>2K5 " -152 E>@>H> 1K;8 2AB@5G5=K 2 1@>=5B0=:>2KE G0ABOE 8 2 <>B><5E0=878@>20==KE ?5E>B=KE ?>4@0745;5=8OE !>25BA:>9 @<88 > B0:>9 ?@>E>48<>AB8 8 ?>4286=>AB8 ?> 1574>@>6LN ?@8 2>7@>AH59 ?C;5AB>9:>AB8 >=8 <>3;8 B>;L:> <5GB0BL. > 2A5E: :>=AB@C:B>@>2, 8A?KB0B5;59, M:A?;C0B0F8>==8:>2 15A?>:>8;0 =5=0456=0O 8 =5C4>1=0O A8AB5<0 2=5H=53> ?>42>40 2>74CE0 : H8=0<. 54:89 <0@H ?> 70@>AH59 ?5@5A5G5==>9 <5AB=>AB8 >1E>48;AO 157 A@K20 H0@=8@=KE 3>;>2>: A> ABC?8F :>;5A 8;8 ?@>AB> >1@K20 ?>42>4OI8E H;0=3>2. 0<5=0 :>;5A B0:65 1K;0 >G5=L B@C4>5<:>9. 1 MB>< 2A5 7=0;8, => @5H5=85 7040G8 2=CB@5==53> ?>42>40 (G5@57 ABC?8FC :>;5A0) ;8=59=KE (157@54C:B>@=KE) <>AB>2 >:070;>AL =5?@>ABK<, E>BO 59 =0G0;8 70=8<0BLAO ?> 8=8F80B825 8=65=5@0-8A?KB0B5;O ..02@5=BL520 5I5 25A=>9 1953 3>40. !?@>5:B8@>20;8 8 873>B>28;8 4>AB0B>G=> <=>3> 20@80=B>2, >4=0:> :064K9 87 =8E, :@><5 70254><> =5C40G=KE, =5 @5H0; 7040GC 2 :><?;5:A5 2A5340 =0E>48;8AL A;01K5 AB>@>=K. -B> 8 CA:>@5==K9 87=>A C?;>B=ONI8E ?>25@E=>AB59, =87:0O 35@<5B8G=>ABL A>548=5=89, B@C4=>ABL :0G5AB25==>3> 873>B>2;5=8O 8 <>=B060, ?>2KH5==K5 ?>B5@8 =0 B@5=85 (@0AE>4 B>?;820 C25;8G820;AO =0 5%), 2KA>:0O A515AB>8<>ABL, 4>;389 ?@>F5AA (20 <8=CB) =0:0G:8 H8= (=54>AB0B>G=K5 ?@>E>4=K5 A5G5=8O). 5;53:85 ?>8A:8 ?@85<;5<KE @5H5=89 ?@>4>;60;8AL 2 B5G5=85 =5A:>;L:8E ;5B. @8=OBK9 2 45:01@5 1955 3>40 ?;0= <>45@=870F88 " -152 ?@54CA<0B@820; 2 ?5@2CN >G5@54L ?@8<5=5=85 2=CB@5==59 ?>4:0G:8. #65 2 =0G0;5 1956 3>40 1K;8 ?>AB@>5=K ?5@2K5 >1@07FK !-1521 A ?>42>4>< 2>74CE0 : H8=0< <564C ?>4H8?=8:0<8 ABC?8F :>;5A. E>BO 1K;8 ?@8<5=5=K 5I5 =5 >:>=G0B5;L=K5 @5H5=8O ?>8A: ?@>4>;60;AO, <0H8=0 AB0;0 A>25@H5==> 4@C3>9. 0@0;;5;L=> H;0 >B@01>B:0 A8AB5<K 2=CB@5==53> ?>42>40 2>74CE0 : H8=0< 4;O B@5E>A=>3> 3@C7>2>3> 02B><>18;O >1I53> =07=0G5=8O !-151, ?@>B>B8?0 7=0<5=8B>3> -157. :>=G0B5;L=> MB0 A8AB5<0 1K;0 7025@H5=0 2 ?@85<;5<>9 4;O 2A5E :>=AB@C:F88 B>;L:> 2 1957 3>4C. =0 >:070;0AL 4>AB0B>G=> B5E=>;>38G=>9 8 157 >A>1KE 70B@C4=5=89 AB0;0 2=54@OBLAO =0 <0H8=0E �1521�, �485�, �157�. 10;0=A8@=K5 CAB@>9AB20 704=59 ?>425A:8 22>48;8AL 1>;55 =0456=K5 8 4>;3>25G=K5 ?>4H8?=8:8 A:>;L65=8O, =5 1>OI85AO C40@=KE =03@C7>:, : B><C 65 A> 7=0G8B5;L=> ;CGH59 3@O7570I8B>9, GB> ?>72>;8;> ?@0:B8G5A:8 701KBL >1 8E ACI5AB2>20=88. >H;8 8 =0 ?@8<5=5=85 1>;55 B@C4>5<:8E 2 873>B>2;5=88 8 >1A;C6820=88 (12 =>2KE B>G5: A<07:8), => 87=>A>AB>9:8E A0<>@53C;8@C5<KE H0@=8@=KE 3>;>2>: 704=8E @50:B82=KE BO3. 5@=C;8AL : �@>4=K<� <>AB0< A H5AB87C1>9 254CI59 H5AB5@=59 3;02=>9 ?5@540G8, GB> 70AB028;> ?>2KA8BL ?5@540B>G=>5 G8A;> 2KAH59 ?5@540G8 2 @0A?@545;8B5;L=>9 :>@>1:5 4> 1,395. 5@540B>G=>5 G8A;> ?>=860NI59 ?5@540G8 =5 C40;>AL ?@>?>@F8>=0;L=> C25;8G8BL. -B> =5A:>;L:> A=878;> BO3>2K5 A2>9AB20 <0H8=K. @0240, 206=K9 ?0@0<5B@ ?@545;L=K9 ?@5>4>;5205<K9 ?>4J5< ?@0:B8G5A:8 =5 C<5=LH8;AO. 0:A8<0;L=0O A:>@>ABL =0 H>AA5 4>AB830;0 75,8 :</G. I5 @07 @0AH8@8;8 :>;5N 4> 1755 << ?5@54=8E :>;5A 8 1750 << 704=8E, 4>182H8AL 8E ?>;=>3> A>2?045=8O. AB5AB25==>, GB> <=>385 =>2K5 03@530BK 8 45B0;8, ?5@2>=0G0;L=> A>740==K5 4;O " -1521, ?5@5H;8 8 =0 >4=>B8?=K9 -157 (H:2>@=52K5 C7;K ?5@54=53> <>AB0, M;5<5=BK ?>4:0G:8, B>@<>7>2, ?>GB8 ?>;=>ABLN ;5154:0 8 4@.). 5B>< 1957 3>40 <8=8AB@ >1>@>=K !!! <0@H0; ..C:>2 A ?@54AB028B5;O<8 5=HB010 A<>B@5; 2 45;5 " -152 (A 2=5H=59 ?>4:0G:>9) 8 -1521 A 4>@01>B0==>9 2=CB@5==59 A8AB5<>9 ?>42>40 2>74CE0 : H8=0<. K2>4 >= A45;0; >4=>7=0G=K9 ?>AB02;OBL 2 0@<8N <0H8=K B>;L:> A 2=CB@5==59 ?>4:0G:>9. "0:8< >1@07><, <0@H0; ..C:>2 5I5 @07 >:070; @5H0NI55 A>459AB285 B5E=8G5A:><C ?@>3@5AAC 2 2>5==>< 02B>AB@>5=88 8 ?5@5>F5=8BL 53> 2;8O=85 =0 MB> B@C4=>. ?@>F5AA5 ?>43>B>2:8 : ?@>872>4AB2C -1521 8 -1521, AB02H8E A0<K<8 C40G=K<8, @01>B>A?>A>1=K<8, 70:>=G5==K<8 2 A2>5< @0728B88 8 4065 2=5H=5 30@<>=8G=K<8 <>48D8:0F8O<8, ?>A;54>20B5;L=> ?@>4>;60;>AL A>25@H5=AB2>20=85 <0H8= B5:CI53> ?@>872>4AB20. @><5 <5@>?@8OB89, @50;87>20==KE =0 " -152, 1K;8 22545=K 0;N<8=852K5 :>@?CA0 <0A;>D8;LB@>2, @0A?@545;8B5;8 A 20:CC<-02B><0B0<8 8 C;CGH5==K<8 E0@0:B5@8AB8:0<8, =5@07J5<=K5 (1>;55 ?@>G=K5) :>@?CA0 ?5@54=8E ?>2>@>B=KE :C;0:>2, MDD5:B82=K5 @578=>2K5 C?;>B=5=8O ?>4H8?=8:>2 :0@40==KE H0@=8@>2, >B>?8B5;8 >18B05<KE >B45;5=89 :>@?CA>2, 1>;55 A>25@H5==K5 @0F88 -113, -?@81>@K =>G=>3> =01;N45=8O, A8AB5<K >14C20 25B@>2KE AB5:>; =03@5BK< 2>74CE><, A25B><0A:8@>2>G=K5 =0A04:8 =0 D0@K. 5>4=>:@0B=K5 ?>?KB:8 >1;53G8BL C?@02;5=85 �152�, 3>@074> 1>;55 BO65;>5 ?> A@02=5=8N A �152� (@57:> 2>7@>A;8 @07<5@K 8 AF5?=K5 A2>9AB20 H8=), =5 40;8 ?>;>68B5;L=KE @57C;LB0B>2. #AB0=>2:0 384@>CA8;8B5;O (#) @C;O, ?@>872545==0O 2 0?@5;5 1958 3>40 8 ?>72>;O2H0O C25;8G8BL A:>@>AB8 42865=8O ?> 2K18BK< 4>@>30< (C40@K C65 ?>GB8 =5 ?5@54020;8AL @C:0< 2>48B5;O), ?@82>48;0 : B><C, GB> AB0;8 ;><0BLAO ?5@54=OO ?>425A:0 A >?>@=K<8 C7;0<8, @C;52K5 :@>=HB59=K 8 BO38, H:2>@=52K5 C7;K 8 4065 10;:8 <>AB>2. ?>A;54AB288 MB0 :0@B8=0 ?>2B>@8;0AL ?@8 ?>?KB:5 2=54@5=8O # @C;O =0 3@C7>28:5 -157. K; A45;0= 2K2>4 CAB0=>2:C # @C;O =5>1E>48<> 70:;04K20BL >4=>2@5<5==> A =0G0;>< ?@>5:B8@>20=8O H0AA8 40==>3> 02B><>18;O 8 CG8BK20BL 53> 2 @0AG5B0E =0 ?@>G=>ABL. F5;>< 65 2A5 :>=AB@C:B>@A:85 8 B5E=>;>38G5A:85 703>B>2:8 ?> 152-< <0H8=0<, @01>B0NI8< 2 1>;55 BO65;KE, G0I5 2A53> M:AB@5<0;L=KE CA;>28OE, ?>765 A CA?5E>< 8A?>;L7>20;8AL ?@8 A>25@H5=AB2>20=88 >1KG=KE B@5E>A=KE 02B><>18;59 . >:BO1@5 1958 3>40, D0:B8G5A:8 >4=>2@5<5==> A -157, =0G0;>AL <0AA>2>5 ?@>872>4AB2> " -1521. > :>=F0 1959 3>40, ?>A;54=53> 3>40 ?@>872>4AB20 " =0 5, 8E 1K;> A45;0=> 611. 7 =8E 2 A8AB5<C (2 >A=>2=><, 2 ?>3@0=2>9A:0, 345 >=8 1K;8 >G5=L C4>1=K) ?5@540;8 556 <0H8= 8 2 B@8 <0H8=K (4> MB>3> BC40 ?5@52>48;8 87 0@<88 >1KG=K5 " -152). 0 MB>< ?@>872>4AB2> 1@>=5B@0=A?>@B5@>2 =0 5 7025@H8;>AL. A53> B0< 2 1950-1959 3>40E 1K;> 2K?CI5=> 9901 A5@89=KE <0H8=. MB> 2@5<O C65 =5?5@A?5:B82=K9, => 5I5 =C6=K9 0@<88, E>@>H> >B@01>B0==K9, 2?>;=5 =0456=K9 8 C4>1=K9 2 1>52>< ?@8<5=5=88 " -1521 ?> ?;0=C A?5F80;870F88 02B><>18;L=>3> ?@>872>4AB20 ?5@54020;AO =0 B>;L:> GB> >1@07>20==K9 4;O 2K?CA:0 �70:@KB>9� B5E=8:8 @O=A:89 02B>702>4 (). 5@540G0 B5E4>:C<5=B0F88 =0G0;0AL A 1959 3>40, 2 <05 55 7025@H8;8, 0 C65 ;5B>< =0 5 ?>AB@>8;8 87 ?>AB02;5==KE >< 03@530B>2 ?5@2K5 1@O=A:85 " K. ! 023CAB0 1960 3>40 =0G0;0AL 8E CAB>9G82>5 A5@89=>5 ?@>872>4AB2>, E>BO D0:B8G5A:8 MB> 1K;0 B>;L:> A1>@:0. @>=5:>@?CA0 ?>-?@56=5<C ?>AB02;O;0 K:A0, 03@530BK B@0=A<8AA88 8 E>4>2>9 G0AB8 , :0: 8 A8;>2CN CAB0=>2:C. ?>A;54AB288 42830B5;L 8 AB0;8 ?@8E>48BL A CB08AA:>3> 02B>702>40 (), E>BO C65 =5 B>3> :0G5AB20. >=AB@C:B>@A:85 @01>BK ?> 8E A>25@H5=AB2>20=8N C65 ?@0:B8G5A:8 =5 25;8AL, 40 8 >A>1>9 =5>1E>48<>AB8 2 MB>< =5 1K;>. AB020;>AL B>;L:> A>?@>2>645=85 A5@89=>3> ?@>872>4AB20, 27OB>5 =0 A51O =5<=>3>G8A;5==K<8 :>=AB@C:B>@0<8 0. >@01>B:8 8 ?>AB02:8 :><?;5:BCNI8E 03@530B>2 >BA;56820;> �N@> 2=5H=8E 70:07>2�.
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�A>@>:>=>6:8� -49, @C1F>2A:>3> :>;5A=>-3CA5=8G=>3> >1J5:B0 �19� (A:>@55 ), <KB8I8=A:>3> �560�, :CB08AA:8E �1015� 8 �1020�. @838=0;L=K5 8, =5A><=5==>, MDD5:B82=K5 :>=AB@C:B>@A:85 @5H5=8O 8<5;8 2A5 MB8 <0H8=K (, 1>@B>2K5 AE5<K B@0=A<8AA89, 384@>?=52<0B8G5A:85 ?>425A:8, ?5@54=85 8 704=85 C?@02;O5<K5 :>;5A0, :0G0NI85AO :>;5A=K5 @54C:B>@K, 0;N<8=8520O 1@>=O 8 4@.), =>, 2 :>=5G=>< AG5B5, ?>1548;> 3>@L:>2A:>5 8E " 1K; 1>;55 ?>4286=K<, =0456=K<, C4>1=K<. 3;02=>5 E>@>H> B5E=>;>38G5A:8 >B@01>B0==K< 8 A@02=8B5;L=> =54>@>38<. B><C 65 C =8E �70 A?8=>9� AB>O; 3830=BA:89, E>@>H> >A=0I5==K9 702>4 A 25AL<0 :20;8D8F8@>20==K<8 :04@0<8, A?>A>1=K<8 5I5 A> 2@5<5= 2>9=K A45;0BL 2A5, GB> ?>B@51C5BAO 1KAB@> 8 E>@>H>. ! :>=F0 1961 3>40 =>2K9 >A=>2=>9 ?;020NI89 " -60 (-49) AB0; 2 =0@0AB0NI8E :>;8G5AB20E ?>AB02;OBLAO 2 <>B>AB@5;:>2K5 ?>4@0745;5=8O, 1@>=5B0=:>2K5 2>9A:0 8 G0AB8 <>@A:>9 ?5E>BK !>25BA:>9 @<88. "5< =5 <5=55, 1>;55 45H52K5 8 ?@>ABK5 2 M:A?;C0B0F88 " -152 2A5E 8=45:A>2 A>E@0=O;8 A2>N 0@<59A:CN �=8HC�. =8 =5?;>E> 2?8A0;8AL 2 @50;88 A>2@5<5==KE >>@C65==KE !8;, 157>B:07=> A;C68;8 2 @07=KE :0G5AB20E 5I5 <=>3> ;5B, 2 B>< G8A;5 :0: CG51=K5 8 2 A8AB5<5 (2?;>BL 4> " ?5@2KE A5@89). E ?>A;54=85 <>48D8:0F88 1K;8 A=OBK A 2>>@C65=8O B>;L:> 2 1993 3>4C. "0:>5 4>;3>;5B85 2?>;=5 70:>=><5@=> <0H8=0, GB> 1K ?>B>< =8 3>2>@8;8, 1K;0 2K40NI59AO, >A>15==> 5A;8 2A?><=8BL, 2 :0:>5 2@5<O 8 ?@8 :0:8E >1AB>OB5;LAB20E >=0 1K;0 A>740=0. >520O 18>3@0D8O " -152 B0:65 25AL<0 1>30B0. =8 CA?5;8 ?>2>520BL 2> <=>38E @538>=0;L=KE :>=D;8:B0E, 2 B>< G8A;5 8 2 >65AB>G5==KE ?> A2>5<C E0@0:B5@C A@065=8OE. ;86=89 >AB>: 8 .3>->AB>G=0O 78O, D@8:0 8 >AB>G=0O 2@>?0 B0:>20 35>3@0D8O 0@<59A:>9 A;C61K ?@>A;02;5==>3> 1@>=5B@0=A?>@B5@0. 0H8=0 ?>;CG8;0 E>@>HCN @5?CB0F8N 1;03>40@O A2>59 =0456=>AB8, =5?@8E>B;82>AB8, ?>4286=>AB8 8 ?@8A?>A>1;5==>AB8 4;O 2K?>;=5=8O @07;8G=KE DC=:F89. !>2@5<5==K5 " =52>7<>6=> ?@54AB028BL 157 2;8O=8O, :>B>@>5 =0 =8E >:070; " -152. A53> 65 420 702>40 ( 8 ) 70 13 ;5B 2K?CAB8;8 12421 A5@89=KE �152-E� =5 <5=55 14 <>48D8:0F89. "5:AB - 235=89 @>G:> ?C1;8:>20= 2 !3-4/1999 6C@=0;0 ""5E=8:0 8 2>>@C65=85" |