow. Absolve me, Sir, for I am unworthy to speak of things Athenian. Glenn Sembroski, class of '72, was my roommate for the fall semester of '69. He claimed that he had cracked the code for the Athena communicating with the Titan. I never asked him to show it to me and I don't know how substantial his claim was. There is a Glenn Sembroski at Purdue. It may be the same person. ITaP: Information Technology at Purdue When a link is ready, as your page develops, there may be some things that come back to mind that I can contribute. One possible page is the achievements of those in the group. You ran your own business and, if this is the same Glenn Sembroski, he has charted a stellar career. (Yes, pun intended.) There could be an argument here in support of such informal activities on campus. The engineers' answer to the dead poet society.Lauston

1967 Joel Platt and Dave RodgersDale (who took the above photo) wrote: The time spent with the Athena was a lot of fun. Every time we walked into the room, something new happened. We often pulled all nighters just because there was a lot to find out about the machine. The picture of Dave and Joel at the console is a good example. This is the first time they actually got a simple program to run. Excited and puzzled all at once.
Date: Mon, 17 Sep 2007 18:27:20 -0400From: Dale Dewey <dedrochester.rr.com>Subject: Athena Missle launch computer Hi Mark, Dave Rodgers just sent me your eMail address and says that you are interested in the Athena computer. I was one of the original EEs at CMU who moved the thing into the lab and started putting it together. Some of the stories I can tell are rather amusing. Like trying to get the 400Hz MG set up and running. They required 440V AC 60 Hz and all we had were some pole pigs and 220. Almost blacked out the entire campus when we put power to the transformers and had two wired incorrectly. Then there was the time it went into "battle lock" thinking a bird was in the air and we had no way of shutting it down without destroying everything. That took some trickery on our part. Anyway, I would be glad to contribute to your work. I have six slides (five good) which need to be scanned into jpeg. I have one which is a poor scan of a print that you might find amusing. This was taken in June of 1967. I know Dave is one of the guys. I think the other guy (mouth open) was named Joel and he ended up teaching at CMU. Not sure about that though. When I get the others, I will send them along as well. Dale
Date: Mon, 17 Sep 2007 16:25:44 -0700From: David Rodgers <dave_rodgersmsn.com>Subject: RE: Memories of Athena in picturesTo: Dale Dewey <dedrochester.rr.com> Dale, I can see that the six-pack of 12 oz. Coke bottles is empty making the picture authentic! I'm pretty sure the other guy in Dale's photo is Joel Platt. Dave
Date: Thu, 20 Sep 2007 15:44:03 -0400From: Dale Dewey <dedrochester.rr.com>Subject: More on the Athena Hi Mark, Thought I would sit down and capture some of my memories of the Athena. Attached are my ramblings. Feel free to edit and correct. I think this is fairly accurate but then it was 40 years ago. Some things change and others don't. More pictures. These are probably the earliest ones of the Athena when it arrived in early 1967. The date stamped on the slides I have is June 67, so the pictures were taken before then. If you would like the slides, you are welcome to them. Seems you are becoming our archivist. Yes, I also had a set of keys like yours. I remember the long flight of steps leading from the first floor down to the lower entrance. Dale
My Memories of the Athenaby Dale Dewey, 20 Sep 2007:Wandering back in time to 1967, there were a few senior electrical engineers who had focused on digital electronics (aka computer science) rather than the popular analog/radio/material electronics that was main stream for the day. We were small in number. Who knew then that we were on the verge of a great digital revolution in our careers? Ah well, these seniors needed a project and it seems that the Carnegie Institute of Technology (CIT, not CMU until 1968) had just been given a computer by the USAF. My first memory of the computer was moving the MG set from the delivery truck into the lab. We had to load it on the freight elevator to get from dock to lab. Being seniors, we were foolish and did not pay any attention to the load capacity of the little elevator. The MG set was half way onto the elevator and it started to fall. Fortunately, it stopped after dropping about 4 inches. We then blocked up the end on the elevator (making it level with the floor) so we could finish loading the generator (more ignorance). One of us rode the elevator down three floors to the lab. Fortunately, it stopped level with the floor and we quickly unloaded the MG set. From notes here, the thing weighed in at 2+ tons. Can you say large SUV? We got lucky but then luck was always on our side as we continued to put the Athena back together for the first time. When we started work on our senior project, you could tell that the thing had been in storage for a long time. As seen in some of the pictures, there was dust everywhere. The raised floor was assembled, all of the cabinets were placed on the floor and there were piles of cables and many volumes of manuals and documentation. As a team, we spent a lot of time organizing the manuals. Fortunately, the USAF always numbered everything with sequence numbers. I am not sure we knew what every volume was but once we found the index volume, we could find anything. There were hardware manuals and software manuals. My job was hardware. Get the thing running. When the computer was removed from the silo, all of the power cables in the cabinets were cut with bolt cutters (they were attached with robust screws to large buss strips). Fortunately, the data cables uncoupled from the cabinets quickly. I started sorting out the power cable connections and removing the old screw terminal connectors. We needed to get new terminals and new connections to the power cables. Each wire was labeled and there was a manual with a wiring diagram. This wiring task took about two weeks to complete. Another job was getting the MG set running. It required 440VAC, 60Hz, 3 phase. The only power we had available without going into the distribution cage was 208VAC, 60Hz, 3 phase. Enter our course on “Electro-mechanical energy converters”. Who knew that we could get a quick, practical application of one of our undergrad courses? Using a large number of 1:1 isolation transformers mounted on wheels, we patched together enough transformers to give us the required voltage. When we felt all the cables were properly connected, we threw the breakers with a broom stick and “POW !@#$%”. The entire lab went black. It seems that we missed one of the dot markers on the transformers and effectively created a grand phase short, embarrassing but quickly fixed. We replaced all the fuses and tried again. The lights dimmed but at least we had 440. Learning our lesson, we were now more cautious and created test plans for the MG sets. There were actually two sets, one primary and one backup. We tested each and switched loads back and forth. The MG control cabinets were very large by their own right. These were actually very sophisticated MGs. The frequency could be adjusted. Notice the reed meter in the photograph. There was also a voltage stager. All power supplies had to be brought up in proper order so as to bias the transistor circuits properly. If this was not done, the transistors would be fried. We probably spent a month going through a number of power up and power down sequences manually. We were very cautious and learning all the time. Finally, the big day came when we felt confident that we could let the whole thing go automatic. The MGs came on line, they were up to speed, frequency and voltage were spot on, the sequencer was staging and the power to the cabinets was coming on line, celebration with another Coke. Then the console lit up and we really felt great. It had been a long night. It was time to shut down and get some sleep. Wait, what is this thing called “Battle Lock”? It was apparent that the computer was delivered with a full load of software. When the system started, we essentially did a cold boot and the program on the drum started running. Now we knew why the console fired up. There was no way of shutting down the power sequencer. Remember that it needed to start up in proper sequence? Well it also had to shut down in reverse order. We could not even shut it down manually. Pull the domestic power? Not on your life! Can you imagine the arc you might get under full load? This is when we kick into emergency mode. Where is that manual with the index? Look for “Battle Lock” and find out what is wrong. “Battle Lock” – A bird in the air! Yea, right, we just launched a Titan? Now how in the world would this thing think a bird was in the air? More digging into the wiring diagrams and we quickly found that there was something missing. The feed from the ground tracking radar was missing. The programmed assumption was that it was destroyed and the bird must be maintained regardless! Where was that data input cable anyway? Oh ya, it was under the floor next to the cabinet against the wall with all external interface buffers. There was only one way in, crawl! One of the guys grabbed my ankles and in I went. After about fifteen minutes, I found the connector in a bunch of cables and quickly applied a short to two pins. The radar was back on line, there was no telemetry, no bird in the air, no battle; reset the “Battle Lock”. At last, we could now shut things down in an orderly manner. Now that we had control of the hardware, it was time for the software guys to move in. They played with the registers, wrote simple addition and multiplication routines, played around with the lights on the console and generally had a ball. It was now getting to the end of our year and exams were at hand. Work on the Athena stopped for the summer and my guess is that it started up again in 1968. I had lost track of the project at that time and was now off to cleaning up some courses and getting to work (and money) and Eastman Kodak Company. While that is another story of 38 years of experience, I still remember the long days and nights with good friends. Here are some of the more hardware techie things I remember about the machine: The CPU clock was variable speed – this was important as a teaching and programming tool. You could really slow the clock down so you could see your program execute on the console. You could see the address register, command register, accumulator, etc. Binary number system kicks in. Shift Right 1, add AC1 to AC2, rotate. Wow, how simple and complex it was then. Remember, you had to key the program into the registers, one bit at a time; much like loading the bootstrap loader on a PDP. At Kodak, we would have races to see who could key the bootstrap loader the fastest. That is another story. There was a flight simulator occupying a full cabinet– with this, you could test your programs against a set of hardwired data sets. These were used to simulate the data from the ground radar. Not of much use as a general purpose computer but did allow us to demonstrate that Athena was operational. The drum memory was a head per track technology. No flying heads yet. The logic cans were under two atmospheres of Argon. This was a way of “hardening” the delicate electronics against radiation. The whole thing had one weakness. It was fully dependent on domestic power (440VAC, 60Hz, 3 phase). Kill the domestic power feed and everything stopped. Fortunately, the MG sets had enough momentum to allow the computer to shut down. That big control panel maintained frequency and voltage as the motor speed decreased. Remember, I said it was complex. So why 420Hz? Well, it was USAF. The real reason was weight and size. A 420Hz transformer is much smaller than a 60Hz transformer. The Athena was loaded with transformers in power supplies and interface circuits. Those transistor cans were very delicate and transformers provided a good isolation solution. I probably could remember more if I got my hands on the Athena again. There is probably no chance that we will ever see this glorious machine ever light up again; so basic and yet so elegant. I wonder how many EEs today would actually be able to sit down and program at the instruction level? What a challenge we had and fun too.
Dale Dewey wrote: The girl in the photo is a mystery. I remember that she was someone's girl friend. Not mine however. We might get a hit once it is posted on the site. Dave Rodgers might remember.Dave Rodgers wrote: The girl in the photo with Joel Platt between the cabinets is Diana Patterson, girlfriend of Walt Sullivan.

More of Pat Stakem's Photos

Pat sent me these photos in March of 2010. They had faded to blue just like my old slides. I'm no photo expert, but I tried to correct the color as well as I could.

These are fairly early photos showing the Athena, the 7094 and a gaggle of B-250's. If anyone wants the original scans as I received them from Pat, let me know and I'll email them.

Pat wrote:

From: Patrick Stakem <PStakemloyola.edu>
Date: Mon, 8 Mar 2010 15:25:33 -0500
Subject: pix

Found 6 slides, developed but unmounted, of Athena. Looks like the period when we were assembling it. Have them mounted, and ready to scan. day or two. Not real good quality.
In picture "Athena 5, note the 7094 console"

Can anyone help me with some captions for these? I asked Pat if he had any idea when these were taken and he said "no direct data. Film was developed but not mounted. No dates, no
metadata." Chris made some estimates, see captions.

Hi Mark, The second, third and fourth of Pat's new photos as displayed on the web site were taken in HH53 after the G-15 was removed. Thus I can guess that these were taken in 1968 or 1969 as the G-15 was still in place (although not working very well) at least into fall 1967. You can see the cut off end of the exhaust duct which had been previously used to cool the G-15 in the top part of the first two of these three photos. Further, they also all show some parts of the IBM 7090 behind the B250's. 73, Chris Hausler(More of Chris' comments are below.)
Pat said these large cabinets in the rear might have been part of the 7094: "we had a couple of IBM-blue cabinets, cpu but I don't think memory."
The fifth photo obviously taken in the Athena room shows the IBM 7090 console desk. I had forgotten that we had moved it in with the Athena. Chris Hausler The 7094 came from Gulf Oil, downtown. Part of the"heck, yes, we'll take it if it's free program." I hooked up the motor generator, and was running it when the bearing froze. The cabinet tipped over, almost making a new door in the wall. I believe it was scrapped, because we didn't have the core modules or maybe the disks - Gulf Oil kept them when it upgraded. I have the console. Pat Stakem

Keys to Hamerschlag (Machinery) Hall

OK, I probably should have turned these in after I graduated but with them, I was able to access the Athena until it was shipped out to the Smithsonian. Keys are (I think): 401 - this was the Ham Radio station W3NKI on the top floor of Hamerschlag. 55A, HH53, 50 - I need help with these three, I think one was for the room where the G-15 was, one was the big lab outside of the Athena Room and the 55A must be for the Athena room itself. MH ENT - Machinery Hall Entrance - this was the 3rd(?) basement door to Hamerschlag which went out to the parking lot toward Scaife Hall (it was Machinery Hallbefore it was renamed for 1st CIT president, Arthur Arton Hamerschlag in 1965). Do you remember that the end of Hamerschlag Hall which jutted out into Panther Hollow had a "prow"?What are the odds that some of these still work!

Photos from Ray Carson

These photos were sent to me in Dec 2008 by Ray Carson. He didn't say but I expect that he took them. They look like very early photos possibly from when the Athena was first being assembled in room 55A.

From: "Mark DiVecchio" markd@silogic.comDate: Wed, 23 Dec 2009 16🔞43 -0800Subject: Cabinet next to Athena Paper Tape DrivesI was looking more at the two photos that Ray Carson sent of the Athena room.One photo shows a view of the open door of one of the paper tape readers. To the left of that cabinet is another cabinet, not quite as deep as the tape reader cabinet. It looks to have some sort of front panel (with buttons or lights) on the left hand side.This cabinet also appears on the 'official' Univac photo at the top of the page.It does not appear in a photo that I took in 1971 which shows a rack of equipment in the same spot. (this is the photo titled "The raised floor of the Athena").I don't ever recall seeing a green Athena style cabinet at that spot. Are my brain cells dying even faster than I think?Mark
Hi Mark, This is a truly fuzzy memory but I believe that unit is the "simulator". I have no actual knowledge of it but recall hearing that it could be used to simulate missile flight to the computer to test out its operation. I have this fuzzy memory that it was called the "radar data simulator". I have a somewhat better memory that since it performed no useful function as far as the ASDG was concerned, it was the unit stripped for parts both for replacement of failed modules within the machine and the push button / lamps on the console as well as for all the modifications which were made to the hardware. As I had nothing to do with any of the hardware mods, this all is at best a vague recollection. 73, Chris Hausler
This is my memory also. And for some reason I think it was moved over to the opposite side (left of the console as you face it). Glenn Sembroski
Chris, Your memory is correct. It simulated radar data by reading paper tape. IIRC, some of its logic was also converted to control the paper tape reader by a program. DAV

Major modifications:

Added Frieden Flexowriter as human I/O device.
Added drum read/write via instructionsFrom: "J. Chris Hausler" <jchauslerearthlink.net>Date: Wed, 24 Feb 2010 11:47:52 -0500 (EST) I was recently reviewing the web page and realized that unless I am wrong, there is one hardware mod not mentioned and an important one. I believe it was one of the first ones done, right before the "group 7" change was done, and like the group 7 change, done by Jim Pollock. Remember the Athena was a Harvard architecture machine, a program could not modify itself. As delivered there were only two ways to change the contents of the drum, either by initial loading a paper tape or by using the pushbutton lights on the console, both, of course happened with the machine halted. The important mod was to allow a program to change the contents of the drum.Without that change, SHE wouldn't have been able to provide a way of viewing and patching the drum locations from the Friden. I certainly don't recall the details, but if you wanted to do a store to a drum location, you had to wait for that location to come under the heads. I know certain operations such as shifts took longer than one address increment time of the drum so you had to leave spaces on the drum as the next instruction to be executed after the shift would be whatever one was next under the heads. I believe these newly added instructions (basically a load and a store), however, "froze" the machine until the appropriate location came under the heads and then froze it again until the instruction immediately after the load or store came under the heads and then continued executing.But this is a very fuzzy memory. I keep hoping that we will somehow get into contact with Jim who could possibly clarify some of this.
Added interuptsDon't remember who did this
Paper tape readers under program controlChris wrote: As received, the Athena paper tape readers would only load programs in an IPL environment. Someone did figure out how to put the paper tape readers under program control and the machine was so modified. All I recall of this is that it used the former "Radar Data Register" to pass tape data into the machine.
Group 7 type InstructionChris wrote: Another mod to the machine was to take one of the now useless instructions and model it after the "Group 7" opcode on the PDP-8. This instruction only referenced the ACC, IIRC, where individual bits in the instruction each had a function and certain ones could be combined (i.e. one bit would cause a one's complement and another bit would cause an increment and combined you got a two's complement "negate". I don't recall who did it.

Tom Engelsiepen helped us recall more modifications:

Date: Wed, 10 Mar 2010 18:06:22 -0800From: Tom Engelsiepen <te04sbcglobal.net>Subject: Re: Univac Athena at Carnegie Tech Hey, you found me! That's a great site. I can certainly contribute some stories about the Athena, since I spent many, many hours in that room. I'll send you a longer note after I dig through some of my old junk. I've still got some Athena documentation and program listings.

Date: Fri, 12 Mar 2010 01:44:26 -0800From: Tom Engelsiepen <te04sbcglobal.net>Subject: Athena stories I was an EE student, class of '72, and joined ASDG some time in 1969. I spent a lot of time playing with the Athena, mostly with software, but I also did my share of wiring and soldering. It was like having a personal computer, back when computer time was hard to come by. What better way to learn how computers worked than by getting out a soldering iron and wiring in a new instruction? Some tidbits about the Athena's hardware: Drum storage: 8192 17-bit words (programs executed from this) Core storage: 256 24-bit words Instruction time: 40 usec (broken into 8 steps) Drum rotation time: 5 msec (Mark's note: 12,000 RPM) I'm a little fuzzy on the details, but I think that most of the modules (cans) were set/reset flip-flops, which had a corresponding light/button on the console. Maybe some cans were sets of inverters. Outputs were "wired and" so that you could tie two together to form an and gate. The cans had multiple inputs that were or-ed together, but sometimes these were all in use, so you had to add an input splitter. This was a pair of diodes that allowed two outputs to be fed into one input (not really up to military spec, but it worked for us). Typically, this was done by sticking the diodes into a computer card and dangling it by the wire from the input. I don't remember exactly who worked on what, but we had quite a few accomplishments during the years that I was there. First, here are some of the hardware changes that we made: Drum write This was done before I got there, but it was rather important since originally programs could not be modified while running. Now we had a drum write instruction, and a JMS instruction that would allow subroutines to be called by storing the return address in the first word of the routine so that you could jump to it at the end. Index register The machine had several registers with names like "steering" and "vernier" that didn't do anything because they were supposed to be hooked up to a missile and, unfortunately, we didn't get any missiles. We turned one of these into an index register, which made it much easier to clear a range of memory. Flags Another useless register was turned into flag bits that could be individually set or tested. Paper tape control Originally, you would load a program from paper tape by dialing in a number on the console and pressing the read button. The hardware did the rest. We fixed this so that a program could initiate the read, and also rewind the tape. Character instructions I think it was Tom Wadlow who added instructions for loading and storing data one character at a time, which greatly simplified I/O routines. He also worked on the Flexowriter interface and really souped up the performance. Burroughs transfer The original Athena to Burroughs memory transfer hardware was a marvel, which could move the whole Athena memory under hardware control in one gulp. Unfortunately, we could never get it working, so we abandoned that and made a simple byte-at-a-time interface. Paper tape punch Why did we care about transfering data to the Burroughs? Because we found a high-speed paper tape punch and it was easier to build an interface for it on the Burroughs. This can be seen sitting on top of the Burroughs in one of the pictures on Mark's site. Second motor generator When I got there, only one of the MGs worked. One day someone (I think Bernie Luksich or Jim Chew) decided to get the second one working. The Athena came with great documentation, so he just followed the troubleshooting procedure, and replaced some burned out diode or SCR and got it working. On the software side, Ken Corbin and I did most of the work. Here are some of the projects (I still have program listings for all of these): Athena Assembler I wrote an assembler that ran on TSS/360. Object code was punched to paper tape using an ASR33 Teletype, but this wasn't compatible with the Athena's high speed reader. Instead, the code was loaded using the Flexowriter's reader, and then transferred to Burroughs to punch on the high-speed punch. Or sometimes we'd just sit down at the console and enter programs in binary from the push buttons. SAM - Swapping Athena Monitor Ken wrote this, and it was pretty sophisticated. "Swapping" refers to dynamic program relocation. The assembler would output a table that told which instructions were relocatable, so SAM could move a program around on the fly. This was needed because the paper tape hardware would load at a fixed address, so if you wanted to load more than one program, you had to move the first one to make room for the second. The main feature was a command interpreter that allowed you to load programs by name from tape, show a directory of what was available, and run them. It also had I/O and file utilities. DDT - Dynamic Debugging Technique Ken wrote this one too. From the terminal, you could dump or patch programs (including symbolic entry and display of assembler instructions), insert breakpoints, single step, etc. Blackjack, NIM Some games that I wrote. Pong I came up with this. I guess this was my first "video" game (not counting Space War on G-21 scopes, but that's another story). Back in those days, it was hard to get really interactive with a computer, but the Athena could do it. The Pong game worked by lighting a bulb in the middle of the accumulator register. Each player had a push button, and if you pressed it the light started moving. Every press or release by either player would change directions, and speed would increase. If the light reached your end of the accumulator, you'd lose a point, with score displayed in one of the other registers. I thought it was interesting that, in the panic of frantic button pushing, you could sometimes stop completely and the other player would continue pushing and releasing, and end up beating himself. Floating point library I wrote this, but never got a chance to use it for anything. Besides program listings, I also have a document that starts like this:ATHENA SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT GROUPCONSOLE USER'S MANUELJUNE 25, 1970EDITOR: BERNARD LUKSICHTECHNICAL CONSULTANT: CHARLES PUTNEYAUTHORS: MARK DIVECCHIO AND GLEN SEMBROSKIFIRST PRINTING: JUNE 25, 1970PUBLISHED BYACE ENTERPRISESCOPYRIGHT 1970 BY THE ATHENA SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT GROUP.REPRODUCTION IN WHOLE OR IN PART WITHOUT PRIOR WRITTENCONSENT OF THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER WILL MAKE THEM UNHAPPY. I'll finish with two of my favorite things to do with the Athena: -- Start a program going and switch to slow rate (with speed controlled by a knob). Then shut out the lights and watch the blinkenlights. -- Bring in someone new and get them to push the power on button. Tom Engelsiepen

Software

SHE "Somewhat Helpful Executive" by Chris Hausler
Assembler by Dave Vavra He wrote: I wrote the assembler. It ran on one of the Comp Center machines but I can't remember which one. Probably the G-21. Whatever it was, it had a high speed paper tape punch. The tape had to be hand wound onto a reel that the Athena used. I also seem to recall hand entering assembly like code using the Frieden. Don't know who developed that. (Or was that Freiden? There's a German company, BG Frieden, so I used that spelling.) John Yurkon replied: Hi Dave, It's been a long time. I heard from Charlie a number of years ago, to my surprise. I don't know how he tracked me down. Search engines were just starting to mature. When I left CMU the transports on the paper tape drives were working but they were still trying to get them to read properly. I thought that the Bendix G-21 was being decommissioned back then. They were having a difficult time finding replacement germanium transistors and the disk storage looked kind of scary. The platters were bouncing up and down about 1/8" if memory serves. I don't know of another machine that had a paper tape punch though. There was a water cooled monster that I never new the name of and there was an earlier Bendix G series that had vacuum tubes and was about the size and look of a refrigerator. The Bendix G-21 and the Philco display units were what tempted me to get into trouble academically. I survived after a few years in the Air Force and ended up in the Honors Tutorial Program in Physics at Ohio U. Their computer facilities at the time were primitive enough to keep me out of trouble. I know this group is about the Athena, but if anyone has a timeline for the history of the Univac 1108, the IBM 360 (mod 60 I think) and the Bendix G-21 at CMU I'd be very interested in hearing it. Come to think of it, weren't there some PDP-8's that had paper tape drives? Could that be what you used? John Dave replied: Hi, John,Long time indeed! The refrigerator sized machine was the Bendix G-15. Don't remember the water cooled one. The Bogart, maybe? It was in the same room as the G-15 IIRC. That used 6146W tubes in its flip-flops. I had a Drake 180W transmitter that used 6146A's just to give you an idea of the possible power draw. I get the impression from some of the web sites that the Bogart and Athena were somehow cousins. (Mark's note: look at this Sperry-Univac Computer Genealogy.) Got me in trouble too. I worked at a market research firm in Pittsburgh run by an ex-GSIA dean for a while and got to do some nifty things unrelated to market research like stadium scoreboards and the passenger signs for BART in San Francisco. Almost became Hausler's competition by working at Union Switch and Signal but took a small sabbatical and visited Southeast Asia instead. Came back in 73 to finish things up. Pat Stakem got me fixed up with a small NASA contractor here so now I'm designing and building flight software systems for spacecraft and coming up on 33 years. Funny how things work out. DAV Date: Sat, 22 Sep 2007 11:57:44 -0400From: jchausler <jchauslerearthlink.net>Subject: Re: Details on Website Hi All, David Vavra wrote: > I wrote the assembler. It ran on one of the Comp Center machines but I > can't remember which one. Probably the G-21. Whatever it was, it had a > high speed paper tape punch. The tape had to be hand wound onto a reel > that the Athena used. Dave, it was the G-21. It had a high speed paper tape reader (optical) and punch unit, the PT-10. Remember, the Athena did not use the common 1 inch 8 level paper tape used by the minis and the comp center teletypes but 7/8 inch tape (7 level but I think the Athena only read 6, three on each side of the feed hole). As a result we had to buy (shudder) our own tape. The PT-10 was adjustable and would punch 5/8 inch 7/8 inch and 1 inch tape. I know this because someone (it must have been you :-) had borrowed the PT-10 Service Manual and it was in the Athena room. One day when I entered the Athena room, after the G-20's had been removed from the comp center, I saw the PT-10 manual in the trash, someone was cleaning up. Dumpster diver that I am, I picked it out. I still have it in my collection of Junque. It includes basic programming instructions for the device (a Digitronics optical reader and a Teletype BRPE punch packaged each with tension arm spoolers.) and I'm assuming that you used that information to set up the device. At the time no one else was using it and you were likely the last user of it. > I don't know of another machine that had a paper tape punch though. There > was a water cooled monster that I never new the name of and there was an > earlier Bendix G series that had vacuum tubes and was about the size and > look of a refrigerator. The earlier Bendix G series was the G-15, the size of a large refrigerator. It used 5 level (5/8 inch) paper tape. There's one, last I looked about 9 years ago, in the Smithsonian. In the early 90's I bought a G-15 plug in module from the then Boston Computer Museum. They were selling them in their gift shop IIRC. The G-15 was one of the most popular mid 50's small machines. I recall reading an article in a late 70's trade publication celebrating 50 years after the introduction of it and calling it the first personal computer :-) Someone mentioned Joel Platt. I saw him last at the homecoming in 1997 at the engineering (or maybe it was just the EE dept.) reception. And of course, Pat has already chimed in with "DP". Chris AN GETTO$;DUMP;RUN,ALGOL,TAPE
Athena resident assemblerChris wrote: We've already talked about Jim Pollock's interface between the B250 and the Athena. What with the loss of the G-20 and Dave's program, someone (and I think it was Charlie Putney) wrote a resident assembler for the Athena. But there was still the need to punch tape for the Athena's high speed readers. I don't remember what exactly it was, but on the bench in HH53 were a bunch of small "green things" which were appendages to some kind of I think analog data analyzer. This had been there next to the G-15 and I believe was no longer used when I showed up in fall 66. One of these boxes was a paper tape punch. Someone interfaced it to the B250 and then using Jim's interface, Athena program images could be sent to the B250 and then punched.

More emails:

Date: Wed, 07 Nov 2007 08:23:36 +0000
From: Charles Putney <chputneygmail.com>
Subject: Hello from the past
To: markdsilogic.com

Hi Mark,

Sorry for the long delay. The web page brings back a lot of memories.

On the Athena, I remember working on a program for a neural net simulator. It was my project for my course in Cognitive Psychology. The input neurons were connected to the console buttons and the output neurons were connected to the console lights. The intermediate neurons were randomly connected. Then, there was a punishment/reward scheme where if the output pattern was desired, the neurons creating this pattern would be "rewarded" otherwise you could "punish" the net and some of the offending neurons would be randomly scrambled. At the time, this program was a little too hard for me and a lot of it was written by Tom Engelsiepen. He used a cross compiler to write this, and the compiler was written by Ken Corbin. I have lost touch with these guys.

I'm retired now and my job career was: Texas Instruments -> Becton Dickenson -> Dataproducts -> Hitachi Printing Systems -> Ricoh Printing Systems.

Here are some of my recent interests:

http://chputney.googlepages.com/mydish

http://www.codeproject.com/gadgets/WifiScanner.asp

http://www.codeproject.com/cs/internet/DNSTester.asp

Charles Putney
18 Quinns Road
Shankill
Co. Dublin
Ireland

Senior Projects:

Links

Titan I Epitaph - Control Center

An Introduction to the Athena Computer, 16 May 1969, Brian Dumont, Oregon State University

Ballistic Research Laboratores (BRL) Report No. 1115 March1961 A Third Survey of Domestic Electronic Digital Computing Systems, Martin H. Weik
pg 60
pg 61

Univac Computers Time Line

APPROXIMATE POWER REQUIREMENT OF COMPUTING SYSTEMS

Information Technology Industry TimeLine

Failure Modes In Electronic Components

PR0CEEDINGS OF THE SECOND MEETING of the MINUTEMAN COMPUTER USERS GROUP (1970)- This was published by Professor Charles H. Beck. A "Professor Beck of Tulane" was referenced as the secretary of the Athena Users Group in the 1967 letter from Univac to Joel Platt. Tulane University, School of Science and Engineering. Below, you can read some emails that I received from people at Tulane University.

Designer's Manual for Circuit Design by Analog/Digital Techniques - Charles H Beck and Ming H. Kuo - Tulane University

Sperry-Univac Computer Genealogy

Cold War vets share their stories from Idaho's nuclear sites

Computer Architecture, Alan Perlis

24 BIT Instruction Set Architecture

Univac’s Radio Guidance of Missiles at Vandenberg Air Force Base (VAFB) By Dick KistlerARTIFACTS - Printed Circuit Cards - web site by Lowell A. Benson. I wrote him to tell him of this web site and he replied:

Date: Thu, 27 Sep 2007 07:22:52 -0500 (CDT)
From: "Lowell A. Benson" <labensonusfamily.net>
Subject: RE: Athena

Mark: Thanks for your feedback about our site. I plan to insert a link to your site when I next update our LEGACY site. I've also forwarded your URL to our committee (includes one of the original Athena hardware design engineers and one of the programmers who was at the Cape during many of the Athena controlled launches.)

I'm attaching a copy of a logbook page from an Athena launching site, I'm not sure which one - it shows the last launch as a Delta 8 on 7 March of 1962. This came from one of our field service engineers.

A few comments about the 'Battle Short' switches. Beginning in the early 50s and well into the 70s, military computer specifications required over temperature sensors with automatic turnoff to keep equipments from 'melting' if their cooling systems failed. If it was war-time and the system was involved in a battle, an operator could press the the switch to bypass the automatic shut off system. It was more important to continue the war time mission than to save the hardware to fight another day.

Lowell A. Benson, see www.usfamily.net/web/labenson for Legacy Pages, AHS '56 page, projects, and photos.

CIT G-21

The CIT G-21 was a home grown computer which consisted of two Bendix G-20 CPU's connected together sharing a common memory system. Most of us who worked on the Athena, cut our programming teeth on the G-21 (using ALGOL-20, a local variant of ALGOL-60, and dozens of other obscure languages like THEM THINGS and SNOBOL).

I've moved all the G-21 information and Manuals to their own page: G-21 web page.

Analog Computer in Hamerschlag Hall

I've moved all of the Hybrid Lab's emails and photos to its own web page.

Other Non Athena References and Web Sites

http://www.bitsavers.org/

Schools that had Athena Computers

Mostly found from web searches and emails that I received

Carnegie Institute of Technology, now Carnegie-Mellon University

Southwest Texas State College aka Southwest Texas State University - San Marcos, TX

Date: Thu, 10 May 2012 23:10:50 -0500
Subject: Univac Athena
From: grady early <bbtempranogmail.com>

Does anyone know what happened to each of the 23 Univac Athenas delivered to the Air Force?

I know what happened to the one donated to Southwest Texas State College -- scrapped.

cheers
Grady Early

Here is a report written by Grady Early 1983 Computing History at Southwest Texas State University - Grady Early

For Sale ad in the 17 Jun 1973 issue of the Express and News, San Antonio, TX. Placed by Southwest Texas State University. An Athena is up for bid.

From the Department of Computer Science Newsletter, Fall 2015, Issue 1 (https://cs.txstate.edu/media/uploads/files/newsletter%20-%20online.pdf)

OUR DEPARTMENT— THEN AND NOW

The Department of Computer Science originated as a program in the
Department of Mathematics and achieved departmental status in
1986. The first computer science course was offered in 1968. At that
time, laboratory instrumentation consisted of a Univac Athena and a
terminal connection to the CDC 6400 at the University of Texas.
Early faculty included Wilbon Davis, Grady Early, Robert Goss, David
Hufferd, Henry McEwen, Marcus Muirhead, Ronald Sawey, and
Edward Hibbs. The first BS degree in Computer Science was awarded
in 1973. The MA and MS degrees in Computer Science were approved
in 1979, with the first degree awarded in 1980. In 1988, the first
member with a PhD degree in Computer Science, Dr. Carol
Hazlewood, joined the faculty. The MS degree in Software
Engineering was approved in 1998, and the first degree was awarded
in 2000. The BS program in Computer Science received accreditation
from the Computer Science Accreditation Board in 1999. This
accreditation has been extended and continued by ABET.

Department chairs have been Dr. Grady Early 1986-1987, Dr. C.J.
Hwang, 1987-1991, Dr. Moonis Ali 1991-2005, and Dr. Hongchi Shi
2007-present.

Mankato Vocational-Technical High School, Mankato, MN

Article in the 30 Mar 1967 issue of The La Crosse Tribune, La Crosse, WI. "Computer Study" - Students of computer technology at the Mankato, Minn., Vocational-Technical School make use of the UNIVAC Athena computer to study computer system maintenance. The Athena, famed for its guidance of the Air Force’s Titan 1 ICBM satellites, was donated by the Air Force through the Department of Health, Education and Welfare.

For Sale ad in the 29 Jun 1977 issue of the Star Tribune, Minneapolis, MN. Placed by Independent School District No. 77, listed as Mankato Area Vocational-Technical Institute. An Athena is up for bid.

"FOR SALES Independent School District No. 77 will receive bids on the sale of an Athena Missile Guidance Computer with spare parts, up to 2.00 P.M. on Wednesday, July 13, in its offices at Mankato West High School building, at which time the bids will be opened publicly and read aloud in the Board Room (HI3), which is located in Mankato West High School, 51 Park Lane. Mankato. Minnesota 56001. The Athena Computer can be seen at the Mankato Area Vocational-Technical Institute, 1920 Lee Boulevard, No. Mankato, Minnesota. bids must be submitted on forms that are available from the Business Office. Room 110 of Mankato West High School. The Board of Education will reserve the right to reject any or all bids and to waive informalities in the bidding. Independent School District No. 77 Mankato, Minnesota By: Thomas S. Adams, Clerk"

Oregon State University

Wichita State University

Tulane University

From: Mark DiVecchio <markdsilogic.com>To: candytulane.eduSubject: Professor Charles H BeckDate: Mon, 23 Nov 2009 13:40:31 -0800Candy,I got your email address from the Tulane web site.Back in my college dates (1966-1970), my school, Carnegie-Mellon University got an old computer donated by the US Air Force.It was called the Athena and was a guidence computer for the Titan I missile. Well a bunch of us students got ahold of it and it became our "personal computer" of the era. Of course, it weighed several tons so you couldn't take it to class.I've started a web page about the CMU Athena at: http://www.silogic.com/Athena/Athena.htmlThere were maybe a dozen or more of these computers given to schools across the country. We have a 1967 letter from an Athena Users' Group that was formed. In that letter, it mentions that the secretary of the group was a Professor Beck of Tulane. Searching on the Internet, I've found a Charles H. Beck who was involved with other old, cast off military computers.Based on this letter, I assume that Tulane also had an Athena. Do you know if Professor Beck is contactable or do you know of anyone with knowledge of the Athena at Tulane?It would be great to gather more history about the Athena Computer.Thanks, Mark DiVecchio
Subject: Athena computer - Professor Charles H BeckDate: Mon, 23 Nov 2009 16:15:15 -0600From: "Guedry, Candise A" <candytulane.edu>Cc: "Cahill, Bill H" <cahilltulane.edu> Dear Mark, Unfortunately, Dr. Charles Beck has been deceased since October 12, 1994. The only person who comes to my mind who is still at Tulane and who may be able to assist you is Bill Cahill. Bill is someone who has worked in computer technology at Tulane for a very long time and may know something about the Athena computer. I have copied Bill on this message for his response. Best regards, Candy
Subject: RE: Athena computer - Professor Charles H BeckDate: Tue, 24 Nov 2009 08:34:35 -0600From: "Cahill, Bill H" <cahilltulane.edu> Hi Mark and Candy, I remember hearing about the Athena but it was always second or third hand information. I wish I could help. There are few old-timers around and I guess I'm one. Bill

University of Colorado

From: <ericweissmann.net>
Subject: Athena
Date sent: Mon, 8 Nov 2021 16:02:16 +0200

Mark, I just ran across your page on the Athena. I was a teenage ubernerd at the University of Colorado in the 1970s, and I remember there being an Athena in the basement of the engineering center. I never used it, though. Thanks for the interesting page.

Eric

Utah State University, Logan, UT

For Sale ad in the 6 Feb 1970 issue of The Herald-Journal, Logan, UT. Placed by Utah State University. An Athena is up for bid.

LEGAL NOTICES FOR SALE For sale sealed bids will be received by the Purchasing Department Room 21 Old Main until 1 pm Feb 17 1970 for the sale of: UNIVAC ATHENA DIGITAL COMPUTER, 1 SET MISCELLANEOUS SPARE FARTS INCLUDING II MAJOR DRAWERS, 40 PLUG IN CANS. Specifications on file in the office of the undersigned A cashier's check or bid bond in the amount of 5 percent of the total bid must accompany all bids We reserve the right to reject any and all bids S-FH Baugh Purchasing Agent Utah State University Logan, Utah. Publication Date: February 4 1970

College of Idaho

Northwest Nazarene College, now Northwest Nazarene University

From: "Merlyn" <merlynknightmsn.com>Subject: Athena UnivacDate sent: Fri, 15 Oct 2021 10:04:30 -0600 I found your page when I was searching for info about the Univac. In 1967 Northwest Nazarene College in Nampa, Idaho was given a Athena Univac computer out of the missile site near Mountain Home AFB. That fall 4 or 5 of us physics and math guys got a chance to start playing with it. Over Christmas break that year I spent 40 hours programming it to play Tic-Tac-Toe. Since most student had never seen a computer in real life or touched one my program was designated the most used but most useless program on the machine. Attached is a picture from the yearbook showing me at the console.Thanks for the memories Merlyn Knight
Merlyn,Good to hear from you. I really appreciate the email and photo as I'm always interested in learning about other Athena Computers.First, can I ask if it is OK to use the info and photo on my web page?Second, if you have the time, could you write up any more about the Athena at NNC (NNU)? If you have any information about who worked to get the Athena and where it went when its time came, that would be nice to add to my web page.Who assembled it?How was it powered?Did anyone make any modifications to it?Any interesting stories?Are you still in touch with any of the other students in the yearbook photos?I will forward your comments to my email mailing list of the people who were connected to the Athena at Carnegie Tech.Mark
Mark Feel free to use the picture. Attached is also a picture of the tape drive. Prof Rickard who is in the picture had previously worked for IBM on core memories. We got the machine through government surplus channels. The head of the Physics department at NNC was a man named Gilbert Ford who had worked on the Manhattan District Project during the war and then got a PhD from Harvard. He felt a calling to Christian education and came to NNC to teach. He built a Mass Spectrometer from scratch and was able to secure several grants for research. Since the school didn't have a lot of money but a spectacular reputation he was able to make great connections with the government surplus agency and when the Univac became available it was offered to him. The school got everything including the motor generators and the air conditioning units to cool it. Virgil Vail a prof at the school who was a genius at making things, put it together and got in running. It was up to a small group of us to figure out what it could do. Learning to think and program in octal was a real experience. The only printout we got was in the little cabinet next to the console. It had a Remington Rand 10 key adding machine with solenoids on each key that were activated from the computer. Part of the work we were doing with the mass spectrometer was measuring the percentage of isotopes in carbon dioxide. We were working on a project called Isotope Separation by Zone Melting. The formula to do the calculation was rather complex so the Univac saved time. In the fall of 1968 we did a straw ballot for the presidential election on campus and we used the computer to tally and analyze the ballots. Of course everything had to be hand entered since we had no other way to enter data. It was an incredible learning experience. I'll never forget the first Fortran class I took and discovered that I could use words like "Print" rather than octal instructions. It was a great machine to learn how machine language worked but because it had been designed for one purpose and that was to guide a missile during its powered flight and make any course corrections necessary, it did not lend itself to many practical uses. Our programming had to be very creative to make it useful. With the limited storage we learned to write very tight code. I graduated in 1970 and went on to graduate school in Seattle and lost track of what happened to the machine. Merlyn
Mark We did not make any modifications to the machine.Attached is a description of how I programmed it to play Tic-Tac-Toe.I worked in the school year and during the summers on NSF grant funded projects of "Isotope Separation by Zone Melting" and "Uranium Helium Dating"which involved analyzing data from our Mass Spectrometers All the way thru grad school I used my Pickett N4-ES slide rule for calculating.We were hoping that we could program the Athena to help speed up our calculations. We wrote programs to convert decimal to octal and octal to decimal to help us. In the end the Athena because of its limited input/output capabilities became more of piece of equipment to learn logistical thought processes for programming than really becoming a useful tool for research.No one wanted to spend the time and energy to learn how to modify it into something more useful.It was great fun. Merlyn

Kansas State University

California Polytechnic State University

From: ozatt.netSubject: Great Athena siteDate: Fri, 19 Dec 2008 07:35:48 +0000 Hey Mark, Just wanted to drop a quick note of thanks for your Athena site -- it brought back some fond memories of the installation we had at CalPoly, San Luis Obispo, CA, in the early 70s. Ours had a huge backlit plotter that had both a pen and an alphanumeric print head on it. The print wheel anticipated those to appear later from Diablo/Xerox. I've attached a photo of our console. Thanks again, fun times! Charles Osborne, Portland, Oregon www.RCASelectron.com
Here is an excerpt from the CalPoly web site:The next computer was a Univac missile guidance computer. It, too, was solid state and cost the U.S. tax payer over $5M (in 1998 dollars). It was an unusual machine in a number of aspects. It had two consoles, the one located with the tracking equipment and used to guide the missile and another maintenance console where every flip-flop and register could be viewed and set or reset manually. We only got the maintenance console which was very useful in teaching computer architecture. It was extremely reliable (no failures in the time we had it) and it ought to have been with gold plated contacts and with the PC boards hermetically sealed in stainless steel cans. It also had a "battle short" button which we, evenetually, learned was pressed 5 seconds before a missile was launched - it bypassed all the fuses and circuit breakers in the machine - the machine would melt down before it would quit!
Charles,Thanks for your email.You are first person to contact me that had one of the Athenas. I really appreciate the photos.Our web site is fairly new. I got an email from one of the guys and then some photos and then other emails and the web site just grew.May I use your email and photos on our web page? Do you have any more that you can share. It would be really interesting to see how other Athenas were "used" by students.Mark
Hi Mark, Yes, you have my unrestricted permission to use my letter, photo, and any communications we have. For the record, I am the creator of the photos. (I'll upload them to WikiCommons when I get a chance.) I may have some class notes, but most of my paperwork was lost in a basement flood long ago. More later.... Thanks again. Charles

From: "Wayne" <wmcmorrancharter.net>Subject: AthenaDate: Tue, 19 Apr 2011 19:22:24 -0700 Hello, We inherited an Athena Computer like the one you show but the manuals indicate that it was built by Univac (A Univac representative also reported this.) We uses it for a number of years, after modifying it so we could do some more general purpose computing. Finally we traded it in as scrap metal. Wayne McMorran, Professor Emeritus Cal Poly State University San Luis Obispo, CA 93407
Mark, I was in charge of the project and watched the pieces of the machine arrive in a flat bed truck. After several weeks of installing the false flooring, placing the cabinets in the proper places, connecting "plug x" to "socket x" we finally pushed the start button. It started right up and worked without flaw the entire time we had it. The one cabinet that was strictly missile launching hardware was used to make modifications to the machine. We changed the useless "countdown register" into a makeshift index register, added A/D and D/A converters and, without air conditioning we refrained from using the machine on hot days. At one point, with the addition of an oscilloscope with a long persistence tube, I managed to make a somewhat crude graphics terminal. I used a genuine State of California ball point pen holder to hold the light sensing diode to point at the screen. Eventually we sold it as scrap metal (all the gold plated contacts and stainless steel hardware should have been worth something). After we had the machine for several years, we finally obtained a complete set (10?) of manuals. Prior to that we had only one of the manuals but were able to glean enough information from it to meet our needs. Wayne
Mark, I noticed one article that showed the "Battle Short" button but the writer did not seem to know what it did. I finally found out when talking with one of the men who designed the Athena. He told me, "DON'T EVER PUSH THAT BUTTON!!!" It seems that about 5 seconds before lift-off, the operator pushed that button. What it did was to short out EVERY fuse and circuit breaker in the entire system. They would rather the computer have a melt down and get the missile off the ground than mess up a missile firing. We never pushed it! Wayne
Wayne,I just realized that I had seen your courseware web site where you talked about the Athena.Mark
Mark, Talking about the Athena brings back a lot of memories. In the early days of my career at Cal Poly, the Department head would come into my office an ask the question, "such-and-such" a bank wants to give us their old computer. The first question I'd ask was, "Does it have Vacuum tubes?" The answer was always, "Yes!" I would tell him, "Tell them thanks but no thanks!" It would take half the power from a local power plant to run it and the other half to run the necessary air conditioning. I received the offer of the Athena from a former classmate who was working for the GSA (or some similar organization). We got everything except the ten instruction manuals. We did, through another source, obtain the really important one. We also, eventually, got the safe opened. A student in one of our classes had worked for a locksmith for a time and was able to get at the lock through a hole into the tape storage compartment. It was empty!! Someone probably took pictures of it, but I am not aware of any. We did have a Univac photo of it. It proved handy in trying to figure out where the many cabinets were to be located. Wayne

Titan II Missile Silo at Green Valley, AZ and Davis Monthan AFB

In Green Valley, AZ, there is a Titan II Missile Silo operated as a museum. The Titan II site had a much smaller footprint than the Titan I site. I visited there several years ago. Here is a photo of its guidance computer. Much more modern than the Athena - and MUCH smaller. I can't find my photos but here is one that I found on the internet. Its from the Titan II Museum.

History of the Titan II at Davis-Monthan AFB.

Apr 2011- the Titan II Museum site is gone. I've found new photos.

More Titan II Guidance Computer photos are here. I wish that 30 some years ago, I had taken detailed photos like these of the Athena.

Pat Stakem found this document, several pages of the Titan II Missle Guidance Computer (MGC) manual. It seems to be the computer that is actually inside of the Titan II.
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:TitanII_MGC.pdf

Other Emails

From: "Vern" <garmcocox.net>Subject: AthenaDate: Sun, 11 May 2008 15:46:06 -0700 Hi Mark, Hope this gets to you. I just ran across the website www.silogic.com/athena.html and saw that it was just updated last month. My name is Vern Gaman and I live in Las Vegas, NV. When I got my BSEE degree from Iowa State University in 1961 my first job was as a field service engineer at Remington Rand Univac in St. Paul, MN. I spend from June through December in St. Paul going to school on the Athena and then working on the Athena factory test stands. In January of 1962 I went to Denver and worked there until May working at the Titan sites on the old bombing range East of Denver. That May the Air Force took over the site and I was transfered to the Sperry Gyroscope division of Remington Rand to work on Polaris Submarine computers Your web site and the pictures brought back a lot of memories. Thanks for preserving this stuff. Isn't it amazing to compare the capabilities of the old Athena to the PC sitting on your desk now. Vern Garman Las Vegas, NV
From: "Vern"Subject: Re: AthenaDate: Mon, 12 May 2008 17:00:44 -0700 Hi Mark, Thanks for the note. First, no problem with my email on your website. Should be interesting to hear from other "Athena People". Second, I've attached some thoughts about 1961 and the first part of 1962. Vern Garman
As a senior EE student at Iowa State, I got my first taste of the computer world. Iowa State built a copy of he U of Illinois Illiac computer and it came on line in early 1961. They had to build an addition to the building for it, and it had some interesting hardware. For RAM memory they used 'Williams tubes'. Should be something on the web about them. The senior EE students taking some of the logic courses ended up writing some simple software to run on the 'Cyclone', the name chosen for the ISU version of the ILLIAC. That got me started in the computer world and I spent the next 35 years working with computers. We moved to St. Paul in June of 1961 and I started the ATHENA school. The school was 3 months long and as I remember, there were 5 of us in the class. Covered all parts of the system in great detail. Down to the individual gate level in the processing and IO sections. Spend a lot of time on the control console and the tape unit. And went through the power system and all of its relay sequencing until I could visualize it my sleep. Had an excellent instructor and I credit those 3 months with giving me a solid understanding of computer systems that helped throughout my career. After the school, the other 4 students were shipped off to Titan I sites around the country. My wife and I were expecting our first child in late 1961 so the company kept me in St. Paul until after the baby was born. I got sent to work on the Athena's factory test stands. As components came out of manufacturing a system was installed in one of several secure rooms. The school facility was in building south of the center of St. Paul, right on the river, while the manufacturing area was in the center of town I think on University. I worked with several of the factory test techs in getting the new Athena up and running and ready to ship to a site. Don't remember any particular problems. This was getting toward the end of production and things were running smoothly. Just before Christmas of 1961 we left St. Paul and went to our folks house in Iowa where I left my family and reported to the Univac office at the Buckly Air National Guard facility on the East side of Denver. From January until early May I drove about 50 miles out onto the old bombing range east of Denver 5 or 6 days a week to one of the five Titan I complexes. I'm not sure when work started on those sites, but all of them were pretty well completed and all the equipment was in them when I got there. When I went in to start my shift, I would fire up the Athena and run the diagnostics to make sure everything was ready for the days testing. Most days were spent getting ready to run Air Force acceptance tests, and many test attempts were made. The test that was required before acceptance included: Getting the launch alert. Fill the missiles with LOX. The kerosene was already on board. Raise one of the missiles up on the elevator Raise one of the radar antennas and lock on Simulate a launch and run a simulated guidance program on the Athena Raise a second missile on the elevator Lower the first radar antenna and raise the second and lock on Simulate a launch and run the guidance simulation, Raise the third missile Raise the first radar antenna again and lock on Simulate the launch and run the guidance simulation. This test was attempted at least once a week and sometimes several times in a week, but there was always something wrong. The biggest problem was in the LOX fueling system. Typically the probes going into the birds tanks would freeze up and not retract. I don't remember ever having a problem with the Westinghouse Radar or with the Athena. But most of the tests didn't make it to the point where we were involved. When the tests were actually run the entire complex was sealed up. All of the blast doors were closed, we had parked a couple of miles away and hauled in on busses. I didn't think much about it at the time, but if they would have had a failure that caused the missile to fall (as I think one did at Vandenberg), it could have gotten interesting in the control center. Finally one day in late April, 1962, the test was successful and the Air Force said "we'll take it". I'm glad that there was never a call for a real launch, I'm not sure it would have worked. I was transferred in May to the Sperry Gyroscope Division of Remington Rand in Syosset, Long Island, New York, There I went to school for 3 months to learn about the Polaris Submarine navigation computer before going to the shipyard in Newport News, VA to work on new Polaris boat construction. But that's another story. An interesting note though. After going through sea trials of the USS James Monroe, SSB(N) 622, I took a job in engineering with the AC Spark Plug Division of GM in Milwaukee, WI. At AC I ended up working on the guidance computers for the Titan II ICBM and the Titan IIIC space launch vehicle. These computers were built by IBM in Owego, NY and were airborne units. They were about 2 feet square and a foot tall. Had a drum memory about the same capacity as the Athena's drum. But no ram. All of the intermediate data was stored on "revolver tracks" on the drum. That's where the accumulator was also. Programming was a nightmare. Look up 'revolvers' sometime.

Athena Console Shot

From: Chromehooves Flickytail <chromehooveshotmail.com>Subject: Found another Athena photoDate: Sat, 29 Aug 2009 22:49:54 -0700 Mark, While searching through my files for something completely unrelated, I found another picture of the Athena console-- rather a nice shot. Sadly it is not direct from a print but a photo-copy from a base history. This shot is almost certainly taken at Vandenberg AFB in CA where the Titan I had a test facility used for testing systems of the missile complex for integration etc. This is evident from the room seen in the shot as it is not a domed structure as it would have been at other operational sites. As before, this shows the Athena tasked as the missile guidance computer set for the Titan I weapon system. I suspect the man in the foreground is a RRU engineer, or possibly with Bell Labs (the guidance software authors) or The Martin Co. going over the unit's use and function. Perhaps one of your group might be able to indentify him? Next to him is an AF missile guidance technician. I will keep my eyes peeled for other shots. I have documents covering the Fortran and Besys code for both the Titan I guidance integration and simulation and missile guidance programs if you are interested. They are not completely scanned at this point but are in the works with many other Titan-related tasks. Best wishes, -Pete

I got these emails from Walter Silva - he was the person who got me motivated to build this web page.

Date: Sun, 05 Aug 2007 22:27:55 -0700From: walter silva <wlsilvasbcglobal.net>Subject: Athena computer question. Hello Mark I came across your website while searching google for any photos of the Athena guidance computer used in the old Titan 1 missile system. It is veeeeeery hard to find photos of the Athena, and I was wondering if you might possibly have any photos you could share from your days of working with this machine? I am interested in the early first generation missile systems, and the Athena computer used in Titan 1 is one of the neater parts of the control room. I enjoyed your website, and many thanks if you have anything Athena related you can share. Walter Silva
Mark Thank you for the very nice reply, and many many thanks for being willing to share the photos you have of the Athena you worked on! Any shots that you can share would be fantastic, even if they are not great quality. There is soooooo little information or photos avaiable on the Athena, it will be a real treat to see the ones you have from school, and please take your time in scanning them, you are already doing me a great favor in just being willing to share them. Have a great one. Walter
Hi Mark Great job on the Athena website! There is so little info. available online covering the Athena, your website is a great addition and it is really fun to hear the stories of what happened to at least one of the former Titan 1 missile sites Athena's :) I wish I had material that I could share, but I have found it very very hard to dig up anything on the Athena, your photos you posted are by far the nicest I have seen yet. One website you might want to look at is: https://www.chromehooves.net/Control%20Center3.htm This is a friend of mines website that gives a great photo tour of one of the Colorado Titan 1 missile sites he used to be the caretaker for. The link above will take you to the control room page, and he has some neat old photos of the Athena installed in the launch control center. Mark would you happen to have any other photos of the Athena control console? I am a nut for the really early computers and I would love to see any other pictures you might have. Thanks again for posting the Athena material, and I hope we chat again :) Walter
From: "walter silva" <wlsilvasbcglobal.net>Subject: Athena computer in missile siteDate: Wed, 18 Aug 2010 01:58:35 -0700 Hi Mark Hope you are doing well, it has been a long time since we chated. I dont know if you remember, but I contacted you some time back before you had the Silogic website with questions about the Athena and the photos you had posted on the web, I think I may have helped nudge you into starting silogic up :) I see the site has come quite a ways, and it is really looking great! I found a great video clip of the Titan 1 guidance system I thought you would enjoy, the clip shows Athena being loaded with its targets, and the clip has some great shots of the Athena and its equipment. Here is the link: http://www.criticalpast.com/video/65675072500_Command-Guidance-system_Titan-I-Missile_control-center_operation-room Let me know how things are going, and thanks again for posting all the great information on Athena. Best regards. Walter Silva

Date: Sun, 26 Jun 2011 21:30:41 -0400 (EDT)
From: Dan Miller <danveraearthlink.net>
Subject: Athena II Computer

Hello Mark,

My name is Dan Miller I'm 71 You don't know me and never have. I live in Ohio. However I'm interested in your Athena project. I think I can help somewhat. I've been told that I have a keen memory, not quite photographic but close. I have some archival tech data if I can find it and a lot of first hand knowledge regarding my old friend.

I was surfing this afternoon so I thought I would see if there was anything on the net about my old friend Athena. Sure enough your Athena page popped up.

A little background. In 1960 I was assigned to Sheppard AFB to be an instructor of a newly developed computer system to be used as a guidance computer for the Titan I ICBM (Inter Continental Ballistic Missile). Instructors from Remington Rand Univac came from St. Paul, MN to teach instructors and the first Air Force combat crew stationed at Lowery AFB, CO. The course was to take 6 months. I graduated in Feb 1961 at the head of the class. The course consisted of total repair and programming.

From then, I along with several other instructors taught every AF combat team. I also assisted teaching the Guidance Control Officer Course. By 1965 those courses were completed and we were transferred to another Guidance System for PGM437 an anti-satellite missile program using the Control Data 924A computer which was what they called a second generation computer. Subsequently in 1966 I was transferred to Vandenberg AFB, CA to begin getting familiar with the Titan IIIB program. Along with training the Air Defense Command combat crews for PGM437. In 1966, I along with one other instructor and the first combat crew were sent to St. Paul, MN for 6 Months training for the UNIVAC 642B and UNIVAC 1219 computers.

I actually wound up teaching some of the system since Univac's instructor didn't understand the system.

Back in Vandenberg I continued to teach both the enlisted and officer crews for PGM437 till Sept 1967. I then transferred to Univ.of Arizona and graduated in Feb 1970 as a Mechanical Engineer. While I was at Arizona I was able to experience the power of the CDC 6600. Let me know if you would like any of the technical info I have stored away in the Grey matter.

Cheers, Dan Miller

PS. Sometimes this stuff still keeps me awake at night.

A followup email from Nov 2015:

From: "David E. Casteel" <davidecasteelyahoo.com>
Cc: <danveraearthlink.net>
Subject: Athena computer
Date: Mon, 23 Nov 2015 21:49:50 -0600

Mark,

I know that Athena computers were used as the guidance system for the Thor booster in Program 437 (as mentioned by Dan Miller). I was one of the rotating team members who spent 6 months at Vandenberg AFB doing training and 3 months on Johnston Island operational duty in 1965-1967. I was not a Guidance Control Officer (responsible for the CDC 1600 Targeting Computer and the Athena Guidance Computer) but was the Payload Electronics/Control Officer (in charge of the warhead electronics). However, my friend Capt Larry Small was the Guidance Control Officer on my crew. The ephemeris data for the satellite to be intercepted (and destroyed) came to us from the Philco 2000 in Cheyenne Mountain via an "IBM Cube", output on a standard 80-column IBM card. This was fed into the CDC 1600, which spit out mylar tape in the format required for input to the Athena. My boss, Lt. Col. McCoy (Crew Commander) asked me if it would be possible to bypass the CDC 1600 (it was the weak link in the system) and somehow take the IBM card data and hand-punch a tape for the Athena. After some research, I found it was possible and I developed a worksheet for doing it. With a little practice, I could make the conversion in about 30 minutes. (Since the Thor booster required a 5-hour countdown, there was plenty of time, were it necessary-it never was.) To the best of my knowledge, Program 437 never downed a satellite, but we had made several instrumented practice launches that definitely demonstrated that it would work. There were some follow-on programs (437AP, for example) that were fully successful.

I do not know what modification level the Athena computers in use at Vandenberg and Johnston Island were. I do know that they did their job.

I'm sorry I'm so late with this information, but I just came across this site. It was very interesting.

David E. Casteel
Captain, USAF (ret)
Former Payload Electronics/Control Officer
10th Aerospace Defense Sqdn (ADC)
Vandenberg AFB, California and Johnston Island

More about the Athena and Program 437 can be found here.

Date: Tue, 19 Jul 2011 14:33:53 -0600From: Harlan <harlan-bcomcast.net>Subject: Athena compurer Mark,I graduated from the University of Omaha in June, 1960, with a degree in Physics and Math. At age 15 I had become interested in electronics, was self-taught , and started doing electronic (radio, TV, etc) service. I ran my own service through high school and college, the business paying for a good part of my education. Upon graduation, I accepted a job with Remington Rand Univac, in St Paul, Minnesota, as a field engineer on the Athena. I attend classes daily from my arrival in St. Paul in June, 11960 until October, 1960. The school was in a building at the intersection of Mississippi River Drive and Ford Parkway. Across the street was Ford Motor Company's St. Paul assembly plant. I was assigned to Cape Canaveral, where there were 2 Athena's. While the two were (almost) identical, the older one had been (mechanically designed to going into a semi trailer(s). It was logically identical to the other (newer) Athena (which appeared identical to the ones in your photos), the older one had the logic on pull-out drawers. And a control panel was built into a cabinet - there was no control console on that machine. The newer Athena had an additional cabinet, with a "record" section. This consisted of an additional core memory, which was identical to the main 256 word core - except it was limited so that only 64 24-bit words could be stored. And it had a paper punch, which was the output device. It was my understanding that there were two Athena's with the record section: Cape Canaveral and Vandenberg AFB. This was so that after a guidance operation the data from that operation could be analyzed to see just how the guidance computer had performed. The drum stored 17-bit words in parallel - an unusual arrangement for a magnetic drum. Timing for the Athena was derived from the drum: there were two timing tracks, a clock track, and a sync track. The timing track had a pulse written every 5 usec (microseconds) around the drum. The sync track had ONE pulse written, at word zero, to provide for resynchronization on the timing circuits, if necessary. Those 2 tracks didn't have any provision for writing - no write amplifiers were included for those heads. All other heads on the drum's shroud had write amplifiers - BUT the ONLY time those write amp's were enabled was when loading a program from paper tape. I mentioned above that the drum's word length was 17 bits. There were two instructions that accommodated 24 bit data words: a "load data left" and a "load data right" , which would load the respective 12-bit left and right halves of a 24-bit data word into the core memory. The reason for a 24-bit data word is as follows: missile guidance is done in an earth-centered-coordinate system. Thus, the initial launch point has a "Z' coordinate initial position of (approximately) 20,000,000 feet (1/2 the Earth's diameter, or 4,000 miles, times 5280 feet per mile), or some 20 million feet. To get to 20 million you need a data word of 24 bits, assuming a desired accuracy down to a few feet. Some other computers that I am familiar with: the Librascope drum computer for the Atlas-Centaur deep space launch vehicle was a 25 bit machine; the Minuteman computer, which I think was from Autonetics, had a 27 bit data word, which could be divided into 3 "syllables", or 3 9-bit instructions. The Gemini 2-man spacecraft had an IBM-Owego computer, using multi-hole cores and glass delay lines, and was a 39-bit word, which could be either 3 syllables for 13-bit instructions, of one 26-bit data word and one 13 bit instruction word; and as I remember the Titan-II and Titan-III computers were from IBM-Owego drum machines, and were 2-syllable 24-bit data word machines. Back to the Athena: each instruction had several steps. while I don't remember the exact sequence (it has only been 50 years since I last saw an Athena - how could I forget all these details so quickly), it went something like this (each step being 5 usec apart): step 1, load the contents of core location N to the accumulator; step 2 - load the contents on core location N+m to the quotient register; step 3 - add the contents of "A" and "Q". but the results in (some other register); step 4 -- go the drum address "track + word" for the next instruction; step 5 - store the results from this instruction to core location N+p. In other words, each instruction consisted of several "micro-steps". The logic levels in the Athena were: a logic zero was -2.0 volts, and a logic one was zero volts. A misstatements: one comment referred to the Westinghouse radar used in the Titan-I guidance system. It was actually a radar designed by Bell Telephone Labs, and manufactured by Western Electric, both firms, of course, being subsidiaries of AT&T. Another possible error has to do with the gas used in the Athena's logic modules - someone said it was Argon. My memory says it was dry nitrogen. In my time with Univac at Cape Canaveral, it got to be complete boredom. Nothing ever failed. We did have a set of modified logic modules - they had a switch added so that a fault condition could be set in that module, that module used to replace a normal module, then let the guys find the fault and trace it down to the specific faulty module. (The switch was next to the 50-pin connector in the bottom of the module, so that it wasn't visible when everything was put together. The regular modules, needless to say, did not have the fault switch.) I finally got so bored I went out and found another job - I went to work for General Dynamics/Astronautics on the Centaur, being responsible for the Librascope guidance computer - which was carried on the launch vehicle and worked in conjunction with a Honeywell 4-gimbal inertial platform. That program got involved in political problems, and both my lead engineer and I left for RCA in suburban Boston, on the SAINT - or satellite inspector program. I had been there for 6 months, and my first child had just been born, when the Secretary of Defense canceled the program. I and one other engineer were transferred to the RCA plant in New Jersey that built satellites. After a year there, I left for McDonnell Aircraft in St. Louis, and the Gemini program. We had the IBM computer and the Honeywell inertial platform. And I spent a fair amount of time in IBM's Owego, New York plant. After the NASA/Gemini program, the Air Force contracted to use the Gemini to go to and from an orbiting lab. And I was the project manager for the IBM components - computer and instrument panel items - an "incremental velocity indicator", used for rendezvous operations, and manual data insertion unit, and a manual data readout unit, used by the astronauts. While working on Gemini, I had the opportunity to meet several of the astronauts, including Alan Shepard, and Gus Grissom. After Aerospace, I did some other things, including project management of supervisory control system for electric utilities. Now, I am retired. If anybody wants to discuss the old days of 40 or 50 years ago, e-mail me.Harlan Bercovici

Mark, After I sent my previous message, a light went on in my head, and I realized a couple of things. With regard to the record section, I am quite sure that in addition to the high speed paper punch, it ALSO had a mag tape transport. It was, I believe, a six-level tape, recording 6 parallel channels. That is what was used for post-flight analysis. While our primary purpose was guidance for the Titan-I, we also provided guidance for satellite and space launches, several a year, as I remember it. And when we would get a tape with the program for a satellite or space launch, it was ALWAYS on mylar - never on paper. I recall the mylar as being silvered on one side, and a dark blue color on the other side. Also: at Cape Canaveral, we had two MG sets for each computer. For some reason, it was a 420 cps. This is non-standard - aircraft operate with 400 cycle, and (according to a friend was in the Navy) 400 is standard for ship. Our MG sets were powered by normal 60 cps utility power, EXCEPT when we were going to do a guidance operation. Then, the entire building switched to a standby diesel generator.I do not have any information or literature about the Athena - I haven't had any contact with that item for 50 years. And yes, you certainly may use my e-mails as you see fit. Use then either as sent, or edited down, as you deem appropriate. Final: the military designation for the Athena was AN/GSK-1. Harlan Bercovici

From: Ls28aol.comDate: Sun, 4 Apr 2010 20:36:20 EDTSubject: Re: Athena Mark, everyone, My wife & I just got back from DC (cherry blossom time). Yesterday, we walked around the national mall a little and stopped in at the Smithsonian castle. I had to ask. "Once something is accepted by the Smithsonian, do they ever throw anything away?" I mentioned a main-frame computer donated in the early '70's. One woman at the information desk tried looking it up on her computer but without results. The elderly woman at the information desk told me that she had worked behind the scenes in the anthropology section for eight years and in that time she never saw anything thrown away. She made the statement twice and mentioned some large warehouses out by Andrews Air Force base. She also mentioned everything has to be in deep freeze because of insects. That may be true in anthropology, I'm not sure they would freeze technology. Maybe, just maybe, the Athena is still there. There could be a place for the console to be on display: Beyond the Limits -National Air and Space Museum Exhibition Home Page (http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/gal213/) So, all that would be needed would be a modern power supply and a mini-computer to bring the old console to life. It would also be nice to agree on the message that would be encoded in the flashing of the lights. "ASDG" "Go, Tartans" "Never trust a computer you can pick up." - Pat Stakem ... Lauston Stephens
Lauston, I was in on the donation and delivery of the Athena. It went to the Silver Hill Facility (which is what you were referring to) as far as I know, and was put into storage. Think: that scene at the end of "Raiders of the lost ark" ..pat
I also helped with the donation. I spent most of my evenings that summer ('72) between graduation and the start of grad school recableing all the interconnections between cabinets so the machine could be taken apart for shipping without just cutting wires. Lots of soldering and burnt fingers. I also helped them load it into the moving van for its trip to the Smithsonian. I also at that time snuck in a couple of B250's onto the van for good luck. I was told that at one time that the main console had been on display with some history of computers exhibit at the Smithsonian. I didn't get to see that (I think, its vague, maybe I did). Glenn

Another Life for the Athena??

From: Patrick Stakem <PStakemloyola.edu>Date: Thu, 26 May 2011 14:44:03 -0400Subject: Smithsonian The Smithsonian called me today. They are working on the Athena! They need some help. Let the guys know. WE ARE PUTTING THE ASDG BACK TOGETHER! They have Bogart parts mixed in with the Athena stuff, and a lot of things they need identified. contact is Peggy Kidwell, 202-633-3828, kidwellpsi.edu Dr. M retired quite a few years ago.
Hi Pat, Did they say why they were doing this or provide any more specifics? These days, museums (and the Smithsonian is one of them doing this) tend to use artifacts to tell stories rather than to just display the artifact as some neat old thing. What story are they trying to tell? I can't believe they would want to tell a story of how a bunch of college kids took an old cast of computer and restored and enhanced it :-) I can only imagine that they are trying to tell a story about the early ICBM defense (from where are they going to get the Titan I :-) I think the Titan I / Athena was the first silo ICBM. Is the display to be associated with some "larger" story and if so what part is it to play? Or something completely different. Inquiring minds want to know ;-) 73, Chris Hausler
From: "Mark DiVecchio" <markdsilogic.com>To: kidwellpsi.eduDate: Fri, 27 May 2011 17:04:41 -0700Subject: Athena ComputerPeggy,I just got an email from Pat Stakem. He said that you contacted him about the Athena Computer. He didn't give many details about the help you need so I thought I would send you this email.We have an informal mailing list of about a dozen former students from Carnegie-Mellon University who worked on this computer.If you tell us what you need, we might be able to help out.Mark
From: "Kidwell, Peggy" <kidwellpsi.edu>To: "'Mark DiVecchio'" <markdsilogic.com>, Patrick Stakem <PStakemloyola.edu>Date: Tue, 31 May 2011 08:09:38 -0400Subject: Athena Computer Dear Pat and Mark: Thank you for your offers of help relating to the Athena computer. Many years ago, several people from Carnegie Mellon (including Pat) brought to the museum considerable parts of the Athena and related components. There were complicated questions about ownership of the machine, which delayed routine processing of it for many years. Some sorting has taken place, and I am now trying to actually complete the processing. I hope to go and look at the pieces stored off-site next month. There are numerous small modules which an intern began looking at this spring. Most of these are clearly associated with the Athena, or with a Ferranti paper tape reader that came with it. However, mysteries remain. My plan is to compile a list of the pieces and to obtain rough photographs of the mysteries. Would you be willing to look at these, identify what you can, and should you not know what they are, circulate the images on Mark's web site for identification? It is quite fascinating to see how the Athena was used - and modified - in a university setting. Once again, thank you for your attention. Sincerely, Peggy Kidwell
Peggy,We would be happy to help you out doing the indentification of the pieces that you have. If you send me the questions and any photos, I can circulate the photos via my web page and I'm SURE that we can tell you what is what.Many of us spent years with the Athena and have a special fondness for it. The Athena provided us poor undergrad engineering students a venue to actually wire up real computer circuitry that did real operations and not just a lab experiment. I think that Pat Stakem had real forsight to have arranged to have CMU donate the Athena to the Smithsonian Institution back in the early 1970's.If you need to call me, my phone is 858-245-6427Mark

Links and Related Stories

61-year-old computer springs back to life

From Chris Hausler: I wonder what the official "production date" of the Athena is? I recall reading a few years ago that someone had a PDP-1 still running and I believe someone else had an IBM 1620 running (I think the 1620 was transistorized, I never used or even saw one) or, of course, the ubiquitous IBM 1401. There's gotta be one of those out there in running condition. All are vintage early 60's I believe and maybe even very late 50's. Paul Pierce's computer museum has a number of old machines and at one time I read that some of the early ones were still functional although that was something I read a decade ago. ( http://www.piercefuller.com/collect/index.html ).

From: "David Chou" <dchouuw.edu>Subject: Atlas Agena lauch computer displayDate: Thu, 28 Nov 2013 13:57:08 -0800 This Atlas Agena launch computer was on display at the Smithsonian Air and Space Museum in Virginia where I visited last week. I don't know if this was the display for which the Smithsonian was soliciting assistance, but looks a lot nicer than the old resurrected computers at Carnegie. Dave

More mystery Cordwood Computer Modules

From: peterbnewman <peterbnewmanmarincounty.net>Subject: help identifying mystery cordwood?Date: Tue, 1 Sep 2015 19:40:21 -0700 Hi Mark and Pat. You don’t know me. I got your names from a web site (see below, at bottom) a couple years back… I don’t even recall which site, I just found the screen shot in some old files I was going through from 2013. The email in the screen shot was written in 2011 — so I don’t know if this will find either of you… and if you’re still in the mood to be helpful? I should give you a bit of background first. I tried selling computers (IBM XTs) after college, during the great "PC Revolution” of the 1980’s. I didn’t stay in that industry, but it did turn me into something of a gear head. I collected a few vintage items back in the 1980’s, mostly for art’s sake. Then three years ago I wondered if I could find any vintage computing stuff on eBay. That was incredibly naive, and I was like a kid in a candy store when I found what was there. I started-out to get a few old HP boards, then saw I could get early IBM and Univac pieces… and my interests kept growing as my collection did. A year-plus ago I decided it was time to share my collection with the public and got myself booths at a couple local tech fairs [makerfaire.com]. I did both a large 2-day fair that 100,000+ people attend, and also a smaller mini fair (2,000 people) more oriented toward kids. (see photos) My goal in this is to interest kids in educations and careers in technology by lighting a little gear head in some percentage of them. I hand out polished silicon wafers and colored brochures that recap what they saw in my booth, and I hope some might be positively influenced by my materials. I also try to have visually interesting, colorful items — and to tell kids about some of the more-interesting, less-well known aspects of the computer industry. There’s more to computers than just video games, but most kids are clueless, haven’t even seen a computer chip before. (I also tell them about manufacture, testing, design, advertising, promotional materials, etc.) I was all-set to exhibit again at this year’s big 2-day Maker Faire when we got a 60-day notice to move from our landlords. I hope to get a booth next year, as the San Mateo show (Silicon Valley) is a blast to be at, either as fair-goer or fair-exhibitor! The other goal of my collection is to leave study-worthy materials behind for future generations. To that end I compete with gold scrappers on eBay for some items, and in other cases I buy stuff just because it’s unusual and interesting to me — and I figure my interest will result in good stories I can tell the kids. I get interested in all sorts of materials, and got interested in pursuing the cordwood story. In that process I collected cordwood examples from quite a few (six) different companies. (photos below) The reason I’m writing you is one of those is a “mystery” cordwood piece — a board with multiple blocks on it, and unfortunately no names or numbers to help me identify it or know where it fits in the bigger story. So I’m sending you photos on the 1% chance that either of you is The Guy — or know who is (and could forward my inquiry) — who could recognize this cordwood piece? I hate the idea that it will disappear into history with no identification, no explanation. The only cordwood boards I can find that are vaguely similar are from Olivetti (mostly the 101), but they are not close enough for me to say mine is Olivetti. Any help deeply appreciated. Peter Newman TECHNICALLY BEAUTIFUL San Rafael, CA
here’s what the entire mystery cordwood computer board looks like
Here’s my display of the 6 different companies’ cordwood that was on the table top top row: Burroughs, CDC, more Burroughs (on chunk of black back plane) bottom row: GE ERMA computer, two of the mystery blocks, two small Univac [from a P3 Orion], two even-smaller RCA
Peter, I've forwarded your email to our hardware guru, Chris Hausler. He might have an idea.His name is all over my web page also. If you could take a photo of the other side of the board and some closeups of the cordwood module itself. Might help.Mark
Hi Peter, I got your other email with all the photos just fine. I too collect certain old computer items, some modules but specialize in switch and lamp front panels (and that one with the yellow and orange switches on it in the photos looks real nice, what is it from?). Looking at the photos, one DSCF8912, has various kinds of modules. In the top left and right, they are obviously Burroughs modules from B250's or other Burroughs machines which used them. In the top center those three look like CDC 6600 modules. The units in the bottom half of the tray however are foreign to me. The one showing all the little square cordwood modules plugged into a large backplane, however, is foreign to me. I've never seen anything like it. I think cordwood modules are mostly all from the late 1950's and early 1960's when transistors were first being used so you might want to research that period. As I said I collect mostly front panels, having about 15 so far, but the well seems to have dried up, I haven't gotten any new ones lately. You mentioned their collection for art's sake and because they were the "face of the machine" their manufacturers usually tried to make them attractive as well as functional (usually :-) I mount them as industrial art around my home. In some cases, the front panels I have are from the actual machines on which I worked. I've attached a .pdf showing a display I put on at a meeting of the local railroad museum (I did computer control systems for the rail industry) you might enjoy. One of the included photos is of one side of my home office wall (spare bedroom, I worked out of my house for about the last 17 years of my working life when I wasn't on the road installing systems). There are four panels shown including one of the two from the system the .pdf documents and all are from machines I used. The PDP-11/70 in the lower left corner of that photo was my development and support system during most of the 1980's for my then staff of about 15 programmers. I do collect certain modules, having several from that B250 as well as several from a PDP-8 and a DDP-516 (and its front panel) as well as some single ones, one of those CDC 6600 units, a G-15 vacuum tube unit and a few more obscure ones. I hang these from my Christmas Tree each year :-) My favorite module, however, is from my favorite pioneer computer, MIT's Whirlwind, the first computer designed for real time work, the first to use core as main memory, the first with a graphical user interface and many other firsts. Several years ago I wrote up the story of how I got interested in computers. There are some links and photos in this document, a couple, front and back, of that Whirlwind module. It is posted on Mark's page and here is the link: http://www.silogic.com/Athena/photos/Chris%20Hausler/ChrisComputerB.pdf Sorry I cannot help with that one unit however. 73, Chris Hausler

The Athena's Original Home ??

From: strategosspacewarfare.infoSubject: Univac Athena Missile Guidance ComputerDate: Tue, 8 Sep 2015 12:41:51 -0600 Mark, I enjoyed your web page on the Athena computer. I saw a mention of this in the Carnegie-Mellon Today magazine. I would like your advice on some of my experiences with a computer at CMU in the early to mid 1970's. I was a physics major then, and was shown a computer system in a room just inside the door (on the left) of the entrance to either Porter Hall or Scaife Hall, entering from Schenley Park. I was told this was an old missile computer, and I was given a demo by some students, who started up a rather loud generator system to turn on this computer. Is this the Athena <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATHENA_computer> computer you are referring to? At that time I was given several 3-D transistor modules from it, which I still possess. I'm theorizing that this computer was actually from Johnston Island in the Pacific supporting the Program 437M <https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_437> anti-satellite (ASAT) system. The timing would be correct to be donated to CMU after Hurricane Celeste <https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Celeste_(1972)> destroyed the island. If this was true, then the modules I have would be quite historic, being part of one of the earliest space weapon systems in existence. I live in Albuquerque and one of the local museums has an actual Thor missile from Johnston Island, making it probably one of the ASAT missiles, though I do not believe they are aware of this. Any thoughts on this? By the way, I am one of the World's top experts in outer-space warfare, and I am a member of the board of directors of the New Mexico Museum of Military History. Thanks, Paul Szymanski Space Strategies Center Strategos@spacewarfare.info
Paul,Thanks for your email. I've forwarded it to the others from our Athena group. You might be getting a few responses.I am pretty sure that the Athena was the only computer on the CMU campus that required a "rather loud generator".So you must have seen the Athena. It was in room 55 of Hamerschlag Hall from about 1967 until the summer of 1972.The "3-D" computer modules were probably from the many Burroughs B-200 computers that the school was given. We canibalized these computers for parts. There is a photo on my web page of one of these modules. You can compare it to the one you have.I don't think anything of what you saw had anything to do with the ASAT systems.Mark
Hi Paul, To expand a little bit on what Mark said, the only place you would have seen the Athena in operation was in a walled off section of room HH55 in Hamerschlag Hall up against the west outside wall of the building. I don't believe the Athena, even in transit was ever in any building except Hamerschlag Hall. But your description of the start-up of computer with the motor generators spinning up and sounding like a siren as it did is a pretty exact description of the experience (with the windows open even though they faced west away from the campus, I can recall hearing the thing start up in the middle of the night from up on the cut :-). Once they were up to speed all you heard was a loud rushing air noise. Further, the Athena at CIT/CMU was donated to the school I believe in 1965 and first made operational in 1966 as I arrived in fall 1966 and witnessed its rebirth. It was removed sometime in the early 70's and transferred to the Smithsonian through efforts by Athena group member Pat Stakem. A number of Athena's were donated to schools at this time. My involvement with the Athena was minimal, just writing an early debug software package which interfaced with the Friden Flexowriter one of the other students had connected to the machine. I believe the last use of an Athena by the government is documented on the site and was about 1972. But it appears that most of them were decommissioned in the mid 1960's with the decommissioning of the Titan I. As to modules, I agree with Mark in that what you seem to be describing is a Burroughs B-250 module, not an Athena Module. The Athena modules were "cans" sealed with two atmospheres of Argon as I recall. I've attached a photo from the site showing a close up of one of the racks with a couple of these modules showing. We don't have a photo of a free standing Athena "can". The 3-D description you mention is more likely more properly called "Cordwood" construction. I've attached a photo from the site of one of the B-250 modules as well. I have several of these modules including a couple of the flip flop modules shown in this photo. The blue plastic handle was actually an extraction tool and not all modules had them on. One of my flops has the handle attached, one doesn't. They could be detached and moved to another module as all had the little side clips which grasped the handle. (I hang my little collection of B-250 modules on my Christmas tree each year as ornaments :-). There were various reasons for cordwood construction instead of the more popular planar printed circuit construction. I believe with the Burroughs units, it was ease of repair as the axial components are all located around the outside of the module and components with more leads (transistors and such) were wire-wrapped to pins on top of the module (as the photo shows). Possibly the most popular use of cordwood construction was in Seymour Cray's CDC 6600. With these modules, the purpose of cordwood construction was to minimize the circuit trace length between components to speed up operation. You can find a fair amount of information on the 6600 including photos of 6600 modules on the web. These were definitely not easy to repair as the components were located between two closely spaced circuit cards (and yes, I have one of these, also hung from my Christmas tree each year. Yes, I'm weird :-). With the arrival of integrated circuits, the advantages of cordwood construction over planar construction essentially disappeared. The school acquired quite a number of these B-250's in I believe about 1967 or 68. They had come from Bank of America and had been used in early experiments for computer reading of checks. I think there were at least 7 of these if not more. Only one was made operational by the Athena Systems Development Group (ASDG) as we were called. I recall that we took the core planes out of the others and tested them in the one we got operational. Four of them worked without error and without requiring adjustment to the working B-250. I used one of these for a couple of months or so to store my programming (core memory doesn't forget when powered off), disconnecting the normal unit from the machine and installing "mine" while I was developing and testing my program, the reversing the process when I was done. I like to think of it as an early example of a "memory stick" :-) Where is the New Mexico Museum of Military History? I occasionally get out that way (and will be passing through New Mexico on Amtrak in a couple weeks). As to the Titan I, and the follow-on Titan II, I have read articles saying that the actual chance of success of a launch of one of these silo missiles was not large. Further, although there were three missiles per site, only one could be launched at a time as the Athena and related equipment could only track and control one launch at a time. I believe the Titan I at least had to be jacked out of the silo before launch as well and used very unstable fuel. A different computer and more stable fuel were used for the Titan II. But both were liquid fueled rockets and part of the launch process involved fueling. This was of course in the days of the defense policy of "MAD". Even though their chance of successful launch was not great, any potential "first strike" foe would have been foolish to take a chance that it wouldn't work "that day". But due to all these problems and rapidly developing technology, both missile and computer, the Titan I in particular had a very short life, replaced by the minuteman system. The Titan II became popular as a research launch vehicle, for the manned space Gemini program in particular. 73, J. Chris Hausler

We weren't able to give Paul any new ideas.

Another old timer

From: james chew <8152jomgmail.com>Subject: Athena Systems Development Group member wishes to contact you.Date sent: Sun, 26 Jun 2016 14:51:00 -0400 Hello Mark, I recently got an iPad and found an ASDG site. I was thrilled to see my name on it (Jim Chew). It brought back many good memories. I was Tom Engelsiepen's roommate his senior year. I was also Charlie Putney's roommate his senior year. I sure had a good time, learned a few things and made many friends. Email me back if you get this. A brief message would be good.
Jim,I'm not sure that you got my first response to your email.We would love to hear your memories about the Athena.Mark
From: james chew <8152jomgmail.com>Date sent: Fri, 5 Aug 2016 17:01:22 -0400Subject: Re: Athena Systems Development Group member wishes to contact you. Hello Mark, Yes I did get your message, thanks. A great Athena story involving me and Charlie Putney was the time that everyone decided that it was too hot in the Athena Room in the warmer months. In one of our building explorations we came across a window air conditioning unit and decided to"borrow" it. It worked great. However, one of the building maintainance men noticed a new air conditioner from the outside of Hammerschlag Hall and tracked us down. He told us firmly that installing air conditioners was a maintainance job. It was almost spring and I think they took it back. Anyone got any more stories? Jim Chew
From: james chew <8152jomgmail.com>Subject: Athena Group MemoriesDate: Tue, 18 Oct 2016 21:02:53 -0400 Hello Mark, recently got an iPad and found your site. This anecdote is for you to share with members of the ASDG. I'm not too swift with this thing so let me know if you get this: 8152jom@gmail.com. It was the opinion of the Group that the Athena room got too hot during the warmer months. During one of our building explorations we found an unused air conditioner and "borrowed" it. It cooled the Athena room down; however, one of the Maintenance men noticed a new air conditioner in Hammerschlag Hall. He quickly came to us and sternly informed us that all air conditioner work was the job of the Maintenance men. The air conditioner was taken back. Charlie Putney helped me with this adventure. Mark, in answer to your question,no, I don't have any pictures of the Athena. I wish I would have had a camera; I'd like to have some pictures of the large electrical machines in Hammerschlag room 50 (down the hall from room 55A). I'd also like to commend you on your interest in railroading. I've been interested since I was a little boy (age 3). After graduating from C-MU I went to work for Conrail, then to Union Switch & Signal, then to CSX, and on to my last job at Westinghouse Air Brake ; am now retired. I collect antique radios and TV's, and tinker with simple electronics (diodes, transistors, etc. on breadboards.) That's a beautiful model railroad you've got. Keep the pictures and stories coming.
Jim,I got your email and I will forward it to the ASDG mailing list and I will add it to the Athena web page.I've been playing with Lionel Trains since I was two years old. Still love it.My cousin, Dino Iasella, worked for US&S from the 80's until the early 2000's.Mark
From: james chew <8152jomgmail.com>Subject: Your cousin DinoDate: Wed, 19 Oct 2016 14:46:15 -0400 Hi Mark, thanks for the note. I remember Dino being very friendly to me. He was a C-MU grad. He died very young (age 42 I think.) Jim.

From: "Tom " <unclefutsycomcast.net>
Subject: TITAN 1
Date sent: Mon, 25 Sep 2017 09:04:31 -0400

GREAT READ MARK, THANK YOU. I WAS IN THAT PROGRAM AT LARSON AFB 64-65.
THANK YOU

THOMAS, GUIDANCE AND FLIGHT CONTROL USAF TITAN 1

From: Karl Granzow <kegranzowgmail.com>Date sent: Tue, 26 Mar 2024 13:22:07 -0700Subject: Athena Computer I just visted your page and was very impressed with it. I was trained on the Athena in 1961 and maintained them at Mtn. Home AFB until 1964. Thanks for the memories. Karl Granzow PS I latter went on to service the CDC 6600 and 7600 computers'
Karl,Thanks for your email. We would be interested in hearing your experiences with the Athena and I can post them on the web page for everyone to read. Do you have any photos?Mark

The last word(s)

Pat wrote:
"<>

When men were men, and computers filled vast rooms with raised flooring.
Not these wimpy laptop girly-Vista machines...
Why, these damn young kids don't know how lucky they are.

<>"

Chris wrote:
"Its interesting to wake up one morning and realize that you've gone from just studying history to also being studied as history..."

This site prepared and maintained by Mark DiVecchio

email : markd@silogic.com

DiVecchio HOME
Frazzini HOME
Site HOME