C++11 - cppreference.com (original) (raw)

C++11 is the second major version of C++ and the most important update since C++98. A large number of changes were introduced to both standardize existing practices and improve the abstractions available to the C++ programmers.

Before it was finally approved by ISO on 12 August 2011, the name 'C++0x' was used because it was expected to be published before 2010. It took 8 years between C++03 and C++11, so it has become the longest interval between versions so far. Since then, currently, C++ updates every 3 years regularly.

Following features were merged into C++11:

• From TR1: all of TR1 except Special Functions.
• From Boost: The thread library, exception_ptr, error_code and error_condition, iterator improvements (begin, end, next, prev)
• From C: C-style Unicode conversion functions

Contents

• 1 Core language features
• 2 Library features
  • 2.1 Headers
  • 2.2 Library features
• 3 Defect reports
• 4 Compiler support
  • 4.1 C++11 core language features
  • 4.2 C++11 library features
  • 4.3 External links

[edit] Core language features

• auto and decltype
• defaulted and deleted functions
• final and override
• trailing return type
• rvalue references
• move constructors and move assignment operators
• scoped enums
• constexpr and literal types
• list initialization
• delegating and inherited constructors
• brace-or-equal initializers
• nullptr
• long long
• char16_t and char32_t
• type aliases
• variadic templates
• generalized (non-trivial) unions
• generalized PODs (trivial types and standard-layout types)
• Unicode string literals
• user-defined literals
• attributes
• lambda expressions
• noexcept specifier and noexcept operator
• alignof and alignas
• multithreaded memory model
• thread-local storage
• GC interface (removed in C++23)
• range-for (based on Boost library)
• static_assert (based on Boost library)

[edit] Library features

[edit]

• <condition_variable>
• <forward_list>
• <initializer_list>
• <scoped_allocator>
• <system_error>
• <type_traits>
• <unordered_map>
• <unordered_set>

[edit] Library features

• concurrency support library

• emplace() and other use of rvalue references throughout all parts of the existing library

• std::unique_ptr

• std::move_iterator

• std::initializer_list

• stateful and scoped allocators

• std::forward_list

• chrono library

• ratio library

• new algorithms:

• std::all_of, std::any_of, std::none_of,

• std::find_if_not,

• std::copy_if, std::copy_n,

• std::move, std::move_backward,

• std::random_shuffle, std::shuffle,

• std::is_partitioned, std::partition_copy, std::partition_point,

• std::is_sorted, std::is_sorted_until,

• std::is_heap, std::is_heap_until,

• std::minmax, std::minmax_element,

• std::is_permutation,

• std::iota,

• std::uninitialized_copy_n

• Unicode conversion facets

• std::function

• std::exception_ptr

• std::error_code and std::error_condition

• iterator improvements:

• std::begin

• std::end

• std::next

• std::prev

• Unicode conversion functions

[edit] Defect reports

[edit] Compiler support

[edit] C++11 core language features

| C++11 feature | Paper(s) | GCC | Clang | MSVC | Apple Clang | EDG eccp | Intel C++ | Nvidia HPC C++ (ex PGI)* | Nvidia nvcc | Cray | Embarcadero C++ Builder | IBM Open XL C++ for AIX | IBM Open XL C++ for z/OS | IBM XL C++ | Sun/Oracle C++ | HP aCC | Digital Mars C++ | | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------- | ----- | -------------------------------- | ----------- | ------------------ | ------------------------------------ | ------------------------- | ----------- | ---- | ----------------------- | ----------------------- | ------------------------ | ---------------------------------- | -------------- | ------- | ---------------- | | | C99 preprocessor | N1653 | 4.3 | Yes | 19.0 (2015)* (partial)*19.26* | Yes | 4.1 | 11.1 | 2015 | 7.0 | 8.4 | Yes | 17.1.0 | 1.1.0 | 10.1 | 5.9 | A.06.25 | Yes | | | static_assert (FTM)* | N1720 | 4.3 | 2.9 | 16.0* | Yes | 4.1 | 11.0 | 2015 | 7.0 | 8.4 | Yes | 17.1.0 | 1.1.0 | 11.1 | 5.13 | A.06.25 | 8.52 | | | Right angle brackets | N1757 | 4.3 | Yes | 14.0* | Yes | 4.1 | 11.0 | 2015 | 7.0 | 8.4 | Yes | 17.1.0 | 1.1.0 | 12.1 | 5.13 | | | | | Extended friend declarations | N1791 | 4.7 | 2.9 | 16.0* | Yes | 4.1 | 11.1 (partial)12.0 | 2015 | 7.0 | 8.4 | Yes | 17.1.0 | 1.1.0 | 11.1 | 5.13 | A.06.25 | | | | long long | N1811 | Yes | Yes | 14.0* | Yes | Yes | Yes | 2015 | 7.0 | 8.4 | Yes | 17.1.0 | 1.1.0 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | auto | N1984 | 4.4 | Yes | 16.0* | Yes | 3.9 | 11.0 (partial)*12.0 | 2015 | 7.0 | 8.4 | Yes | 17.1.0 | 1.1.0 | 11.1 | 5.13 | A.06.25 | | | | Delegating constructors (FTM)* | N1986 | 4.7 | 3.0 | 18.0* | Yes | 4.7 | 14.0 | 2015 | 7.0 | 8.4 | Yes | 17.1.0 | 1.1.0 | 11.1 | 5.13 | A.06.28 | | | | extern template | N1987 | 3.3 | Yes | 12.0* | Yes | 3.9 | 9.0 | 2015 | 7.0 | 8.4 | Yes | 17.1.0 | 1.1.0 | 11.1 | 5.13 | A.06.25 | | | | constexpr (FTM)* | N2235 | 4.6 | 3.1 | 19.0 (2015)* | Yes | 4.6 | 13.0 (partial)14.0 | 2015 | 7.0 | 8.4 | Yes | 17.1.0 | 1.1.0 | 12.1 (partial)13.1 | 5.13 | A.06.28 | | | | char16_t and char32_t (FTM)* | N2249 | 4.4 | 2.9 | 19.0 (2015)* | Yes | 4.4 | 12.1 (partial)*14.0 | 2015 | 7.0 | 8.4 | Yes | 17.1.0 | 1.1.0 | 13.1.1* | 5.13 | A.06.27 | 8.52 | | | Compiler support for type traits. N2255* | N2255N2984N3142 | 4.3 (partial)*4.8 (partial)*5 | 3.0 | 14.0*(partial)*19.0 (2015)* | Yes | 4.0 | 10.0 | 2015 | | 8.4 | Yes | 17.1.0 | 1.1.0 | 13.1.3 | 5.13 | 6.16 | | | | Template aliases (FTM)* | N2258 | 4.7 | 3.0 | 18.0* | Yes | 4.2 | 12.1 | 2015 | 7.0 | 8.4 | Yes | 17.1.0 | 1.1.0 | 13.1.1* | 5.13 | A.06.27 | | | | alignas | N2341 | 4.8 | 3.0 | 19.0 (2015)* | Yes | 4.8 | 15.0 | 2015 | 7.0 | 8.6 | Yes | 17.1.0 | 1.1.0 | 13.1.2* | 5.13 | | | | | alignof | N2341 | 4.5 | 2.9 | 19.0 (2015)* | Yes | 4.8 | 15.0 | 2015 | 7.0 | 8.4 | Yes | 17.1.0 | 1.1.0 | 13.1.2* | 5.13 | | | | | Defaulted and deleted functions | N2346 | 4.4 | 3.0 | 18.0* | Yes | 4.1 | 12.0 | 2015 | 7.0 | 8.4 | Yes | 17.1.0 | 1.1.0 | 13.1 | 5.13 | A.06.25 | | | | Strongly-typed enum | N2347 | 4.4 | 2.9 | 16.0* (partial)17.0* | Yes | 4.0 | 13.0 | 2015 | 7.0 | 8.4 | Yes | 17.1.0 | 1.1.0 | 12.1 | 5.13 | A.06.25 | | | | Atomic operations | N2427 | 4.4 | 3.1 | 17.0* | Yes | Yes | 13.0 | 2015 | | 8.4 | Yes | 17.1.0 | 1.1.0 | 13.1.2* | 5.14 | | | | | nullptr | N2431 | 4.6 | 2.9 | 16.0* | Yes | 4.2 | 12.1 | 2015 | 7.0 | 8.4 | Yes | 17.1.0 | 1.1.0 | 13.1 | 5.13 | A.06.27 | 8.52 | | | Explicit conversion operators | N2437 | 4.5 | 3.0 | 18.0* | Yes | 4.4 | 13.0 | 2015 | 7.0 | 8.4 | Yes | 17.1.0 | 1.1.0 | 12.1 | 5.13 | A.06.27 | | | | ref-qualifiers (FTM)* | N2439 | 4.8.1 | 2.9 | 19.0 (2015)* | Yes | 4.7 | 14.0 | 2015 | 7.0 | 8.4 | Yes | 17.1.0 | 1.1.0 | 13.1.2* | 5.13 | A.06.28 | | | | Unicode string literals (FTM)* | N2442 | 4.4 | 3.0 | 19.0 (2015)* | Yes | 4.7 | 11.0* | 2015 | 7.0 | 8.4 | Yes | 17.1.0 | 1.1.0 | 10.1*13.1.1* | 5.7 | A.06.28 | 8.52 | | | Raw string literals (FTM)* | N2442 | 4.5 | Yes | 18.0* | Yes | 4.7 | 14.0 | 2015 | 7.0 | 8.4 | Yes | 17.1.0 | 1.1.0 | 13.1.1, except AIX xlC 13.1.3* | 5.13 | A.06.28 | 8.52 | | | Inline namespaces | N2535 | 4.4 | 2.9 | 19.0 (2015)* | Yes | 4.5 | 14.0 | 2015 | 7.0 | 8.4 | Yes | 17.1.0 | 1.1.0 | 11.1 | 5.13 | A.06.28 | | | | Inheriting constructors (FTM)* | N2540 | 4.8 | 3.3 | 19.0 (2015)* | Yes | 4.8 | 15.0 | 2015 | 7.0 | 8.4 | Yes | 17.1.0 | 1.1.0 | 13.1.1* | 5.13 | | | | | Trailing function return types | N2541 | 4.4 | 2.9 | 16.0* | Yes | 4.1 | 12.0 | 2015 | 7.0 | 8.4 | Yes | 17.1.0 | 1.1.0 | 12.1 | 5.13 | A.06.27 | | | | Unrestricted unions | N2544 | 4.6 | 3.0 | 19.0 (2015)* | Yes | 4.6 | 14.0* | 2015 | 7.0 | 8.4 | Yes | 17.1.0 | 1.1.0 | 13.1.2* | 5.13 | A.06.28 | | | | Variadic templates (FTM)* | N2242N2555 | 4.3 (partial)*4.4 | 2.9 | 18.0* | Yes | 4.3 (partial)*4.3 | 12.1 | 2015 | 7.0 | 8.4 | Yes | 17.1.0 | 1.1.0 | 11.1 (partial)* | 5.13 | A.06.27 | | | | Expression SFINAE | N2634 | 4.4 | 2.9 | 19.14* | Yes | 4.2 | 12.1 | 2015 | 7.0 | 8.4 | Yes | 17.1.0 | 1.1.0 | | | | | | | Local and unnamed types as template parameters | N2657 | 4.5 | 2.9 | 16.0* | Yes | 4.2 | 12.0 | 2015 | 7.0 | 8.4 | Yes | 17.1.0 | 1.1.0 | 13.1.2* | 5.13 | A.06.27 | | | | Thread-local storage | N2659 | 4.4 (partial)4.8 | 3.3* | 16.0* (partial)19.0 (2015)* | Yes | 4.8 | 11.1 (partial)15.0* | 2015 | | 8.4 | Yes | 17.1.0 | 1.1.0 | 10.1 (partial)*13.1.2 (partial)* | 5.9 (partial) | | 8.52 (partial) | | | Dynamic initialization and destruction with concurrency (magic statics) (FTM)* | N2660 | 4.3 | 2.9 | 19.0 (2015)* | Yes | Yes | 11.1* | 2015 | | 8.4 | Yes | 17.1.0 | 1.1.0 | 13.1.2* | 5.13 | A.06.25 | | | | Garbage Collection and Reachability-Based Leak Detection | N2670 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Initializer lists (FTM)* | N2672 | 4.4 | 3.1 | 18.0* | Yes | 4.5 | 13.0 (partial)14.0 | 2015 | 7.0 | 8.4 | Yes | 17.1.0 | 1.1.0 | 13.1.2* | 5.13 | A.06.28 | | | | Non-static data member initializers (FTM)* | N2756 | 4.7 | 3.0 | 18.0* | Yes | 4.6 | 14.0 | 2015 | 7.0 | 8.4 | Yes | 17.1.0 | 1.1.0 | 13.1.2* | 5.13 | A.06.28 | | | | Attributes, [[noreturn]] (FTM)* | N2761 | 4.8 | 3.3 | 19.0 (2015)* | Yes | 4.2 | 12.1 | 2015 | 7.0 | 8.4 | Yes | 17.1.0 | 1.1.0 | 13.1.1* | 5.13 | A.06.27 | | | | [[carries_dependency]] | N2556N2643 | | 3.3* | | | | | | | | | 17.1.0* | | | | | | | | Forward (opaque) enum declarations | N2764 | 4.6 | 3.1 | 17.0* | Yes | 4.5 | 11.1 (partial)14.0 | 2015 | 7.0 | 8.4 | Yes | 17.1.0 | 1.1.0 | 12.1 | 5.13 | | | | | User-defined literals (FTM)* | N2765 | 4.7 | 3.1 | 19.0 (2015)* | Yes | 4.8 | 15.0 | 2015 | 7.0 | 8.4 | Yes | 17.1.0 | 1.1.0 | 13.1.2* | 5.14 | | | | | Rvalue references (FTM)* | N2118N2844CWG1138 | 4.3 (partial)*4.5 | 2.9 | 16.0* (partial)*17.0* | Yes | 4.5 | 11.1 (partial)*12.0 (partial)*14.0 | 2015 | 7.0* | 8.4 | Yes | 17.1.0 | 1.1.0 | 12.1 | 5.13 | A.06.25 | | | | Lambda expressions (FTM)* | N2550N2658N2927 | 4.5 | 3.1 | 16.0* (partial)*17.0* | Yes | 4.1 | 12.0 | 2015 | 7.0 | 8.4 | Yes | 17.1.0 | 1.1.0 | 13.1.2* | 5.13 | A.06.25 | | | | Range-for loop (FTM)* | N2930N3271 | 4.6 | 3.0 | 17.0* | Yes | 4.5 | 13.0 | 2015 | 7.0 | 8.4 | Yes | 17.1.0 | 1.1.0 | 13.1.2* | 5.13 | A.06.28 | | | | noexcept | N3050 | 4.6 | 3.0 | 19.0 (2015)* | Yes | 4.5 | 14.0 | 2015 | 7.0 | 8.4 | Yes | 17.1.0 | 1.1.0 | 13.1.1* | 5.13 | A.06.28 | | | | Defaulted move special member functions | N3053 | 4.6 | 3.0 | 19.0 (2015)* | Yes | 4.5 | 14.0 | 2015 | 7.0 | 8.4 | Yes | 17.1.0 | 1.1.0 | | 5.13 | A.06.25 | | | | override and final | N2928N3206N3272 | 4.7 | 2.9 | 14.0* (partial)17.0* | Yes | 4.8 | 12.0 (partial)*14.0 | 2015 | 7.0 | 8.4 | Yes | 17.1.0 | 1.1.0 | 13.1.1* | 5.13 | | | | | decltype (FTM)* | N2343N3276 | 4.3 (partial)*4.8.1 | 2.9 | 16.0* (partial)*17.0* | Yes | 4.2 (partial)*4.8 | 11.0 (partial)*12.0 | 2015 | 7.0 | 8.4 | Yes | 17.1.0 | 1.1.0 | 11.1 (partial)* | 5.13 | A.06.25 | 8.52 (partial)* | | | C++11 feature | Paper(s) | GCC | Clang | MSVC | Apple Clang | EDG eccp | Intel C++ | Nvidia HPC C++ (ex PGI)* | Nvidia nvcc | Cray | Embarcadero C++ Builder | IBM Open XL C++ for AIX | IBM Open XL C++ for z/OS | IBM XL C++ | Sun/Oracle C++ | HP aCC | Digital Mars C++ | |

[edit] C++11 library features

| C++11 feature | Paper(s) | GCC libstdc++ | Clang libc++ | MSVC STL | Apple Clang* | IBM Open XL C/C++ for AIX* | Sun/Oracle C++* | Embarcadero C++ Builder* | | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------- | ------------ | ------------------------------ | ------------- | --------------------------- | ---------------- | ------------------------- | | | Regular expressions library | N1429 | 4.9 | 2.8 | Yes | Yes | 17.1.0 | | | | | Type traits. N1836* | N1836N2240N2244N2255N2342N2984N3142 | 4.3 (partial)*4.8 (partial)*5 | 3.0 | 14.0*(partial)*19.0 (2015)* | Yes | 17.1.0 | 5.13 | Yes | | | Member functions cbegin, cend, crbegin, and crend of containers | N1913LWG1192 | 4.3 (partial)*4.5 | Yes* | 16.0* | Yes* | 17.1.0 | | | | | Garbage Collection and Reachability-Based Leak Detection (library support) | N2670 | 6(no-op)* | 3.4(no-op)* | 19.0 (2015)*(no-op)* | Yes(no-op)* | 17.1.0 | | | | | Money, Time, and hexfloat I/O manipulators | N2071N2072 | 5 | 3.8 | 19.0 (2015)* | Yes | 17.1.0 | 5.15 | | | | Disallowing COW (copy-on-write) std::basic_string | N2668 | 5 | Yes | Yes | Yes | 17.1.0 | Yes | | | | C++11 feature | Paper(s) | GCC libstdc++ | Clang libc++ | MSVC STL | Apple Clang* | IBM Open XL C/C++ for AIX* | Sun/Oracle C++* | Embarcadero C++ Builder* | |

* - hover over a cell marked with the star * to see additional pop-up notes.
DR_nn_ - the number nn after "DR" denotes target C++ revision the Defect Report is applied to, e.g., DR20 → C++20.

[edit] External links