MySQL :: MySQL 8.4 Reference Manual :: 7.1.14 Network Namespace Support (original) (raw)

7.1.14 Network Namespace Support

A network namespace is a logical copy of the network stack from the host system. Network namespaces are useful for setting up containers or virtual environments. Each namespace has its own IP addresses, network interfaces, routing tables, and so forth. The default or global namespace is the one in which the host system physical interfaces exist.

Namespace-specific address spaces can lead to problems when MySQL connections cross namespaces. For example, the network address space for a MySQL instance running in a container or virtual network may differ from the address space of the host machine. This can produce phenomena such as a client connection from an address in one namespace appearing to the MySQL server to be coming from a different address, even for client and server running on the same machine. Suppose that both processes run on a host with IP address 203.0.113.10 but use different namespaces. A connection may produce a result like this:

$> mysql --user=admin --host=203.0.113.10 --protocol=tcp

mysql> SELECT USER();
+--------------------+
| USER()             |
+--------------------+
| admin@198.51.100.2 |
+--------------------+

In this case, the expected USER() value is admin@203.0.113.10. Such behavior can make it difficult to assign account permissions properly if the address from which an connection originates is not what it appears.

To address this issue, MySQL enables specifying the network namespace to use for TCP/IP connections, so that both endpoints of connections use an agreed-upon common address space.

MySQL supports network namespaces on platforms that implement them. Support within MySQL applies to:

The following sections describe how to use network namespaces in MySQL:

Host System Prerequisites

Prior to using network namespace support in MySQL, these host system prerequisites must be satisfied:

The instructions in the following example set up network namespaces named red andblue. The names you choose may differ, as may the network addresses and interfaces on your host system.

Invoke the commands shown here either as theroot operating system user or by prefixing each command with sudo. For example, to invoke the ip or setcap command if you are not root, usesudo ip or sudo setcap.

To configure network namespaces, use the ip command. For some operations, the ip command must execute within a particular namespace (which must already exist). In such cases, begin the command like this:

ip netns exec namespace_name

For example, this command executes within thered namespace to bring up the loopback interface:

ip netns exec red ip link set lo up

To add namespaces named red andblue, each with its own virtual Ethernet device used as a link between namespaces and its own loopback interface:

ip netns add red
ip link add veth-red type veth peer name vpeer-red
ip link set vpeer-red netns red
ip addr add 192.0.2.1/24 dev veth-red
ip link set veth-red up
ip netns exec red ip addr add 192.0.2.2/24 dev vpeer-red
ip netns exec red ip link set vpeer-red up
ip netns exec red ip link set lo up

ip netns add blue
ip link add veth-blue type veth peer name vpeer-blue
ip link set vpeer-blue netns blue
ip addr add 198.51.100.1/24 dev veth-blue
ip link set veth-blue up
ip netns exec blue ip addr add 198.51.100.2/24 dev vpeer-blue
ip netns exec blue ip link set vpeer-blue up
ip netns exec blue ip link set lo up

# if you want to enable inter-subnet routing...
sysctl net.ipv4.ip_forward=1
ip netns exec red ip route add default via 192.0.2.1
ip netns exec blue ip route add default via 198.51.100.1

A diagram of the links between namespaces looks like this:

red              global           blue

192.0.2.2   <=>  192.0.2.1
(vpeer-red)      (veth-red)

                 198.51.100.1 <=> 198.51.100.2
                 (veth-blue)      (vpeer-blue)

To check which namespaces and links exist:

ip netns list
ip link list

To see the routing tables for the global and named namespaces:

ip route show
ip netns exec red ip route show
ip netns exec blue ip route show

To remove the red and blue links and namespaces:

ip link del veth-red
ip link del veth-blue

ip netns del red
ip netns del blue

sysctl net.ipv4.ip_forward=0

So that the MySQL binaries that include network namespace support can actually use namespaces, you must grant them theCAP_SYS_ADMIN capability. The followingsetcap commands assume that you have changed location to the directory containing your MySQL binaries (adjust the pathname for your system as necessary):

cd /usr/local/mysql/bin

To grant CAP_SYS_ADMIN capability to the appropriate binaries:

setcap cap_sys_admin+ep ./mysqld
setcap cap_sys_admin+ep ./mysql
setcap cap_sys_admin+ep ./mysqlxtest

To check CAP_SYS_ADMIN capability:

$> getcap ./mysqld ./mysql ./mysqlxtest
./mysqld = cap_sys_admin+ep
./mysql = cap_sys_admin+ep
./mysqlxtest = cap_sys_admin+ep

To remove CAP_SYS_ADMIN capability:

setcap -r ./mysqld
setcap -r ./mysql
setcap -r ./mysqlxtest

Important

If you reinstall binaries to which you have previously appliedsetcap, you must usesetcap again. For example, if you perform an in-place MySQL upgrade, failure to grant theCAP_SYS_ADMIN capability again results in namespace-related failures. The server fails with this error for attempts to bind to an address with a named namespace:

[ERROR] [MY-013408] [Server] setns() failed with error 'Operation not permitted'

A client invoked with the--network-namespace option fails like this:

ERROR: Network namespace error: Operation not permitted

MySQL Configuration

Assuming that the preceding host system prerequisites have been satisfied, MySQL enables configuring the server-side namespace for the listening (inbound) side of connections and the client-side namespace for the outbound side of connections.

On the server side, thebind_address,admin_address, andmysqlx_bind_address system variables have extended syntax for specifying the network namespace to use for a given IP address or host name on which to listen for incoming connections. To specify a namespace for an address, add a slash and the namespace name. For example, a server my.cnf file might contain these lines:

[mysqld]
bind_address = 127.0.1.1,192.0.2.2/red,198.51.100.2/blue
admin_address = 102.0.2.2/red
mysqlx_bind_address = 102.0.2.2/red

These rules apply:

If an error occurs during server startup for attempts to use a namespace, the server does not start. If errors occur for X Plugin during plugin initialization such that it is unable to bind to any address, the plugin fails its initialization sequence and the server does not load it.

On the client side, a network namespace can be specified in these contexts:

mysql --host=192.0.2.2 --network-namespace=red

If the --network-namespace option is omitted, the connection uses the default (global) namespace.

CHANGE REPLICATION SOURCE TO  
  SOURCE_HOST = '192.0.2.2',  
  NETWORK_NAMESPACE = 'red';

If the NETWORK_NAMESPACE option is omitted, replication connections use the default (global) namespace.

The following example sets up a MySQL server that listens for connections in the global, red, andblue namespaces, and shows how to configure accounts that connect from the red andblue namespaces. It is assumed that thered and blue namespaces have already been created as shown inHost System Prerequisites.

  1. Configure the server to listen on addresses in multiple namespaces. Put these lines in the servermy.cnf file and start the server:
[mysqld]  
bind_address = 127.0.1.1,192.0.2.2/red,198.51.100.2/blue

The value tells the server to listen on the loopback address127.0.0.1 in the global namespace, the address 192.0.2.2 in thered namespace, and the address198.51.100.2 in theblue namespace. 2. Connect to the server in the global namespace and create accounts that have permission to connect from an address in the address space of each named namespace: 

$> mysql -u root -h 127.0.0.1 -p  
Enter password: root_password  
mysql> CREATE USER 'red_user'@'192.0.2.2'  
       IDENTIFIED BY 'red_user_password';  
mysql> CREATE USER 'blue_user'@'198.51.100.2'  
       IDENTIFIED BY 'blue_user_password';
  1. Verify that you can connect to the server in each named namespace:
$> mysql -u red_user -h 192.0.2.2 --network-namespace=red -p  
Enter password: red_user_password  
mysql> SELECT USER();  
+--------------------+  
| USER()             |  
+--------------------+  
| red_user@192.0.2.2 |  
+--------------------+  
$> mysql -u blue_user -h 198.51.100.2 --network-namespace=blue -p  
Enter password: blue_user_password  
mysql> SELECT USER();  
+------------------------+  
| USER()                 |  
+------------------------+  
| blue_user@198.51.100.2 |  
+------------------------+

Note
You might see different results fromUSER(), which can return a value that includes a host name rather than an IP address if your DNS is configured to be able to resolve the address to the corresponding host name and the server is not run with theskip_name_resolve system variable enabled.
You might also try invoking mysql without the --network-namespace option to see whether the connection attempt succeeds, and, if so, how the USER() value is affected.