Caniformia (original) (raw)

After McKenna & Bell, 1997, Wesley & Flynn, 2003, and Wesley-Hunt & Flynn, 2005

**<==**o Caniformia Kretzoi, 1943 (dog-like carnivores; koiramaiset petoeläimet) |--+-- †“Miacis” cognitus Gustafson, 1986 | -- †[Amphicyonidae](arctoidea/amphicyonidae.html) Trouessart, 1885 (dogbears; koirakarhut) --+-- †Lycophocyon hutchisoni Tomiya, 2011; M.Eoc. SWNAm. --+-- [Canidae](cynoidea/cynoidea.html) Gray, 1821 [Cynoidea:] --+-- †Zodiolestes diamonelixensis --+-- [Pinnipedimorpha](arctoidea/pinnipedimorpha.html) Berta, 1991 [Pinnipedia _sensu lato_] (seals; eväjalkaiset petoeläimet) --+-- Mustelidae (weasels; näädät) --+-- [Procyonidae](arctoidea/procyonidae.html) (half-bears, raccoons; puolikarhut) --+-- Ailuridae Gray, 1843 [Procyonidae: Simocyoninae + Ailurinae] (golden pandas; pikkupandat) --o [Ursoidea](arctoidea/ursoidea.html) Flower, 1869 (bear-like carnivores; karhunsukuiset petoeläimet) -- Ursidae Fisher de Waldheim, 1817 non? Gray, 1825 sensu McKenna & Bell, 1997 [Ursinae sensu Ginsburg & Morales, 1998 and Astibia, Morales & Ginsburg, 2000] (bears; karhut)

Alternative phylogenies of Caniformia:

| After Sato, Wolsan, Minami, Hosoda, Sinaga, Hiyama, Yamaguchi & Suzuki, 2009 **<==**o Caniformia |-- Canidae `--o Arctoidea | -- Ursidae `--o Mustelida | --o Pinnipedia | | -- Phocidae | `--+-- Otariidae | `-- Odobenidae `--o Musteloidea | -- Mephitidae `--+-- Ailuridae `--+-- Procyonidae `-- Mustelidae Reference(s): Sato, J. J., Wolsan, M., Minami, S., Hosoda, T., Sinaga, M. H., Hiyama, K., Yamaguchi, Y. & Suzuki, H., 2009: Deciphering and dating the red panda's ancestry and early adaptive radiation of Musteloidea.–Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution: Vol. 53, #3, pp. 907-922 [**doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2009.08.019**] | After Flynn, Finarelli, Zehr, Hsu & Nedbal, 2005 **<==**o Caniformia |-- Canidae `--o Arctoidea | -- Ursidae `--o Mustelida | --o Pinnipedia | | -- Phocidae | `--+-- Otariidae | `-- Odobenidae `--o Musteloidea | -- Ailuridae `--+-- Mephitidae `--+-- Procyonidae `-- Mustelidae | After Wyss & Flynn, 1993 **<==**o Caniformia |--o “Cynoidea” | `-- Canidae `--o Arctoidea | --o Mustelida | | -- Mustelidae | `--+-- Ailuridae | `-- Procyonidae `--o Ursida | -- Ursidae `--o Pinnipedia | -- Phocidae `--+-- Otariidae `-- Odobenidae | | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------ | | -------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------ | | -------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | ---------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------- | | ------------------------------------------ | --------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |

Reference(s):

• Alroy, J., 2002: North American fossil mammal systematics database.
  –iNet: North American fossil mammal systematics database: http://www.nceas.ucsb.edu/~alroy/nafmsd.html
• Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
  –W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698.
• Carroll, R. L., 1988: Appendix. 594-648.
  in Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
  –W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698.
• Flynn, J. J., Finarelli, J. A., Zehr, S., Hsu, J. & Nedbal, M. A., 2005: Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships.
  –Systematic Biology: Vol. 54, #2, pp. 317-337 [doi: 10.1080/10635150590923326]
• Gebo, D. L. & Rose, K. D., 1993: Skeletal morphology and locomotor adaptation in Prolimnocyon atavus, an Early Eocene hyaenodontid creodont.
  –Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 13, #1, pp. 125-144
• McKenna, M. C. & Bell, S. K., (eds.) 1997: Classification of mammals – above the species level.
  –Columbia University Press, New York, 1997, xii-631
• Sato, J. J., Wolsan, M., Minami, S., Hosoda, T., Sinaga, M. H., Hiyama, K., Yamaguchi, Y. & Suzuki, H., 2009: Deciphering and dating the red panda's ancestry and early adaptive radiation of Musteloidea.
  –Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution: Vol. 53, #3, pp. 907-922 [**doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2009.08.019**]
• Tomiya, S., 2011: A New Basal Caniform (Mammalia: Carnivora) from the Middle Eocene of North America and Remarks on the Phylogeny of Early Carnivorans.
  –Plos One: Vol. 6, #9, e24146, pp. 1-24 [doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024146]
• Wesley-Hunt, G. D. & Flynn, J. J., 2005: Phylogeny of the Carnivora: basal relationships among the Carnivoramorphans, and assessment of the position of ‘Miacoidea’ relative to Carnivora.
  –Journal of Systematic Palaeontology: Vol. 3, #1, pp. 1-28
• Wesley, G. D. & Flynn, J. J., 2003: A revision of Tapocyon (Carnivoramorpha), including analysis of the first cranial specimens and identification of a new species.
  –Journal of Paleontology: Vol. 77, #4, pp. 769-783
• Wyss, A. R. & Flynn, J. J., 1993: A phylogenetic analysis and definition of the Carnivora. 32-52
  in Szalay, F. S., Novacek, M. J. & McKenna, M. C., (eds.) 1993: Mammal phylogeny - Placentals.
  –Springer-Verlag, New York,