Collection (Java 2 Platform SE 5.0) (original) (raw)

java.util

Interface Collection

All Superinterfaces:

All Known Subinterfaces:

BeanContext, BeanContextServices, BlockingQueue, List, Queue, Set, SortedSet

All Known Implementing Classes:

AbstractCollection, AbstractList, AbstractQueue, AbstractSequentialList, AbstractSet, ArrayBlockingQueue, ArrayList, AttributeList, BeanContextServicesSupport, BeanContextSupport, ConcurrentLinkedQueue, CopyOnWriteArrayList, CopyOnWriteArraySet, DelayQueue, EnumSet, HashSet, JobStateReasons, LinkedBlockingQueue, LinkedHashSet, LinkedList, PriorityBlockingQueue, PriorityQueue, RoleList, RoleUnresolvedList, Stack, SynchronousQueue, TreeSet, Vector

public interface Collection

extends Iterable

The root interface in the collection hierarchy. A collection represents a group of objects, known as its elements. Some collections allow duplicate elements and others do not. Some are ordered and others unordered. The JDK does not provide any direct implementations of this interface: it provides implementations of more specific subinterfaces like Set and List. This interface is typically used to pass collections around and manipulate them where maximum generality is desired.

Bags or multisets (unordered collections that may contain duplicate elements) should implement this interface directly.

All general-purpose Collection implementation classes (which typically implement Collection indirectly through one of its subinterfaces) should provide two "standard" constructors: a void (no arguments) constructor, which creates an empty collection, and a constructor with a single argument of type Collection, which creates a new collection with the same elements as its argument. In effect, the latter constructor allows the user to copy any collection, producing an equivalent collection of the desired implementation type. There is no way to enforce this convention (as interfaces cannot contain constructors) but all of the general-purpose Collection implementations in the Java platform libraries comply.

The "destructive" methods contained in this interface, that is, the methods that modify the collection on which they operate, are specified to throw UnsupportedOperationException if this collection does not support the operation. If this is the case, these methods may, but are not required to, throw an UnsupportedOperationException if the invocation would have no effect on the collection. For example, invoking the addAll(Collection) method on an unmodifiable collection may, but is not required to, throw the exception if the collection to be added is empty.

Some collection implementations have restrictions on the elements that they may contain. For example, some implementations prohibit null elements, and some have restrictions on the types of their elements. Attempting to add an ineligible element throws an unchecked exception, typicallyNullPointerException or ClassCastException. Attempting to query the presence of an ineligible element may throw an exception, or it may simply return false; some implementations will exhibit the former behavior and some will exhibit the latter. More generally, attempting an operation on an ineligible element whose completion would not result in the insertion of an ineligible element into the collection may throw an exception or it may succeed, at the option of the implementation. Such exceptions are marked as "optional" in the specification for this interface.

This interface is a member of the Java Collections Framework.

Many methods in Collections Framework interfaces are defined in terms of the equals method. For example, the specification for the contains(Object o) method says: "returns true if and only if this collection contains at least one element e such that(o==null ? e==null : o.equals(e))." This specification should_not_ be construed to imply that invoking Collection.contains with a non-null argument o will cause o.equals(e) to be invoked for any element e. Implementations are free to implement optimizations whereby the equals invocation is avoided, for example, by first comparing the hash codes of the two elements. (TheObject.hashCode() specification guarantees that two objects with unequal hash codes cannot be equal.) More generally, implementations of the various Collections Framework interfaces are free to take advantage of the specified behavior of underlying Object methods wherever the implementor deems it appropriate.

Since:

1.2

Method Summary
boolean	add(E o) Ensures that this collection contains the specified element (optional operation).
boolean	addAll(Collection<? extends E> c) Adds all of the elements in the specified collection to this collection (optional operation).
void	clear() Removes all of the elements from this collection (optional operation).
boolean	contains(Object o) Returns true if this collection contains the specified element.
boolean	containsAll(Collection<?> c) Returns true if this collection contains all of the elements in the specified collection.
boolean	equals(Object o) Compares the specified object with this collection for equality.
int	hashCode() Returns the hash code value for this collection.
boolean	isEmpty() Returns true if this collection contains no elements.
Iterator<E>	iterator() Returns an iterator over the elements in this collection.
boolean	remove(Object o) Removes a single instance of the specified element from this collection, if it is present (optional operation).
boolean	removeAll(Collection<?> c) Removes all this collection's elements that are also contained in the specified collection (optional operation).
boolean	retainAll(Collection<?> c) Retains only the elements in this collection that are contained in the specified collection (optional operation).
int	size() Returns the number of elements in this collection.
Object[]	toArray() Returns an array containing all of the elements in this collection.
T[]	toArray(T[] a) Returns an array containing all of the elements in this collection; the runtime type of the returned array is that of the specified array.

Method Detail

size

int size()

Returns the number of elements in this collection. If this collection contains more than Integer.MAX_VALUE elements, returnsInteger.MAX_VALUE.

Returns:

the number of elements in this collection

isEmpty

boolean isEmpty()

Returns true if this collection contains no elements.

Returns:

true if this collection contains no elements

contains

boolean contains(Object o)

Returns true if this collection contains the specified element. More formally, returns true if and only if this collection contains at least one element e such that(o==null ? e==null : o.equals(e)).

Parameters:

o - element whose presence in this collection is to be tested.

Returns:

true if this collection contains the specified element

Throws:

[ClassCastException](../../java/lang/ClassCastException.html "class in java.lang") - if the type of the specified element is incompatible with this collection (optional).

[NullPointerException](../../java/lang/NullPointerException.html "class in java.lang") - if the specified element is null and this collection does not support null elements (optional).

iterator

Iterator<E> iterator()

Returns an iterator over the elements in this collection. There are no guarantees concerning the order in which the elements are returned (unless this collection is an instance of some class that provides a guarantee).

Specified by:

[iterator](../../java/lang/Iterable.html#iterator%28%29) in interface [Iterable](../../java/lang/Iterable.html "interface in java.lang")<[E](../../java/util/Collection.html "type parameter in Collection")>

Returns:

an Iterator over the elements in this collection

toArray

Object[] toArray()

Returns an array containing all of the elements in this collection. If the collection makes any guarantees as to what order its elements are returned by its iterator, this method must return the elements in the same order.

The returned array will be "safe" in that no references to it are maintained by this collection. (In other words, this method must allocate a new array even if this collection is backed by an array). The caller is thus free to modify the returned array.

This method acts as bridge between array-based and collection-based APIs.

Returns:

an array containing all of the elements in this collection

toArray

T[] toArray(T[] a)

Returns an array containing all of the elements in this collection; the runtime type of the returned array is that of the specified array. If the collection fits in the specified array, it is returned therein. Otherwise, a new array is allocated with the runtime type of the specified array and the size of this collection.

If this collection fits in the specified array with room to spare (i.e., the array has more elements than this collection), the element in the array immediately following the end of the collection is set tonull. This is useful in determining the length of this collection only if the caller knows that this collection does not contain any null elements.)

If this collection makes any guarantees as to what order its elements are returned by its iterator, this method must return the elements in the same order.

Like the toArray method, this method acts as bridge between array-based and collection-based APIs. Further, this method allows precise control over the runtime type of the output array, and may, under certain circumstances, be used to save allocation costs

Suppose l is a List known to contain only strings. The following code can be used to dump the list into a newly allocated array of String:

 String[] x = (String[]) v.toArray(new String[0]);

Note that toArray(new Object[0]) is identical in function totoArray().

Parameters:

a - the array into which the elements of this collection are to be stored, if it is big enough; otherwise, a new array of the same runtime type is allocated for this purpose.

Returns:

an array containing the elements of this collection

Throws:

[ArrayStoreException](../../java/lang/ArrayStoreException.html "class in java.lang") - the runtime type of the specified array is not a supertype of the runtime type of every element in this collection.

[NullPointerException](../../java/lang/NullPointerException.html "class in java.lang") - if the specified array is null.

add

boolean add(E o)

Ensures that this collection contains the specified element (optional operation). Returns true if this collection changed as a result of the call. (Returns false if this collection does not permit duplicates and already contains the specified element.)

Collections that support this operation may place limitations on what elements may be added to this collection. In particular, some collections will refuse to add null elements, and others will impose restrictions on the type of elements that may be added. Collection classes should clearly specify in their documentation any restrictions on what elements may be added.

If a collection refuses to add a particular element for any reason other than that it already contains the element, it must throw an exception (rather than returning false). This preserves the invariant that a collection always contains the specified element after this call returns.

Parameters:

o - element whose presence in this collection is to be ensured.

Returns:

true if this collection changed as a result of the call

Throws:

[UnsupportedOperationException](../../java/lang/UnsupportedOperationException.html "class in java.lang") - add is not supported by this collection.

[ClassCastException](../../java/lang/ClassCastException.html "class in java.lang") - class of the specified element prevents it from being added to this collection.

[NullPointerException](../../java/lang/NullPointerException.html "class in java.lang") - if the specified element is null and this collection does not support null elements.

[IllegalArgumentException](../../java/lang/IllegalArgumentException.html "class in java.lang") - some aspect of this element prevents it from being added to this collection.

remove

boolean remove(Object o)

Removes a single instance of the specified element from this collection, if it is present (optional operation). More formally, removes an element e such that (o==null ? e==null : o.equals(e)), if this collection contains one or more such elements. Returns true if this collection contained the specified element (or equivalently, if this collection changed as a result of the call).

Parameters:

o - element to be removed from this collection, if present.

Returns:

true if this collection changed as a result of the call

Throws:

[ClassCastException](../../java/lang/ClassCastException.html "class in java.lang") - if the type of the specified element is incompatible with this collection (optional).

[NullPointerException](../../java/lang/NullPointerException.html "class in java.lang") - if the specified element is null and this collection does not support null elements (optional).

[UnsupportedOperationException](../../java/lang/UnsupportedOperationException.html "class in java.lang") - remove is not supported by this collection.

containsAll

boolean containsAll(Collection<?> c)

Returns true if this collection contains all of the elements in the specified collection.

Parameters:

c - collection to be checked for containment in this collection.

Returns:

true if this collection contains all of the elements in the specified collection

Throws:

[ClassCastException](../../java/lang/ClassCastException.html "class in java.lang") - if the types of one or more elements in the specified collection are incompatible with this collection (optional).

[NullPointerException](../../java/lang/NullPointerException.html "class in java.lang") - if the specified collection contains one or more null elements and this collection does not support null elements (optional).

[NullPointerException](../../java/lang/NullPointerException.html "class in java.lang") - if the specified collection isnull.

See Also:

contains(Object)

addAll

boolean addAll(Collection<? extends E> c)

Adds all of the elements in the specified collection to this collection (optional operation). The behavior of this operation is undefined if the specified collection is modified while the operation is in progress. (This implies that the behavior of this call is undefined if the specified collection is this collection, and this collection is nonempty.)

Parameters:

c - elements to be inserted into this collection.

Returns:

true if this collection changed as a result of the call

Throws:

[UnsupportedOperationException](../../java/lang/UnsupportedOperationException.html "class in java.lang") - if this collection does not support the addAll method.

[ClassCastException](../../java/lang/ClassCastException.html "class in java.lang") - if the class of an element of the specified collection prevents it from being added to this collection.

[IllegalArgumentException](../../java/lang/IllegalArgumentException.html "class in java.lang") - some aspect of an element of the specified collection prevents it from being added to this collection.

See Also:

add(Object)

removeAll

boolean removeAll(Collection<?> c)

Removes all this collection's elements that are also contained in the specified collection (optional operation). After this call returns, this collection will contain no elements in common with the specified collection.

Parameters:

c - elements to be removed from this collection.

Returns:

true if this collection changed as a result of the call

Throws:

[UnsupportedOperationException](../../java/lang/UnsupportedOperationException.html "class in java.lang") - if the removeAll method is not supported by this collection.

[ClassCastException](../../java/lang/ClassCastException.html "class in java.lang") - if the types of one or more elements in this collection are incompatible with the specified collection (optional).

[NullPointerException](../../java/lang/NullPointerException.html "class in java.lang") - if this collection contains one or more null elements and the specified collection does not support null elements (optional).

[NullPointerException](../../java/lang/NullPointerException.html "class in java.lang") - if the specified collection isnull.

See Also:

remove(Object), contains(Object)

retainAll

boolean retainAll(Collection<?> c)

Retains only the elements in this collection that are contained in the specified collection (optional operation). In other words, removes from this collection all of its elements that are not contained in the specified collection.

Parameters:

c - elements to be retained in this collection.

Returns:

true if this collection changed as a result of the call

Throws:

[UnsupportedOperationException](../../java/lang/UnsupportedOperationException.html "class in java.lang") - if the retainAll method is not supported by this Collection.

[NullPointerException](../../java/lang/NullPointerException.html "class in java.lang") - if the specified collection isnull.

See Also:

remove(Object), contains(Object)

clear

void clear()

Removes all of the elements from this collection (optional operation). This collection will be empty after this method returns unless it throws an exception.

Throws:

[UnsupportedOperationException](../../java/lang/UnsupportedOperationException.html "class in java.lang") - if the clear method is not supported by this collection.

equals

boolean equals(Object o)

Compares the specified object with this collection for equality.

While the Collection interface adds no stipulations to the general contract for the Object.equals, programmers who implement the Collection interface "directly" (in other words, create a class that is a Collection but is not a Set or a List) must exercise care if they choose to override theObject.equals. It is not necessary to do so, and the simplest course of action is to rely on Object's implementation, but the implementer may wish to implement a "value comparison" in place of the default "reference comparison." (The List andSet interfaces mandate such value comparisons.)

The general contract for the Object.equals method states that equals must be symmetric (in other words, a.equals(b) if and only if b.equals(a)). The contracts for List.equals and Set.equals state that lists are only equal to other lists, and sets to other sets. Thus, a custom equals method for a collection class that implements neither the List norSet interface must return false when this collection is compared to any list or set. (By the same logic, it is not possible to write a class that correctly implements both the Set andList interfaces.)

Overrides:

[equals](../../java/lang/Object.html#equals%28java.lang.Object%29) in class [Object](../../java/lang/Object.html "class in java.lang")

Parameters:

o - Object to be compared for equality with this collection.

Returns:

true if the specified object is equal to this collection

hashCode

int hashCode()

Returns the hash code value for this collection. While theCollection interface adds no stipulations to the general contract for the Object.hashCode method, programmers should take note that any class that overrides the Object.equals method must also override the Object.hashCode method in order to satisfy the general contract for the Object.hashCodemethod. In particular, c1.equals(c2) implies thatc1.hashCode()==c2.hashCode().

Overrides:

[hashCode](../../java/lang/Object.html#hashCode%28%29) in class [Object](../../java/lang/Object.html "class in java.lang")

Returns:

the hash code value for this collection

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For further API reference and developer documentation, see Java 2 SDK SE Developer Documentation. That documentation contains more detailed, developer-targeted descriptions, with conceptual overviews, definitions of terms, workarounds, and working code examples.