Countries Ni-O (original) (raw)

Rulers

Contents of this page:
Nicaragua - Niger - Nigeria - Niue - Norfolk Island - North Macedonia - Northern Mariana Islands - Norway - Oman

Nicaragua

15 Sep 1821 declaration of independence from Spain of the Kingdom of Guatemala (encompassing all present Central America plus Chiapas)

Le�n

28 Sep 1821 Le�n, while awaiting developments with regard to Spain, proclaims its secession from the Kingdom of Guatemala (Acta de los Nublados) 12 Oct 1821 incorporated into Mexico (ratified 5 Jan 1822) 17 Apr 1823 Le�n declares itself an "orphan" and thus sovereign 1 Jul 1823 the Central American Federation (see under Guatemala) proclaims independence from Mexico and invites those provinces that had left the Kingdom of Guatemala to join 2 Jul 1823 Le�n accedes to invitation

Superior Political Chief and Intendant 15 Sep 1821 - 12 Oct 1821 Miguel Gonz�lez Saravia (b. 1788 - d. 1848) 17 Apr 1823 - 4 Jan 1825 Provisional Governing Junta - Pedro Sol�s (primer vocal) - Jos� del Carmen Salazar Lacayo - Francisco Qui��nez - Domingo Nicol�s Galarza y Brice�o de Coca - Basilio Carrillo - Jos� Valent�n Fern�ndez Gallegos - Juan Modesto Hern�ndez (some sources list the last two as alternates)

Granada

4 Oct 1821 Granada reaffirms its being part of the Kingdom of Guatemala, independent from Spain 22 Nov 1821 at the instigation of the government of Guatemala, a Governing Junta is established 4 Feb 1822 - 16 Jan 1823 incorporated into Mexico (de jure situation ambiguous) 20 Apr 1823 Cleto Ord��ez is proclaimed General en Jefe del Ej�rcito Protector y Libertador de Granada; he acts as head of state (e.g. in a treaty with Le�n), but sets up a Governing Junta 2 Jul 1823 part of Central American Federation (see under Guatemala)

22 Nov 1821 - 4 Feb 1822 Governing Junta - P�o Jos� Domitilo Bola�os Thomeu Santeliz - Rafael Brice�o - Felipe Arg�ello - Dionisio del Castillo 20 Apr 1823 - Jan 1825 Two conflicting versions Version 1: Governing Junta - Jos� Antonio Vel�zquez - Bernab� Montiel - Venancio Fern�ndez - Nicol�s de la Rocha Zapata Version 2: Revolutionary Junta - Cleto Ord��ez (b. 1778 - d. 18...) - Raimundo Tiffer - Ignacio Marenco - Solano Castrillo - Nicol�s de la Rocha Zapata - Manuel Sandoval

Managua

President of the Governing Junta Jul 1824 - 22 Jan 1825 Policarpo Irigoyen

El Viejo

President of the Governing Junta 9 Aug 1824 - 27 Dec 1824 Juan Bautista Salazar

Nicaragua

22 Apr 1825 State of Nicaragua (constituent state of Central American Federation; see under Guatemala) 30 Apr 1838 separation from the Federation sanctioned; promulgated 2 May 1838 30 Apr 1854 Republic of Nicaragua 15 Sep 1896 - 13 Nov 1898 confederation with El Salvador and Honduras (Greater Republic of Central America; from 1 Nov 1898 abortive union as United States of Central America)

Superior Political Chief and Intendant 11 Feb 1824 - 4 May 1824 Jos� Justo Milla (b. 1794 - d. 1838) Intendant 10 Oct 1824 - 22 Apr 1825 Manuel Arz� (12 Nov - 26 Dec 1824 also president of the General Governing Junta) Chiefs (often styled Supreme Chiefs, a term not mentioned in the constitution) 22 Apr 1825 - 22 Apr 1826 Manuel Antonio de la Cerda (1st time) (b. 1780 - d. 1828) 22 Apr 1826 - 14 Sep 1827 Juan Arg�ello (1st time) (b. 1778 - d. 1830) (acting [for suspended Cerda from Nov 1825] to 13 Aug 1826) 17 Sep 1826 - 26 Feb 1827 Pedro Benito Pineda (b. ... - d. 1827) (acting; in rebellion at Granada) 27 Feb 1827 - 7 Nov 1828 Manuel Antonio de la Cerda (2nd time) (s.a.) (in rebellion outside Le�n and Granada) 14 Sep 1827 - Dec 1827 Pedro Oviedo (provisional) under the authority of Cleto Ord��ez (Commandant-General) (s.a.) Dec 1827 - Aug 1828 chaos in Le�n and Granada; sources mention governing juntas, but no detail is available 5 Aug 1828 - Apr 1829 Juan Arg�ello (2nd time) (s.a.) Apr 1829 - 12 May 1830 Juan Espinosa (acting) 12 May 1830 - Nov 1833 Dionisio Herrera (b. 1781 - d. 1850) Dec 1833 - 10 Mar 1834 Benito Rosales (acting) 10 Mar 1834 - 23 Apr 1835 Jos� N��ez (1st time) (acting) 23 Apr 1835 - 25 Jan 1837 Jos� Zepeda (b. 17... - d. 1837) 25 Jan 1837 - Jan 1838 Jos� N��ez (2nd time) (acting) Jan 1838 - 13 Mar 1838 Francisco Jim�nez Rubio (acting) 13 Mar 1838 - 17 Nov 1838 Jos� N��ez (3rd time) Directors (often styled Supreme Directors, a term not mentioned in constitution) 17 Nov 1838 - 1839 Jos� N��ez 1839 Evaristo Rocha (acting) Jun 1839 - Jul 1839 Patricio Rivas (1st time) (acting) Jul 1839 - Oct 1839 Joaqu�n del Coss�o (acting) Oct 1839 - Nov 1839 Hilario Ulloa (acting) Nov 1839 - Sep 1840 Tom�s Valladares (acting) Sep 1840 - Mar 1841 Patricio Rivas (2nd time) (acting) 4 Mar 1841 - 1 Apr 1843 Pablo Buitrago (b. 1807 - d. 1882) 1 Apr 1843 - 31 May 1843 Juan de Dios Orozco (acting) 31 May 1843 - 4 Nov 1844 Manuel P�rez 4 Nov 1844 - 24 Jan 1845 Emiliano Madriz (acting) 16 Dec 1844 - 20 Jan 1845 Silvestre Selva (acting, in dissidence) 20 Jan 1845 - 4 Apr 1845 Manuel Antonio Blas S�enz (acting, in dissidence to 24 Jan 1845) 4 Apr 1845 - 12 Mar 1847 Jos� Le�n Sandoval (b. 1789 - d. 1847) 12 Mar 1847 - 6 Apr 1847 Miguel Ram�n Morales (acting) 6 Apr 1847 - 1 Jan 1849 Jos� Mar�a Guerrero (b. ... - d. af.1852) 1 Jan 1849 - Mar 1849 Toribio Ter�n (acting) Mar 1849 - 1 Apr 1849 Benito Rosales (acting) 1 Apr 1849 - 1 Apr 1851 Norberto Ram�rez (b. 1800 - d. 1856) 1 Apr 1851 - 5 May 1851 Justo Aba�nza (1st time) (acting) 5 May 1851 - 4 Aug 1851 Laureano Pineda (1st time) (b. 1802 - d. 1853) 4 Aug 1851 - 11 Nov 1851 Justo Aba�nza (2nd time) (acting) 5 Aug 1851 - 11 Aug 1851 Jos� Francisco del Montenegro (acting) (in rebellion) 11 Aug 1851 - 2 Nov 1851 Jos� de Jes�s Alfaro (acting) (in rebellion) 11 Nov 1851 - 1 Apr 1853 Laureano Pineda (2nd time) (s.a.) (in rebellion from 2 Nov 1851) 1 Apr 1853 - 30 Apr 1854 Fruto Chamorro (b. 1804 - d. 1855) Presidents 30 Apr 1854 - 12 Mar 1855 Fruto Chamorro (s.a.) (provisional to 1854, then acting to 1 Mar 1855) 12 Mar 1855 - 20 Mar 1855 Ponciano Corral (de facto) (b. 1805 - d. 1855) 20 Mar 1855 - 25 Oct 1855 Jos� Mar�a Estrada (acting) (b. 1802 - d. 1856) 25 Oct 1855 - 24 Jun 1857 Patricio Rivas (provisional) 24 Jun 1857 - 19 Oct 1857 Government Junta - M�ximo Jerez (b. 1818 - d. 1881) - Tom�s Mart�nez (b. 1820 - d. 1873) 19 Oct 1857 - 15 Nov 1857 Government Junta - Gregorio Ju�rez (b. 1800 - d. 1879) - Rosal�o Cort�s (b. 1820 - d. 1884) 15 Nov 1857 - 1 Mar 1867 Tom�s Mart�nez (s.a.) 1 Mar 1867 - 1 Mar 1871 Fernando Guzm�n (b. 1812 - d. 1891) 26 Jun 1869 - 1869 Francisco Baca (b. 1822 - d. 1901) (provisional; in dissidence) 1 Mar 1871 - 1 Mar 1875 Vicente Quadra (b. 1812 - d. 1894) 1 Mar 1875 - 1 Mar 1879 Pedro Joaqu�n Chamorro (b. 1818 - d. 1890) 1 Mar 1879 - 1 Mar 1883 Joaqu�n Zavala (1st time) (b. 1835 - d. 1906) 1 Mar 1883 - 1 Mar 1887 Ad�n C�rdenas (b. 1836 - d. 1916) 1 Mar 1887 - 1 Aug 1889 Evaristo Carazo (b. 1821 - d. 1889) 1 Aug 1889 - 5 Aug 1889 David Osorno (acting) (b. 1845 - d. 1918) 5 Aug 1889 - 1 Jan 1891 Roberto Sacasa (1st time) (acting) (b. 1840 - d. 1896) 1 Jan 1891 - 1 Mar 1891 Ignacio Ch�vez (acting) 1 Mar 1891 - 1 Jun 1893 Roberto Sacasa (2nd time) (s.a.) 30 Apr 1893 - 20 May 1893 Eduardo Montiel (commandant of the Army Restoring Order, in dissidence) 20 May 1893 - 1 Jun 1893 Revolutionary Government Junta (in dissidence) - Eduardo Montiel - Jos� Santos Zelaya (b. 1853 - d. 1919) 1 Jun 1893 - 15 Jul 1893 Salvador Machado (acting) 16 Jul 1893 - 31 Jul 1893 Joaqu�n Zavala (2nd time) (s.a.) (provisional) 31 Jul 1893 - 21 Dec 1909 Jos� Santos Zelaya (s.a.) (president of Government Junta [in dissidence from 12 Jul 1893] to 15 Sep 1893; provisional 16 Sep 1893 - 1 Feb 1894) 24 Feb 1896 - May 1896 Francisco Baca hijo (b. 1855 - d. 1917) (acting; in dissidence) 3 Feb 1899 - 26 Feb 1899 Juan Pablo Reyes (provisional; in dissidence) 21 Dec 1909 - 20 Aug 1910 Jos� Madriz (acting) (b. 1867 - d. 1911) 20 Aug 1910 - 27 Aug 1910 Jos� Dolores Estrada (acting) (b. 18... - d. 1911) 27 Aug 1910 - 30 Aug 1910 Luis Mena (acting) (b. 18... - d. 1928) 30 Aug 1910 - 9 May 1911 Juan Jos� Estrada (b. 1872 - d. 1967) (provisional [in dissidence from 10 Oct 1909] to 1 Jan 1911, then president pro t�mpore) 9 May 1911 - 1 Jan 1917 Adolfo D�az (1st time) (b. 1875 - d. 1964) (acting to 1 Jan 1913) 29 Jul 1912 - 23 Sep 1912 Luis Mena (acting; in dissidence) 23 Sep 1912 - 4 Oct 1912 Benjam�n Francisco Zeled�n Rodr�guez (b. 1879 - d. 1912) (supreme chief of government; in dissidence) 1 Jan 1917 - 1 Jan 1921 Emiliano Chamorro Vargas (1st time) (b. 1871 - d. 1966) 1 Jan 1921 - 12 Oct 1923 Diego Manuel Chamorro Bola�os (b. 1861 - d. 1923) 12 Oct 1923 - 27 Oct 1923 Rosendo Chamorro (acting) (b. 1862 - d. 1947) 27 Oct 1923 - 1 Jan 1925 Bartolom� Mart�nez (acting) (b. 1860 - d. 1936) 1 Jan 1925 - 14 Mar 1926 Carlos Jos� Sol�rzano (b. 1860 - d. 1936) 14 Mar 1926 - 11 Nov 1926 Emiliano Chamorro Vargas (2nd time) (acting) (s.a.) 11 Nov 1926 - 14 Nov 1926 Sebasti�n Uriza (acting) 14 Nov 1926 - 1 Jan 1929 Adolfo D�az (2nd time) (s.a.) 14 Nov 1926 - 1 Jan 1929 Juan Bautista Sacasa (b. 1874 - d. 1946) (acting; in dissidence) 1 Jan 1929 - 1 Jan 1933 Jos� Mar�a Moncada Tapia (b. 1870 - d. 1945) 1 Jan 1933 - 9 Jun 1936 Juan Bautista Sacasa (s.a.) 9 Jun 1936 Juli�n Ir�as (b. 1873 - d. 1940) (provisional [for Sacasa from 6 Jun 1936]) 9 Jun 1936 - 1 Jan 1937 Carlos Alberto Brenes Jarqu�n (b. 1884 - d. 1942) (acting) 1 Jan 1937 - 1 May 1947 Anastasio Somoza Garc�a (1st time) (b. 1896 - d. 1956) 1 May 1947 - 26 May 1947 Leonardo Arg�ello (b. 1875 - d. 1947) 26 May 1947 - 15 Aug 1947 Benjam�n Lacayo Sacasa (acting) (b. 1893 - d. 1959) 15 Aug 1947 - 6 May 1950 V�ctor Manuel Rom�n y Reyes (b. 1873 - d. 1950) 6 May 1950 - 7 May 1950 Manuel Fernando Zurita (acting) 7 May 1950 - 29 Sep 1956 Anastasio Somoza Garc�a (2nd time) (s.a.) 28 Sep 1956 - 1 May 1963 Luis Somoza Debayle (b. 1922 - d. 1967) (acting [for Anastasio Somoza Garc�a to 29 Sep 1956] to 29 Sep 1956) 1 May 1963 - 3 Aug 1966 Ren� Schick Guti�rrez (b. 1909 - d. 1966) 3 Aug 1966 - 4 Aug 1966 Orlando Montenegro Medrano (b. 1922 - d. 1988) (acting) 4 Aug 1966 - 1 May 1967 Lorenzo Guerrero Guti�rrez (b. 1900 - d. 1981) 1 May 1967 - 1 May 1972 Anastasio Somoza Debayle (1st time) (b. 1925 - d. 1980) 1 May 1972 - 1 Dec 1974 National Government Junta - Roberto Mart�nez Lacayo (b. 1899 - d. 1984) - Fernando Ag�ero Rocha (b. 1920 - d. 2011) (to 1 Mar 1973) - Edmundo Paguaga Ir�as (b. 1923 - d. 2008) (from 1 Mar 1973) - Alfonso Lovo Cordero (b. 1927 - d. 2018) 1 Dec 1974 - 17 Jul 1979 Anastasio Somoza Debayle (2nd time) (s.a.) 17 Jul 1979 - 18 Jul 1979 Francisco Urcuyo Malia�o (acting) (b. 1915 - d. 2001) 18 Jul 1979 - 10 Jan 1985 Government Junta of National Reconstruction - Daniel Ortega (b. 1945) (coordinator from 4 Mar 1981) - Sergio Ram�rez Mercado (b. 1942) - Violeta Barrios de Chamorro (f) (b. 1929) (to 19 Apr 1980) - Luis Adolfo Robelo Callejas (b. 1939) (to 22 Apr 1980) - Mois�s Hassan Morales (b. 1942) (to 4 Mar 1981) - Rafael C�rdova Rivas (b. 1923 - d. 2009) (from 18 May 1980) - Arturo Cruz Porras (b. 1923 - d. 2013) (18 May 1980 - 4 Mar 1981) 10 Jan 1985 - 25 Apr 1990 Daniel Ortega (1st time) (s.a.) 25 Apr 1990 - 10 Jan 1997 Violeta Barrios de Chamorro (f) (s.a.) 10 Jan 1997 - 10 Jan 2002 Arnoldo Alem�n (b. 1946) 10 Jan 2002 - 10 Jan 2007 Enrique Bola�os (b. 1928 - d. 2021) 10 Jan 2007 - Daniel Ortega (2nd time) (s.a.)

Rival government (State of Nicaragua)

Directors 11 Jun 1854 - 2 Sep 1855 Francisco Castell�n (b. 1815 - d. 1855) (provisional to 1 Apr 1855) 2 Sep 1855 - 30 Oct 1855 Nazario Escoto (acting)

Rival government (Republic of Nicaragua)

Presidents 20 Jun 1856 - 12 Jul 1856 Ferm�n Ferrer (provisional) 12 Jul 1856 - 1 May 1857 William Walker (b. 1824 - d. 1860)

Rival government (Republic of Nicaragua)

Presidents 29 Jun 1856 - 13 Aug 1856 Jos� Mar�a Estrada (acting) (s.a.) 13 Aug 1856 - 12 Sep 1856 Nicasio del Castillo (acting)

North Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region

31 Mar 2016 North Atlantic Autonomous Region renamed North Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region

Coordinators of the Regional Government ("governors") 4 May 1990 - 1992 Leonel Panting Wilson (b. 1950) 1992 - 4 May 1994 Alfonso Smith Warman 4 May 1994 - May 1996 Marcos Hoppington Scott May 1996 - 4 May 1998 Steadman Fagoth Muller (b. 1949) 4 May 1998 - 4 May 2002 Alba Rivera de Vallejos (f) (b. 1931) 4 May 2002 - 4 May 2006 Hurtado Garc�a Becker 4 May 2006 - 4 May 2010 Reynaldo Francis Watson 4 May 2010 - 4 May 2012 Mara Rivas Williams (f) 4 May 2012 - 4 May 2014 Evelyn Taylor Ir�as (f) 4 May 2014 - Carlos Jos� Alem�n Cunningham

South Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region

31 Mar 2016 South Atlantic Autonomous Region renamed South Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region

Coordinators of the Regional Government ("governors") 4 May 1990 - 4 May 1994 Alvin Guthrie Rivers (b. 1946) 4 May 1994 - 4 May 1998 Rayfield Wayne Hodgson Bobb 4 May 1998 - Apr 2001 Randolph Noel Hodgson Jullit Apr 2001 - 4 May 2002 Rendell Hebbert L�pez 4 May 2002 - 24 Aug 2002 Ra�l Mart�nez Medina 24 Aug 2002 - Sep 2004 Guy Crosby Cox Wallace Sep 2004 - 4 May 2006 Alejandro Mej�a Gait�n 4 May 2006 - 4 May 2008 Paulo Santos Avenda�o Zapata 4 May 2008 - 4 May 2012 Yadira Esperanza Flores Reyes (f) 4 May 2012 - 1 Dec 2016 Domingo Jos� Truesdale Hodgson (b. 1956?) 1 Dec 2016 - 4 May 2019 Shaira Natasha Downs Morgan (f) 4 May 2019 - Rub�n L�pez Espinoza

Mosquito

   1661                Mosquitian Nation established as a kingdom

12 Sep 1861 kingdom transformed into Mosquito Reservation under Nicaraguan sovereignty 7 Aug 1894 (ratified 28 Feb 1895) reservation abolished, with full incorporation into Nicaragua

Kings 1661 - 1677 Oldman I 1677 - 1686 Oldman II (b. ... - d. 1686) 1686 - 1720 Jeremy I (b. _c._1639 - d. 1720) 1720 - 1729 Jeremy II (b. ... - d. 1729) 1729 - 1739 Peter 1739 - Jan 1755 Edward (b. af.1719 - d. 1755) 1755 - 1776 George I Samuel Roderick Kandler (b. ... - d. 1776) 1777 - Oct 1801 George II Augustus (b. ... - d. 1801) Oct 1801 - 14 Nov 1815 Stephen (king-regent) 14 Nov 1815 - 9 Mar 1824 George III Frederick Augustus (b. 1798 - d. 1824) 9 Mar 1824 - Oct 1842 Robert Charles Frederick (b. ... - d. 1842) Oct 1842 - 4 May 1843 Archibald Alexander Macdonald (chairman Regency Commission) 4 May 1843 - 17 Apr 1845 Regency - Prince Wellington - Lowry Robinson - Johnson (to 1843) 17 Apr 1845 - 12 Sep 1861 George IV Augustus Frederick (b. 1832 - d. 1865) Hereditary Chiefs 12 Sep 1861 - 27 Nov 1865 George IV Augustus Frederick (s.a.) 27 Nov 1865 - 23 May 1866 Henry Patterson (vice-president of the Council) 23 May 1866 - 5 May 1879 William Henry Clarence (b. 1856 - d. 1879) 5 May 1879 - 17 Jun 1879 Charles Patterson (1st time) (vice-president of the Council) 17 Jun 1879 - 8 Nov 1888 George V William Albert Hendy (b. ... - d. 1888) 8 Nov 1888 - 8 Mar 1889 Charles Patterson (2nd time) (vice-president of the Council) 8 Mar 1889 - 11 Nov 1890 Jonathan Charles Frederick (b. ... - d. 1890) 11 Nov 1890 - 30 Jan 1891 Charles Patterson (3rd time) (vice-president of the Council) 30 Jan 1891 - 7 Aug 1894 Robert Henry Clarence (b. 1873 - d. 1908)

Niger

23 Jul 1900 French military territory (part of French West Africa; see under Senegal) 13 Oct 1922 French colony 19 Dec 1958 autonomy (Republic of Niger) 3 Aug 1960 independence

Commandants (from 24 Feb 1913, commissioners) 23 Jul 1900 - 1901 �tienne P�roz (b. 1857 - d. 1910) 13 Nov 1901 - 1902 Henri Gouraud (b. 1867 - d. 1946) 3 Nov 1902 - 1903 No�l Nov 1903 - Sep 1905 Joseph Gauderique Aymerich (b. 1858 - d. 1937) 1906 - 1907 Lamolle 1907 - 1908 Cristofari Aug 1908 - 1911 Paul C�lestin Marie Joseph Venel (1st time) (b. 1864 - d. 1920) 27 Sep 1911 - 1912 Hocquart 1912 - 1913 Charles Camille Thierry de Maugras (b. 1860 - d. 19...) (acting) 4 Dec 1913 - 1915 Paul C�lestin Marie Joseph Venel (2nd time) (s.a.) 15 Nov 1915 - Jan 1918 Charles Henry Mourin (b. 1863 - d. 19...) 24 Jan 1918 - 1919 Marie Joseph F�lix M�chet (b. 1870 - d. 1926) Aug 1919 - 1920 Claude Paul �mile Lefebvre 1920 Marius Gustave Ferdinand Renauld (b. 1873 - d. 1933) 5 Jul 1920 - 1921 Louis �mile Ruef (b. 1870 - d. 1960) 1921 - 26 Dec 1922 Jules Br�vi� (b. 1880 - d. 1964) Lieutenant governors 26 Dec 1922 - 9 Oct 1929 Jules Br�vi� (s.a.) 23 Mar 1923 - Sep 1925 L�once Jore (acting for Br�vi�) (b. 1882 - d. 1975) 9 Oct 1929 - 21 Nov 1929 Jean Baptiste Robert Fayout (b. 1875 - d. 19...) (acting) 21 Nov 1929 - 30 Oct 1930 Alphonse Choteau (b. 1883 - d. 1936) 30 Oct 1930 - 9 Sep 1931 Louis Placide Blacher (b. 1883 - d. 1960) 9 Sep 1931 - 25 May 1933 Th�ophile Antoine Pascal Tellier (b. 1872 - d. 1955) 25 May 1933 - May 1934 Maurice Bourgine (b. 1879 - d. 1963) May 1934 - 16 Mar 1935 L�on Charles Alphonse P�tre (b. 1881 - d. 1956) 16 Mar 1935 - 29 Apr 1938 Joseph Court (b. 1881 - d. 1948) 29 Apr 1938 - 18 Feb 1939 Victor Chazelas (acting) (b. 1885 - d. 1953) 18 Feb 1939 - 7 Nov 1940 Jean Rapenne (b. 1901 - d. 1952) 7 Nov 1940 - 8 Dec 1940 L�on Solomiac (acting) (b. 1873 - d. 1960) 8 Dec 1940 - 4 Mar 1942 Maurice Falvy (b. 1888 - d. 1970) 4 Mar 1942 - May 1954 Jean Toby (acting to Dec 1942) (b. 1900 - d. 1964) 11 Feb 1952 - 23 Feb 1953 Fernand Georges Gaston Casimir (b. 1896 - d. 1985) (acting for Toby) 21 Dec 1954 - 3 Nov 1956 Jean Ramadier (b. 1913 - d. 1968) 3 Nov 1956 - 29 Jan 1958 Paul Bordier (b. 1921 - d. 2003) 29 Jan 1958 - 25 Aug 1958 Louis F�lix Rollet (acting) (b. 1915 - d. 2001) High commissioner 25 Aug 1958 - 2 Aug 1960 Jean Colombani (b. 1903 - d. 1977) President 3 Aug 1960 - 15 Apr 1974 Hamani Diori (b. 1916 - d. 1989) (acting head of state to 9 Nov 1960) Presidents of the Supreme Military Council 17 Apr 1974 - 10 Nov 1987 Seyni Kountch� (b. 1931 - d. 1987) 10 Nov 1987 - 17 May 1989 Ali Saibou (b. 1940 - d. 2011) (interim to 14 Nov 1987) President of the Supreme Council of National Orientation 17 May 1989 - 20 Dec 1989 Ali Saibou (s.a.) Presidents 20 Dec 1989 - 16 Apr 1993 Ali Saibou (s.a.) 16 Apr 1993 - 27 Jan 1996 Mahamane Ousmane (b. 1950) Chairman of the National Salvation Council 27 Jan 1996 - 7 Aug 1996 Ibrahim Bar� Ma�nassara (b. 1949 - d. 1999) President 7 Aug 1996 - 9 Apr 1999 Ibrahim Bar� Ma�nassara (s.a.) Chairman of the National Reconciliation Council 11 Apr 1999 - 22 Dec 1999 Daouda Malam Wank� (b. 1954 - d. 2004) President 22 Dec 1999 - 18 Feb 2010 Mamadou Tandja (b. 1938 - d. 2020) Chairman of the Supreme Council for the Restoration of Democracy 19 Feb 2010 - 7 Apr 2011 Salou Djibo (b. 1965) Presidents 7 Apr 2011 - 2 Apr 2021 Mahamadou Issoufou (b. 1952) 2 Apr 2021 - 26 Jul 2023 Mohamed Bazoum (b. 1960) Chairman of the National Council for the Safeguarding of the Fatherland 28 Jul 2023 - Abdourahamane Tchiani (b. 1964)

Prime ministers 20 May 1957 - 10 Oct 1958 Djibo Bakary (b. 1922 - d. 1998) (vice president of the Government Council to 26 Jul 1958, then president of the Government Council) 18 Dec 1958 - 9 Nov 1960 Hamani Diori (s.a.) (president of the provisional government to 25 Feb 1959) 24 Jan 1983 - 14 Nov 1983 Mamane Oumarou (1st time) (b. 1945) 14 Nov 1983 - 15 Jul 1988 Hamid Algabid (b. 1941) 15 Jul 1988 - 20 Dec 1989 Mamane Oumarou (2nd time) (s.a.) 2 Mar 1990 - 27 Oct 1991 Aliou Mahamidou (b. 1936 - d. 1996) 27 Oct 1991 - 17 Apr 1993 Amadou Cheiffou (b. 1942) 17 Apr 1993 - 28 Sep 1994 Mahamadou Issoufou (s.a.) 28 Sep 1994 - 8 Feb 1995 Souley Abdoulaye (b. 1965) 8 Feb 1995 - 21 Feb 1995 Amadou Ciss� (1st time) (b. 1948) 21 Feb 1995 - 27 Jan 1996 Hama Amadou (1st time) (b. 1950 - d. 2024) 30 Jan 1996 - 21 Dec 1996 Boukary Adji (b. 1939 - d. 2018) 21 Dec 1996 - 27 Nov 1997 Amadou Ciss� (2nd time) (s.a.) 27 Nov 1997 - 3 Jan 2000 Ibrahim Assane Mayaki (b. 1951) 3 Jan 2000 - 7 Jun 2007 Hama Amadou (2nd time) (s.a.) 7 Jun 2007 - 23 Sep 2009 Seyni Oumarou (b. 1950) 23 Sep 2009 - 8 Oct 2009 Albad� Abouba (acting) 8 Oct 2009 - 18 Feb 2010 Ali Badjo Gamati� (b. 1957) 23 Feb 2010 - 7 Apr 2011 Mahamadou Danda (b. 1951) 7 Apr 2011 - 3 Apr 2021 Brigi Rafini (b. 1953) 3 Apr 2021 - 26 Jul 2023 Ouhoumoudou Mahamadou (b. 1954) 7 Aug 2023 - Ali Lamine Z�ne (b. 1965)

Traditional polities

Nigeria

Lagos

   1861                British colony (subordinated to Sierra Leone 1866-74
                       and to the Gold Coast 1874-86)
   1906                part of Southern Nigeria

Governors 1861 - 7 Apr 1865 Henry Stanhope Freeman (b. 1836 - d. 1865) 1865 - 1866 John Hawley Glover (acting) (b. 1829 - d. 1885) Administrators 1866 Charles George Edward Patey (b. 1813 - d. 1881) Feb 1866 - 1872 John Hawley Glover (s.a.) 1872 Henry Fowler (acting) Dec 1872 - Oct 1873 George Berkeley (b. 1819 - d. 1905) 1873 - 1874 Charles Cameron Lees (acting) (b. 1831 - d. 1898) 1874 George Cumine Strahan (b. 1838 - d. 1887) Lieutenant governors 1874 - 1875 Charles Cameron Lees (s.a.) 1875 - 1878 John D'Auvergne Dumaresq (acting) 1878 Malcolm J. Brown (acting) 1878 - 1880 Alfred Moloney (1st time) (acting) (b. 1848 - d. 1913) 1880 - 1882 William Brandford Griffith (b. 1821 - d. 1897) 1882 Frank Simpson (acting) 1882 - 1883 Alfred Moloney (2nd time) (acting) (s.a.) Deputy governors 1883 - 1884 Frederick Evans (1st time) (b. 1849 - d. 1939) 1884 Robert Murray Rumsey (b. 1849 - d. 1922) 1884 - 1885 Robert Knapp Barrow (b. 1838 - d. 1888) 1885 - 1886 Frederick Evans (2nd time) (s.a.) Administrator 1886 - 1887 Alfred Moloney (2nd time) (s.a.) Governors 1887 - 1891 Alfred Moloney (from 1 Jan 1890, Sir Alfred Moloney) (s.a.) 1891 - 1897 Gilbert Thomas Carter (from 3 Jun 1893, Sir Gilbert Thomas Carter) (b. 1848 - d. 1927) 1897 - 1899 Henry Edward McCallum (from 4 Jul 1898, Sir Henry Edward McCallum) (b. 1852 - d. 1919) 1899 - 1904 Sir William MacGregor (b. 1846 - d. 1919) 1904 - 1906 Walter Egerton (from 9 Nov 1905, Sir Walter Egerton) (b. 1858 - d. 1947)

Niger Territories

Jul 1886 ruled by Royal Niger Company 1 Jan 1900 split between Northern and Southern Nigeria

Presidents of the Royal Niger Company Jul 1886 - 25 Feb 1895 Henry Austin Bruce, Baron Aberdare (b. 1815 - d. 1895) Mar 1895 - 1 Jan 1900 Sir George Taubman Goldie (b. 1846 - d. 1925)

Northern Nigeria

1 Jan 1900 Protectorate of Northern Nigeria formed from part of Niger Territories 1 Jan 1914 united with Southern Nigeria

High commissioners 1 Jan 1900 - Nov 1906 Frederick Lugard (from 1 Jan 1901, Sir Frederick Lugard) (b. 1858 - d. 1945) 1907 - 1908 Sir Percy Girouard (b. 1867 - d. 1932) Governors 1908 - 1909 Sir Percy Girouard (s.a.) 1909 - 1912 Sir Hesketh Bell (b. 1864 - d. 1952) 1912 - 1 Jan 1914 Sir Frederick Lugard (s.a.)

Southern Nigeria

   1891                Oil Rivers Protectorate

13 May 1893 Niger Coast Protectorate 1 Jan 1900 united with parts of the Niger Territories to form Protectorate of Southern Nigeria 28 Feb 1906 Colony and Protectorate of Southern Nigeria 1 Jan 1914 united with Northern Nigeria

Commissioners 1891 - 1896 Claude Maxwell Macdonald (from 4 Aug 1892, Sir Claude Maxwell Macdonald) (b. 1852 - d. 1915) 1896 - 1 Jan 1900 Ralph Denham Rayment Moor (from 22 Jun 1897, Sir Ralph Denham Rayment Moor) (b. 1860 - d. 1909) High commissioners 1 Jan 1900 - 1903 Sir Ralph Denham Rayment Moor (s.a.) 1903 - 1904 Leslie Probyn (acting) (b. 1862 - d. 1938) 1904 Widenham Francis Widenham Fosbery (b. 1869 - d. 1935) (acting) 1904 - 28 Feb 1906 Walter Egerton (from 9 Nov 1905, Sir Walter Egerton) (s.a.) Governors 28 Feb 1906 - 1912 Sir Walter Egerton (s.a.) 1912 - 1 Jan 1914 Sir Frederick Lugard (s.a.)

Nigeria

1 Jan 1914 Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria 1 Oct 1954 Federation of Nigeria 1 Oct 1960 independence 1 Oct 1963 Federal Republic of Nigeria 24 May 1966 Republic of Nigeria 31 Aug 1966 Federal Republic of Nigeria

Governor-general 1 Jan 1914 - 1919 Sir Frederick Lugard (s.a.) Governors 8 Aug 1919 - 1925 Sir Hugh Clifford (b. 1866 - d. 1941) 13 Nov 1925 - 1931 Sir Graeme Thomson (b. 1875 - d. 1933) 17 Jun 1931 - 1935 Sir Donald Charles Cameron (b. 1872 - d. 1948) 1 Nov 1935 - 18 Dec 1943 Sir Bernard Henry Bourdillon (b. 1883 - d. 1948) Feb 1942 - Jun 1942 Sir Alan Burns (b. 1887 - d. 1980) (acting for Bourdillon) 18 Dec 1943 - 14 Oct 1947 Sir Arthur Frederick Richards (b. 1885 - d. 1978) 1947 - 1948 George Beresford-Stooke (acting) (b. 1897 - d. 1983) 15 Apr 1948 - 1 Oct 1954 Sir John Macpherson (b. 1898 - d. 1971) Governors-general (representing the British monarch as head of state from 1 Oct 1960) 1 Oct 1954 - 15 Jun 1955 Sir John Macpherson (s.a.) 15 Jun 1955 - 16 Nov 1960 Sir James Robertson (b. 1899 - d. 1983) 16 Nov 1960 - 1 Oct 1963 Nnamdi Azikiwe (b. 1904 - d. 1996) President 1 Oct 1963 - 16 Jan 1966 Nnamdi Azikiwe (s.a.) Heads of the Federal Military Government (from 24 May to 31 Aug 1966, National Military Government) 16 Jan 1966 - 29 Jul 1966 Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi (b. 1924 - d. 1966) 1 Aug 1966 - 29 Jul 1975 Yakubu Gowon (b. 1934) 29 Jul 1975 - 13 Feb 1976 Murtala Mohammed (b. 1938 - d. 1976) 14 Feb 1976 - 1 Oct 1979 Olusegun Obasanjo (b. 1937) President 1 Oct 1979 - 31 Dec 1983 Alhaji Shehu Shagari (b. 1925 - d. 2018) Chairman of the Supreme Military Council 31 Dec 1983 - 27 Aug 1985 Muhammadu Buhari (b. 1942) President and chairman of the Armed Forces Ruling Council (from 4 Jan 1993, president of the National Defense and Security Council) 27 Aug 1985 - 26 Aug 1993 Ibrahim Babangida (b. 1941) Head of the Interim National Government 26 Aug 1993 - 17 Nov 1993 Ernest Shonekan (b. 1936 - d. 2022) Chairmen of the Provisional Ruling Council 17 Nov 1993 - 8 Jun 1998 Sani Abacha (b. 1943 - d. 1998) 9 Jun 1998 - 29 May 1999 Abdulsalami Abubakar (b. 1942) Presidents 29 May 1999 - 29 May 2007 Olusegun Obasanjo (s.a.) 29 May 2007 - 5 May 2010 Umaru Musa Yar'Adua (b. 1951 - d. 2010) 9 Feb 2010 - 29 May 2015 Goodluck Jonathan (b. 1957) (acting for Yar'Adua to 5 May 2010) 29 May 2015 - 29 May 2023 Muhammadu Buhari (s.a.) 19 Jan 2017 - 13 Mar 2017 Yemi Osinbajo (1st time) (b. 1957) (acting for Buhari) 7 May 2017 - 19 Aug 2017 Yemi Osinbajo (2nd time) (s.a.) (acting for Buhari) 29 May 2023 - Bola Tinubu (b. 1952)

Prime minister 30 Aug 1957 - 15 Jan 1966 Abubakar Tafawa Balewa (from 1 Jan 1960, Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa) (b. 1912 - d. 1966) Chairman of the Transitional Council 4 Jan 1993 - 26 Aug 1993 Ernest Shonekan (s.a.)

Biafra

30 May 1967 secession of Eastern Region as Republic of Biafra (recognized only by Gabon, Ivory Coast, Tanzania, Zambia [all 1968], and Haiti [1969]) 12 Jan 1970 reintegration into Nigeria

Presidents 30 May 1967 - 8 Jan 1970 Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu (b. 1933 - d. 2011) 8 Jan 1970 - 12 Jan 1970 Philip Effiong (acting) (b. 1924 - d. 2003)

Niue

   17.. -        1917  kingdom of Niue-Fekai

20 Apr 1900 British protectorate 11 Jun 1901 annexed to New Zealand as part of the Cook Islands 1904 separated from Cook Islands 19 Oct 1974 associated state

Kings (title Patuiki) ... - ... Tihamau ... - ... Tepunua Mutalau ... - ... Leivalu ... - ... Hetalangi ... - ... Fakahinaiki ... - ... Punimata ... - ... Ihunga ... - ... Patuavalu ... - ... Ngaliangaaiki ... - ... Fokimata ... - ... Pakieto ... - 2 Mar 1876 interregnum 2 Mar 1876 - 13 Jul 1887 Mataio Tuitonga (b. ... - d. 1887) 21 Nov 1888 - 15 Dec 1896 Fataaiki (b. ... - d. 1896) 30 Jun 1898 - 1917 Tongia Puluteaki (b. 18... - d. 1917) Resident agents 1901 - 1902 Stephenson Percy Smith (b. 1840 - d. 1922) 1902 - Jan 1904 Christopher Freke Maxwell (b. 1857? - d. 1923) Resident commissioners Jan 1904 - 1907 Christopher Freke Maxwell (s.a.) 1907 - 1918 Henry Greyshott Cornwall (b. 1866? - d. 1940) 1918 - 1920 Guy Norman Morris (1st time) (b. 1886 - d. 1949) 1920 - 1922 John Crouchley Murray Evison (b. 1874 - d. 1947) 1922 - 1926 Guy Norman Morris (2nd time) (s.a.) 1926 - 1931 Albert Arthur Luckham (b. 1883 - d. 1957) 1931 - 1942 William Moody Bell (b. 1879 - d. 1954) 1942 - 1943 Joseph Patrick McMahon-Box (b. 1891 - d. 1944) 1943 - 16 Aug 1953 Cecil Hector Watson Larsen (b. 1908 - d. 1953) 1953 - 1956 Jock McEwen (b. 1915 - d. 2010) 1956 - 1958 Albert Oliver Dare (b. 1917 - d. 1982) 1958 - 1962 David Walter Reginald Heatley (b. 1905 - d. 1997) 1962 - 1968 Lyle Allen Shanks (b. 1924 - d. 2009) 1968 - 1973 Selwyn Digby Wilson (b. 1933 - d. 2017) 1973 - 1974 Clifford Andrew Roberts (b. 1921 - d. 1996) New Zealand Representatives 1 Nov 1974 - 1977 William Joseph Ashwell (b. 1930 - d. 1995) 2 Apr 1977 - 1979 Ian McGregor 31 Aug 1979 - 1982 Terry Baker 31 Mar 1982 - 1984 Malcolm McNamara 22 Sep 1984 - 1986 John Springford (b. 1925 - d. 2007) 5 Dec 1986 - 1991 Mel Taylor 17 Mar 1991 - 2 Aug 1993 Kurt Meyer High commissioners 2 Aug 1993 - 1994 Kurt Meyer (1st time) 16 May 1994 - 1997 Warren Searell 27 May 1997 - May 2000 Mike Pointer May 2000 - Feb 2003 John Bryan (1st time) 14 Feb 2003 - 26 Sep 2005 Sandra Lee (f) (b. 1952) 3 Oct 2005 - Feb 2006 Kurt Meyer (2nd time) (acting) Feb 2006 - Jan 2008 Anton Ojala 15 Jan 2008 - 2010 Brian Smythe 2010 - Sep 2010 John Bryan (2nd time) (acting) Sep 2010 - Oct 2010 Tauaasa Taafaki (acting) Oct 2010 - Dec 2013 Mark Blumsky (b. 1957) Feb 2014 - May 2018 Ross Ardern (b. 1954) May 2018 - 30 Jun 2020 Kirk Yates 30 Jun 2020 - 27 Jul 2020 Nigel Ewels (acting) 27 Jul 2020 - 15 Dec 2023 Helen Tunnah (f) 15 Dec 2023 - 5 Mar 2024 Tara D'Sousa (f) (acting) 5 Mar 2024 - Mark Gibb

Premiers (from 3 Sep 2024, prime minister) 19 Oct 1974 - 12 Dec 1992 Robert Rex (from 31 Dec 1983, Sir Robert Rex) (b. 1909 - d. 1992) 12 Dec 1992 - 9 Mar 1993 Young Vivian (1st time) (b. 1935) 9 Mar 1993 - 26 Mar 1999 Frank F. Lui (b. 1935 - d. 2021) 26 Mar 1999 - 1 May 2002 Sani Lakatani (b. 1936) 1 May 2002 - 18 Jun 2008 Young Vivian (2nd time) (s.a.) 18 Jun 2008 - 10 Jun 2020 Toke Talagi (from 31 Dec 2016, Sir Toke Talagi) (b. 1951 - d. 2020) 10 Jun 2020 - Dalton Tagelagi (b. 1968)

Norfolk Island

6 Mar 1788 first settlement; part of New South Wales 29 Sep 1844 part of Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania) 1 Nov 1856 separate British territory; subordinated to New South Wales 1 Jul 1914 Australian territory 1 Jul 2016 attached to New South Wales

Commandants 6 Mar 1788 - 17 Mar 1790 Philip Gidley King (1st time) (b. 1758 - d. 1808) Mar 1790 - Nov 1791 Robert Ross (b. _c._1740 - d. 1794) Nov 1791 - 1796 Philip Gidley King (2nd time) (s.a.) 1796 - 1799 John Townson (b. 1760 - d. 1835) 1799 - 1800 Thomas Rowley Jun 1800 - Sep 1804 Joseph Foveaux (b. 1767 - d. 1846) Sep 1804 - Jan 1810 John Piper Jan 1810 - 18 Feb 1813 Tankerville Alexander Crane 18 Feb 1813 - Feb 1814 William Hutchinson (b. 1772 - d. 1846) (superintendent) Feb 1814 - 6 Jun 1825 abandoned 6 Jun 1825 - 1826 Richard Turton 1826 - 1827 Vance Young Donaldson 1827 - 1828 Thomas Edward Wright 1828 - 1829 Robert Hunt 1829 Joseph Wakefield 1829 - 1834 John Thomas Morisset 1834 Foster Fyans (b. 1790 - d. 1870) 1834 - 1839 Joseph Anderson (b. 1790 - d. 1877) 1839 Thomas Bunbury 1839 - 1840 Thomas Ryan 1840 - 1844 Alexander Maconochie (b. 1787 - d. 1860) 1844 - 1846 Joseph Childs 1846 - 1853 John Giles Price (b. 1808 - d. 1857) 1853 - 1854 Rupert Deering 1854 - 1855 H. Day May 1855 - 8 Jun 1856 Thomas Samuel Stewart (caretaker) Chief magistrates 8 Jun 1856 - 1857 George Martin Frederick Young (1st time) (b. 1822 - d. 1899) 1858 Isaac Christian (b. 1825 - d. 1877) 1859 George Martin Frederick Young (2nd time) (s.a.) 1860 - 1861 Thomas Buffett (b. 1825 - d. 1900) 1862 - 1865 Arthur Quintal II (1st time) (b. 1816 - d. 1902) 1866 William Quintal (1st time) (b. 1817 - d. 1905) 1867 - 1870 John Buffett (1st time) (b. 1826 - d. 1906) 1871 David Buffett (b. 1827 - d. 1924) 1872 - 1873 William Quintal (2nd time) (s.a.) 1874 - 1875 Fletcher Christian Nobbs (b. 1833 - d. 1912) 1876 - 1880 Francis Mason Nobbs (1st time) (b. 1835 - d. 1909) 1881 - 1882 John Buffett (2nd time) (s.a.) 1883 - 1884 Francis Mason Nobbs (2nd time) (s.a.) 1885 Arthur Quintal II (2nd time) (s.a.) 1886 - 1887 Stephen Christian (1st time) (b. 1843 - d. 1918) 1888 Henry Seymour Buffett (b. 1847 - d. 1931) 1889 - 1890 Stephen Christian (2nd time) (s.a.) 1891 - 1892 Byron Stanley Mitchell Adams (1st time) (b. 1847 - d. 1902) 1893 Stephen Christian (3rd time) (s.a.) 1894 Francis Mason Nobbs (3rd time) (s.a.) 1895 - 1896 Byron Stanley Mitchell Adams (2nd time) (s.a.) 1896 - 1898 Warner Wright Spalding (b. 1844 - d. 1920) 1898 - 1903 Charles Macarthur King (b. 1824 - d. 1903) 1903 - 1907 Walton Drake (b. 1850 - d. 1940) 1907 - 1913 Charles Sinclair Elliot (b. 1853 - d. 1915) Administrators 9 Sep 1913 - 30 Aug 1920 Michael Vincent Murphy (1st time) (b. 1857 - d. 1935) 1 Sep 1920 - 30 Jun 1924 John William Parnell (b. 1860 - d. 1931) 1 Jul 1924 - 16 Oct 1926 Edwin Thomas Leane (b. 1867 - d. 1928) 1926 - 1927 Michael Vincent Murphy (2nd time) (s.a.) (acting) 1 Feb 1927 - 25 Jan 1928 Victor Conradsdorf Morisset Sellheim (b. 1866 - d. 1928) 1928 Henry Stephenson Edgar (1st time) (b. 1848 - d. 1937) (acting) 6 Jun 1928 - 21 Jan 1929 Charles Edward Herbert (b. 1860 - d. 1929) 1929 Henry Stephenson Edgar (2nd time) (s.a.) (acting) 1 May 1929 - 30 Jun 1932 Alfred Joshua Bennett (b. 1865 - d. 1946) 1 Jul 1932 - 3 Dec 1937 Charles Robert Pinney (b. 1883 - d. 1945) 4 Dec 1937 - 31 Dec 1945 Sir Charles Rosenthal (b. 1875 - d. 1954) 1 Jan 1946 - 3 Dec 1952 Alexander Wilson (b. 1880 - d. 1954) 4 Dec 1952 - 25 Feb 1953 Charles Ivens Buffett (1st time) (b. 1914 - d. 1995) (acting) 26 Feb 1953 - 15 Feb 1958 Colin Hugh Boyd Norman (b. 1904 - d. 1996) 15 Feb 1958 - 30 Apr 1958 Charles Ivens Buffett (2nd time) (s.a.) (acting) 1 May 1958 - May 1962 Reginald Sylvester Leydin (b. 1905 - d. 1993) Jun 1962 - Aug 1964 Robert Hurley Wordsworth (b. 1894 - d. 1984) Aug 1964 - Oct 1964 James Francis Donovan (acting) (b. 1923) Oct 1964 - Jun 1966 Roger Bede Nott (b. 1908 - d. 2000) Jun 1966 - 6 Jun 1968 Reginald Marsh (b. 1906 - d. 2005) 6 Jun 1968 - 6 Jul 1968 John Geoffrey Cowap (acting) (b. 1930 - d. 2015) 6 Jul 1968 - Aug 1972 Robert Nixon Dalkin (b. 1914 - d. 1991) 14 Aug 1972 - 31 Aug 1975 Edward Thomas Pickerd (1st time) (b. 1917 - d. 2012) 1 Sep 1975 - 31 May 1976 Charles Ivens Buffett (3rd time) (s.a.) (acting) 1 Jun 1976 - 4 Sep 1976 Edward Thomas Pickerd (2nd time) (s.a.) (acting) 4 Sep 1976 - 4 Sep 1979 Desmond Vincent O'Leary (b. 1914 - d. 1996) 5 Sep 1979 - 19 Mar 1981 Peter Coleman (b. 1928 - d. 2019) 19 Mar 1981 - 10 May 1981 Ian Hutchinson (acting) 11 May 1981 - 27 Jan 1982 Thomas Ferguson Paterson (acting) 28 Jan 1982 - 28 Apr 1985 Raymond Edward Trebilco (b. 1926 - d. 1998) 29 Apr 1985 - 31 Dec 1988 John Alexander Matthew 31 Dec 1988 - 12 Apr 1989 William McFadyen Campbell (acting) 13 Apr 1989 - 12 Apr 1992 Bruce MacDonald 13 Apr 1992 - 30 Jun 1997 Alan Gardner Kerr 1 Jul 1997 - 3 Aug 1997 Ralph Alexander Condon (acting) 4 Aug 1997 - 30 Jul 2003 Tony Messner (b. 1939) 30 Jul 2003 - 1 Nov 2003 Michael Stephens (acting) 1 Nov 2003 - 8 Aug 2007 Grant Tambling (b. 1943) 8 Aug 2007 - 31 Mar 2012 Owen Walsh (acting to 2 Oct 2008) (b. 1963?) 1 Apr 2012 - 30 Jun 2014 Neil Pope (b. 1949) 1 Jul 2014 - 31 Mar 2017 Gary Hardgrave (b. 1960) 1 Apr 2017 - 31 May 2023 Eric Hutchinson (b. 1965) 1 Jun 2023 - George Plant

Chief minister 10 Aug 1979 - 21 May 1986 David Ernest Buffett (1st time) (b. 1942) Presidents of the Legislative Assembly 21 May 1986 - 22 May 1989 John Terence Brown (b. 1948) 22 May 1989 - 20 May 1992 David Ernest Buffett (s.a.) Heads of government 20 May 1992 - 4 May 1994 John Terence Brown (s.a.) 4 May 1994 - 5 May 1997 Michael William King (b. 1948) Chief ministers 5 May 1997 - 28 Feb 2000 George Charles Smith (b. 1948) 28 Feb 2000 - 5 Dec 2001 Ronald Coane Nobbs (b. 1938) 5 Dec 2001 - 2 Jun 2006 Geoffrey Robert Gardner (b. 1960?) 2 Jun 2006 - 28 Mar 2007 David Ernest Buffett (2nd time) (s.a.) 28 Mar 2007 - 24 Mar 2010 Andre Neville Nobbs 24 Mar 2010 - 20 Mar 2013 David Ernest Buffett (3rd time) (s.a.) 20 Mar 2013 - 17 Jun 2015 Lisle Denis Snell (b. 1948?) Mayor 6 Jul 2016 - 3 Feb 2021 Robin Adams (f) Administrator of the Regional Council 3 Feb 2021 - 6 Dec 2024 Michael Colreavy (b. 1954?) (interim to 7 Dec 2021) Lead administrator of the Regional Council 6 Dec 2024 - Scott Mason

North Borneo: see under Malaysian states.

North Macedonia

1 Dec 1918 part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (later Yugoslavia) 30 Apr 1945 People's Republic of Macedonia 12 Apr 1963 Socialist Republic of Macedonia 15 Apr 1991 Republic of Macedonia 17 Nov 1991 independence declared 8 Apr 1993 recognized by UN as Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 12 Feb 2019 renamed Republic of North Macedonia

Secretaries of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (from 1952, League of Communists) 1941 - Jul 1963 Lazar Kolisevski (b. 1914 - d. 2000) Jul 1963 - Mar 1969 Krste Crvenkovski (b. 1921 - d. 2001) Mar 1969 - May 1982 Angel Cemerski (b. 1923 - d. 2005) May 1982 - 5 May 1984 Krste Markovski (b. 1925) 5 May 1984 - May 1986 Milan Pancevski (b. 1935 - d. 2019) May 1986 - Nov 1989 Jakov Lazaroski (b. 1936 - d. 2021) Nov 1989 - 21 Apr 1991 Petar Gosev (b. 1948)

Presidents of the Presidium 2 Aug 1944 - 15 Mar 1946 Metodi Andonov-Cento (to 15 People's 15 Mar 1946 - 17 Apr 1946 Dimitar Nestorov (acting) 17 Apr 1946 - 4 Jan 1951 Bogoja Fotev 4 Jan 1951 - 15 Oct 1951 Vidoe Smilevski 15 Oct 1951 - 2 Feb 1953 Strahil Gigov Presidents of the People's 2 Feb 1953 - 19 Dec 1953 Dimce-Mire Stojanov 19 Dec 1953 - 26 Jun 1962 Lazar Kolisevski 26 Jun 1962 - 25 Jun 1963 Ljupco Arsov 25 Jun 1963 - 12 May 1967 Vidoe Smilevski 12 May 1967 - 1 Aug 1968 Mito Hadzivasilev 1 Aug 1968 - 23 Sep 1968 Zlate Biljanovski (acting) 23 Sep 1968 - 8 May 1974 Nikola Mincev Presidents of the PresidencyPresidents 27 Jan 1991 - 19 Nov 1999 (b. 1902 - d. 1957) Apr 1945 chairman of the Anti-Fascist Assembly of Liberation) (b. 1890 - d. 1968) (b. 1900 - d. 1993) (b. 1915 - d. 1979) (b. 1909 - d. 1999) Assembly (b. 1910 - d. 1991) (s.a.) (b. 1910 - d. 1986) (s.a.) (b. 1921 - d. 1968) (b. 1920 - d. 2009) (b. 1915 - d. 1997) g> (s.a.) (s.a.) to 31 Oct 1979) (s.a.) (b. 1924 - d. 2001) (b. 1921 - d. 2018) (b. 1925 - d. 2008) (b. 1929 - d. 2018) (b. 1932 - d. 2003) (b. 1930 - d. 2007) (b. 1931) rel="noopener noreferrer">Kiro Gligorov (b. 1917 - d. 2012) (b. 1935 - d. 2024) for Gligorov) (b. 1947) rel="noopener noreferrer">Boris Trajkovski (b. 1956 - d. 2004) (b. 1953 - d. 2010) (b. 1962) (b. 1960) (b. 1963) Siljanovska Davkova (f) (b. 1953)

Prime minister 16 Apr 1945 - 3 Feb 1953 Lazar Kolisevski (s.a.) Chairmen of the Executive Council 3 Feb 1953 - 19 Dec 1953 Lazar Kolisevski (s.a.) 19 Dec 1953 - 21 Dec 1960 Ljupco Arsov (s.a.) 21 Dec 1960 - 11 May 1965 Aleksandar Grlickov (b. 1923 - d. 1989) 11 May 1965 - 23 Sep 1968 Nikola Mincev (s.a.) 23 Sep 1968 - 8 May 1974 Ksente Bogoev (b. 1919 - d. 2008) 8 May 1974 - 28 Apr 1982 Blagoja Popov (b. 1920 - d. 1992) 28 Apr 1982 - 28 Apr 1986 Dragoljub Stavrev (s.a.) 28 Apr 1986 - 27 Jan 1991 Gligorije Gogovski (b. 1943) Prime ministers 27 Jan 1991 - 17 Aug 1992 Nikola Kljusev (b. 1927 - d. 2008) 17 Aug 1992 - 30 Nov 1998 Branko Crvenkovski (1st time) (s.a.) 30 Nov 1998 - 1 Nov 2002 Ljubco Georgievski (b. 1966) 1 Nov 2002 - 12 May 2004 Branko Crvenkovski (2nd time) (s.a.) 12 May 2004 - 2 Jun 2004 Radmila Sekerinska (f) (1st time) (b. 1972) (acting) 2 Jun 2004 - 18 Nov 2004 Hari Kostov (b. 1959) 18 Nov 2004 - 17 Dec 2004 Radmila Sekerinska (f) (2nd time) (s.a.) (acting) 17 Dec 2004 - 27 Aug 2006 Vlado Buckovski (b. 1962) 27 Aug 2006 - 18 Jan 2016 Nikola Gruevski (b. 1970) 18 Jan 2016 - 31 May 2017 Emil Dimitriev (b. 1979) 31 May 2017 - 3 Jan 2020 Zoran Zaev (1st time) (b. 1974) 3 Jan 2020 - 30 Aug 2020 Oliver Spasovski (b. 1976) 30 Aug 2020 - 16 Jan 2022 Zoran Zaev (2nd time) (s.a.) 16 Jan 2022 - 28 Jan 2024 Dimitar Kovacevski (b. 1974) 28 Jan 2024 - 23 Jun 2024 Talat Xhaferi (b. 1962) 23 Jun 2024 - Hristijan Mickoski (b. 1977)

Ministries, etc.

Northern Epirus: see under Greece.

Northern Mariana Islands
12 Feb 1899 sold to Germany by Spain; part of German New Guinea (see under Papua New Guinea) Oct 1914 Japanese occupation 17 Dec 1920 League of Nations mandate (see under Micronesia, Federated States of) Jun 1944 U.S. occupation 18 Jul 1947 part of the UN Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (see under Micronesia, Federated States of) 9 Jan 1978 autonomy 4 Nov 1986 commonwealth status 10 Jul 1987 trust territory effectively dissolved 22 Dec 1990 Security Council ratifies termination of trusteeship

Resident commissioner 1 Apr 1976 - 9 Jan 1978 Erwin D. Canham (b. 1904 - d. 1982) Governors 9 Jan 1978 - 11 Jan 1982 Carlos S. Camacho (b. 1937) 11 Jan 1982 - 8 Jan 1990 Pedro P. Tenorio (1st time) (b. 1934 - d. 2018) 8 Jan 1990 - 10 Jan 1994 Lorenzo I. De Leon Guerrero (b. 1935 - d. 2006) 10 Jan 1994 - 12 Jan 1998 Froilan C. Tenorio (b. 1939 - d. 2020) 12 Jan 1998 - 14 Jan 2002 Pedro P. Tenorio (2nd time) (s.a.) 14 Jan 2002 - 9 Jan 2006 Juan N. Babauta (b. 1953) 9 Jan 2006 - 20 Feb 2013 Benigno R. Fitial (b. 1945) 4 Oct 2006 - 23 Dec 2006 Timothy P. Villagomez (b. 1962) (acting for Fitial) 20 Feb 2013 - 29 Dec 2015 Eloy S. Inos (b. 1949 - d. 2015) 29 Dec 2015 - 9 Jan 2023 Ralph Torres (b. 1979) 9 Jan 2023 - Arnold Palacios (b. 1955)

Northern Rhodesia: see Zambia.

Norway
872 Kingdom of Norway
May 1380 personal union with Denmark 1536 Danish province 24 Jan 1814 end of union with Denmark 4 Nov 1814 - 7 Jun 1905 personal union with Sweden 9 Apr 1940 - 8 May 1945 German occupation (completed 7 Jun 1940; kingship abolished by the Storting 28 Sep 1940, the name of the polity then being simply Norway)

Kings (title Norges Konge) - Oldenborg dynasty - 16 Feb 1814 - 3 Nov 1814 Christian Frederik (b. 1786 - d. 1848) (regent to 19 May 1814) 12 Oct 1814 - 4 Nov 1814 Regency - Marcus Gj�e Rosenkrantz (b. 1762 - d. 1838) - Mathias Otto Leth Sommerhielm (b. 1764 - d. 1827) - Jonas Collett (b. 1772 - d. 1851) - Niels Aall (b. 1769 - d. 1854) - Diderich Hegermann (b. 1763 - d. 1835) - Thomas Fasting (b. 1769 - d. 1841) - Holsten-Gottorp dynasty - 4 Nov 1814 - 5 Feb 1818 Carl II (b. 1748 - d. 1818) - Bernadotte dynasty - 5 Feb 1818 - 8 Mar 1844 Carl III Johan (b. 1763 - d. 1844) 8 Mar 1844 - 8 Jul 1859 Oscar I (b. 1799 - d. 1859) 8 Jul 1859 - 18 Sep 1872 Carl IV (b. 1826 - d. 1872) 18 Sep 1872 - 7 Jun 1905 Oscar II (b. 1829 - d. 1907) 7 Jun 1905 - 25 Nov 1905 Christian Michelsen (b. 1857 - d. 1925) (prime minister exercising royal authority) - Gl�cksborg (in full Slesvig-Holsten-S�nderborg-Gl�cksborg) dynasty - 25 Nov 1905 - 21 Sep 1957 Haakon VII (b. 1872 - d. 1957) (on flight in Norway 9 Apr - 7 Jun 1940; in London exile 7 Jun 1940 - 7 Jun 1945) 25 Apr 1940 - 7 May 1945 Josef Terboven (b. 1898 - d. 1945) (Reichskommissar) 7 May 1945 - 8 May 1945 Franz B�hme (b. 1894 - d. 1947) (acting Reichskommissar) 8 May 1945 - 14 May 1945 Paal Berg (acting for Haakon) (b. 1873 - d. 1968) 14 May 1945 - 7 Jun 1945 Crown Prince Olav (regent) (b. 1903 - d. 1991) 19 Jun 1955 - 21 Sep 1957 Crown Prince Olav (regent) (s.a.) 21 Sep 1957 - 17 Jan 1991 Olav V (s.a.) Jun 1990 - 17 Jan 1991 Crown Prince Harald (regent) (b. 1937) 17 Jan 1991 - Harald V (s.a.) 25 Nov 2003 - 13 Apr 2004 Crown Prince Haakon (regent) (b. 1973) 29 Mar 2005 - 7 Jun 2005 Crown Prince Haakon (regent) (s.a.)

Governors-general (stattholder) 11 Nov 1814 - 21 Jun 1816 Hans Henrik greve von Essen (b. 1755 - d. 1824) 21 Jun 1816 - 5 Aug 1816 Crown Prince Carl Johan (viceroy) (s.a.) 5 Aug 1816 - 10 Oct 1818 Carl Carlsson greve M�rner (b. 1755 - d. 1821) 10 Oct 1818 - 12 Feb 1824 Johan August greve Sandels (1st time) (b. 1764 - d. 1831) 12 Feb 1824 - 21 Oct 1824 Crown Prince Oscar (1st time) (s.a.) (viceroy) 21 Oct 1824 - 26 Nov 1827 Johan August greve Sandels (2nd time) (s.a.) 26 Nov 1827 - 6 Dec 1829 Baltzar Bogislaus greve von Platen (b. 1766 - d. 1829) 6 Dec 1829 - 20 Jul 1833 Jonas Collett (1st time) (s.a.) 20 Jul 1833 - 3 Sep 1833 Crown Prince Oscar (2nd time) (s.a.) (viceroy) 3 Sep 1833 - 19 Sep 1836 Jonas Collett (2nd time) (s.a.) 19 Sep 1836 - 27 Aug 1840 Johan Caspar Herman greve Wedel Jarlsberg (b. 1779 - d. 1840) 27 Aug 1840 - 27 Feb 1841 Nicolay Johan Lohmann Krog (b. 1787 - d. 1856) 27 Feb 1841 - 17 May 1856 Severin L�venskiold (b. 1777 - d. 1856) 21 May 1856 - 11 Nov 1856 Crown Prince Carl (1st time) (s.a.) (viceroy) 11 Nov 1856 - 12 Jan 1857 J�rgen Herman Vogt (1st time) (b. 1784 - d. 1862) 12 Jan 1857 - 30 May 1857 Crown Prince Carl (2nd time) (s.a.) (viceroy) 30 May 1857 - 8 Dec 1858 J�rgen Herman Vogt (2nd time) (s.a.) 8 Dec 1858 - 17 Dec 1861 Hans Christian Petersen (b. 1793 - d. 1862) 17 Dec 1861 - 21 Jul 1873 Frederik Stang (b. 1808 - d. 1884) Prime ministers 21 Jul 1873 - 11 Oct 1880 Frederik Stang (s.a.) 11 Oct 1880 - 11 Mar 1884 Christian August Selmer (b. 1816 - d. 1889) 11 Mar 1884 - 29 Mar 1884 Ole Bachke (acting) (b. 1830 - d. 1890) 29 Mar 1884 - 3 Apr 1884 Niels Rye (acting) (b. 1824 - d. 1905) 3 Apr 1884 - 26 Jun 1884 Christian Homann Schweigaard (b. 1838 - d. 1899) 26 Jun 1884 - 13 Jul 1889 Johan Sverdrup (b. 1816 - d. 1892) 13 Jul 1889 - 6 Mar 1891 Emil Stang (1st time) (b. 1834 - d. 1912) 6 Mar 1891 - 2 May 1893 Johannes Wilhelm Christian Steen (1st time) (b. 1827 - d. 1906) 2 May 1893 - 14 Oct 1895 Emil Stang (2nd time) (s.a.) 14 Oct 1895 - 17 Feb 1898 Francis Hagerup (1st time) (b. 1853 - d. 1921) 17 Feb 1898 - 21 Apr 1902 Johannes Wilhelm Christian Steen (2nd time) (s.a.) 21 Apr 1902 - 22 Oct 1903 Otto Albert Blehr (1st time) (b. 1847 - d. 1927) 22 Oct 1903 - 11 Mar 1905 Francis Hagerup (2nd time) (s.a.) 11 Mar 1905 - 23 Oct 1907 Christian Michelsen (s.a.) 23 Oct 1907 - 19 Mar 1908 J�rgen Gunnarson L�vland (b. 1848 - d. 1922) 19 Mar 1908 - 2 Feb 1910 Gunnar Knudsen (1st time) (b. 1848 - d. 1928) 2 Feb 1910 - 20 Feb 1912 Wollert Konow (b. 1845 - d. 1924) 20 Feb 1912 - 31 Jan 1913 Jens Kristian Meinich Bratlie (b. 1856 - d. 1939) 31 Jan 1913 - 21 Jun 1920 Gunnar Knudsen (2nd time) (s.a.) 21 Jun 1920 - 22 Jun 1921 Otto Bahr Halvorsen (1st time) (b. 1872 - d. 1923) 22 Jun 1921 - 6 Mar 1923 Otto Albert Blehr (2nd time) (s.a.) 6 Mar 1923 - 23 May 1923 Otto Bahr Halvorsen (2nd time) (s.a.) 24 Mar 1923 - 30 May 1923 Christian Fredrik Michelet (b. 1863 - d. 1927) (acting [for Halvorsen to 23 May 1923]) 30 May 1923 - 25 Jul 1924 Abraham Berge (b. 1851 - d. 1936) 25 Jul 1924 - 5 Mar 1926 Johan Ludwig Mowinckel (1st time) (b. 1870 - d. 1943) 5 Mar 1926 - 28 Jan 1928 Ivar Lykke (b. 1872 - d. 1949) 28 Jan 1928 - 15 Feb 1928 Christopher Hornsrud (b. 1859 - d. 1960) 15 Feb 1928 - 12 May 1931 Johan Ludwig Mowinckel (2nd time) (s.a.) 12 May 1931 - 5 Mar 1932 Peder Ludvik Kolstad (b. 1878 - d. 1932) 1 Feb 1932 - 29 Feb 1932 Birger Braadland (b. 1879 - d. 1966) (acting for Kolstad) 29 Feb 1932 - 10 Mar 1932 Nils Tr�dal (b. 1879 - d. 1948) (acting [for Kolstad to 5 Mar 1932]) 10 Mar 1932 - 14 Mar 1932 Birger Braadland (acting) (s.a.) 14 Mar 1932 - 3 Mar 1933 Jens Hundseid (b. 1883 - d. 1965) 3 Mar 1933 - 20 Mar 1935 Johan Ludwig Mowinckel (3rd time) (s.a.) 20 Mar 1935 - 25 Jun 1945 Johan Nygaardsvold (b. 1879 - d. 1952) (on flight in Norway 9 Apr - 7 Jun 1940; in London exile 7 Jun 1940 - 31 May 1945) 9 Apr 1940 - 15 Apr 1940 Vidkun Quisling (1st time) (b. 1887 - d. 1945) (in rebellion) 15 Apr 1940 - 25 Sep 1940 Ingolf E. Christensen (b. 1872 - d. 1943) (chairman Administration Council) 25 Sep 1940 - 1 Feb 1942 Acting councillors of state (from 25 Sep 1941, ministers) - Kjeld Irgens (b. 1879 - d. 1963) - Ragnar Skancke (b. 1890 - d. 1948) - Erling Sandberg (b. 1879 - d. 1956) - Sigurd Johannessen (b. 1881 - d. 1964) - Albert Viljam Hagelin (b. 1882 - d. 1946) - Tormod Hustad (b. 1889 - d. 1973) - Thorstein Fretheim (b. 1886 - d. 1971) - Jonas Lie (b. 1899 - d. 1945) - Gulbrand Lunde (b. 1901 - d. 1942) - Axel Stang (b. 1904 - d. 1974) - �ystein Ravner (b. 1893 - d. 1975) - Birger Meidell (b. 1882 - d. 1958) (to 25 Sep 1941) - Johan Lippestad (b. 1902 - d. 1961) (from 25 Sep 1941) - Sverre Riisn�s (b. 1897 - d. 1988) 1 Feb 1942 - 9 May 1945 Vidkun Quisling (2nd time) (s.a.) (minister-president) 9 May 1945 - 14 May 1945 R�dmenn ("civil servants") (acting for Nygaardsvold) - Alv Helland (b. 1908 - d. 1976) - Carl Platou (b. 1885 - d. 1956) - Sverre Iversen (b. 1879 - d. 1967) - Per Preben Prebensen (b. 1896 - d. 1961) - Reidar T�nnesson (b. 1895 - d. 1963) - Halvdan E. Stokke (b. 1900 - d. 1977) - Egil Sundt (b. 1903 - d. 1950) - Nikolai Schei (b. 1901 - d. 1985) 14 May 1945 - 31 May 1945 Oscar Fredrik Torp (b. 1893 - d. 1958) (acting for Nygaardsvold) 25 Jun 1945 - 19 Nov 1951 Einar Henry Gerhardsen (1st time) (b. 1897 - d. 1987) 19 Nov 1951 - 22 Jan 1955 Oscar Fredrik Torp (s.a.) 22 Jan 1955 - 28 Aug 1963 Einar Henry Gerhardsen (2nd time) (s.a.) 28 Aug 1963 - 25 Sep 1963 John Lyng (b. 1905 - d. 1978) 25 Sep 1963 - 12 Oct 1965 Einar Henry Gerhardsen (3rd time) (s.a.) 12 Oct 1965 - 17 Mar 1971 Per Borten (b. 1913 - d. 2005) 17 Mar 1971 - 18 Oct 1972 Trygve Bratteli (1st time) (b. 1910 - d. 1984) 18 Oct 1972 - 16 Oct 1973 Lars Korvald (b. 1916 - d. 2006) 16 Oct 1973 - 12 Jan 1976 Trygve Bratteli (2nd time) (s.a.) 12 Jan 1976 - 4 Feb 1981 Odvar Nordli (b. 1927 - d. 2018) 4 Feb 1981 - 14 Oct 1981 Gro Harlem Brundtland (f) (1st time) (b. 1939) 14 Oct 1981 - 9 May 1986 K�re Willoch (b. 1928 - d. 2021) 17 Apr 1984 - Jun 1984 Svenn Stray (b. 1922 - d. 2012) (acting for Willoch) 9 May 1986 - 16 Oct 1989 Gro Harlem Brundtland (f) (2nd time) (s.a.) 16 Oct 1989 - 3 Nov 1990 Jan Peder Syse (b. 1930 - d. 1997) 3 Nov 1990 - 25 Oct 1996 Gro Harlem Brundtland (f) (3rd time) (s.a.) 25 Oct 1996 - 17 Oct 1997 Thorbj�rn Jagland (b. 1950) 17 Oct 1997 - 17 Mar 2000 Kjell Magne Bondevik (1st time) (b. 1947) 30 Aug 1998 - 23 Sep 1998 Anne Enger Lahnstein (f) (b. 1949) (acting for Bondevik) 17 Mar 2000 - 19 Oct 2001 Jens Stoltenberg (1st time) (b. 1959) 19 Oct 2001 - 17 Oct 2005 Kjell Magne Bondevik (2nd time) (s.a.) 17 Oct 2005 - 16 Oct 2013 Jens Stoltenberg (2nd time) (s.a.) 16 Oct 2013 - 14 Oct 2021 Erna Solberg (f) (b. 1961) 14 Oct 2021 - Jonas Gahr St�re (b. 1960)

Ministries, etc.

Counties

Svalbard
9 Feb 1920 sovereignty awarded to Norway 14 Aug 1925 formal assumption of sovereignty by Norway 1941 - 14 May 1942 German occupation

Governors (sysselmenn) 1925 - 1935 Johannes Gerckens Bass�e (b. 1878 - d. 1962) 1935 - 1941 Wolmer Tycho Marlow (b. 1881 - d. 1963) Military governors 1942 Ernst Ullring (1st time) (b. 1894 - d. 1953) 1942 Albert Tornerud (acting) (b. 1891 - d. 1968) 1942 - 1943 Ernst Ullring (2nd time) (s.a.) 1943 - 1944 Ove Roll Lund (b. 1910 - d. 1946) 1944 - 1945 Johannes Sjur Etterlid (b. 1910 - d. 1998) Governors (sysselmenn; from 1 Jul 2021, sysselmester) 1945 - 1956 H�kon Balstad (b. 1904 - d. 1964) 1956 - 1960 Odd Birketvedt (b. 1916 - d. 2009) 1960 - 1963 Finn Backer Midb�e (b. 1918 - d. 1999) 1963 - 1967 Tollef Landsverk (b. 1920 - d. 1988) 1967 - 1970 Stephen Stephensen (b. 1917 - d. 2004) 1970 - 1974 Fredrik Beichmann (b. 1924 - d. 2002) 1974 - 1978 Leif T. Eldring (1st time) (b. 1933 - d. 1994) 1978 - 1982 Jan S. Gr�ndahl (b. 1934 - d. 2022) 1982 - 1986 Carl Alexander Wendt (b. 1923 - d. 2006) 1986 - 1991 Leif T. Eldring (2nd time) (s.a.) 1991 - 1995 Odd Emil Blomdal (b. 1927 - d. 2015) 1995 - 1998 Ann-Kristin Olsen (f) (b. 1945) 1998 - 2001 Morten Ruud (b. 1950) 2001 - Feb 2005 Odd Olsen Inger� (1st time) (b. 1950) Feb 2005 - 1 Oct 2005 Sven Ole Fagern�s (acting) (b. 1945) 1 Oct 2005 - 15 Sep 2009 Per Sefland (b. 1949) 15 Sep 2009 - 1 Oct 2015 Odd Olsen Inger� (2nd time) (s.a.) 1 Oct 2015 - 24 Jun 2021 Kjerstin Askholt (f) (b. 1962) 24 Jun 2021 - Lars Fause (b. 1965)

Jan Mayen
27 Feb 1930 formal annexation by Norway 11 Jul 1930 administered by the governor of Svalbard (s.a.) 1 Jan 1995 administered by the governor of Nordland county

Nyasaland: see Malawi.

Oman
1624 Imami rule restored
10 Jun 1749 Al �Bu Said lineage accedes to imamate 1784 while Imami rule continues, Muscat and Oman becomes a de facto sovereign state under a secular Al �Bu Saidi ruler 2 Apr 1861 Zanzibar separated from Oman and style Sultan recognized (though not immediately in domestic use) by U.K. mediation (accepted by sultan of Oman 15 May 1861) 3 Oct 1868 Imami rule briefly restored Jan 1871 Sultanate of Muscat and Oman restored 20 Mar 1892 - 1971 informal British protectorate (under the chief political resident of the Persian Gulf; see under Bahrain) 1913 - 1957 Imami government in the interior of Oman, usually in opposition to the sultan's rule 9 Aug 1970 Sultanate of Oman

Imams - Yaariba dynasty -_ 1692 - 15 Oct 1711 Sayf I ibn Sultan "Qayd al-Ard" 15 Oct 1711 - 1719 Sultan II ibn Sayf 1719 - Sep 1724 Sayf II ibn Sultan (1st time) 1719 - 1720 al-Muhanna ibn Sultan ibn Majid (in dissidence) 14 Jun 1722 - 16 Mar 1723 Yarub ibn Balarab (in dissidence) _- Banu Ghafir dynasty -_ 2 Oct 1724 - Mar 1728 Muhammad ibn Nasir _- Yaariba dynasty - 11 Apr 1728 - 1743 Sayf II ibn Sultan (2nd time) 1732 - 1738 Balarab ibn Himyar ibn Sultan (1st time) (in dissidence) Feb 1742 - 20 Jun 1743 Sultan III ibn Murshid ibn Adi (together with Sayf II) 1744 - 1748 Balarab ibn Himyar ibn Sultan (2nd time) _- Al �Bu Said dynasty -_ 10 Jun 1749 - 14 Dec 1783 Abu Hilal Ahmad ibn Said (b. 1710 - d. 1783) 15 Dec 1783 - 1811 Said ibn Ahmad (b. 17... - d. 1811) _Hami_s (informally, from 1861, sultans) _- Al �Bu Said dynasty -_ 1784 - 13 Mar 1792 Hamad ibn Said (b. ... - d. 1792) Mar 1792 - 14 Nov 1804 Sultan ibn Ahmad (b. 1745 - d. 1804) 20 Nov 1804 - 14 Sep 1806 Salim ibn Sultan (b. 1789 - d. 1821) (jointly with following) 20 Nov 1804 - 19 Oct 1856 Said ibn Sultan (b. 1790 - d. 1856) 1804 - 31 Jul 1806 Badr ibn Sayf (regent) (b. ... - d. 1806) 19 Oct 1856 - 11 Feb 1866 Thuwayni ibn Said (b. _c._1821 - d. 1866) 11 Feb 1866 - 1 Oct 1868 Salim ibn Thuwayni (b. 18... - d. 1876) Imam _- Al �Bu Said dynasty -_ 3 Oct 1868 - 30 Jan 1871 Azzan ibn Qays (b. ... - d. 1871) Sultans _- Al �Bu Said dynasty -_ 30 Jan 1871 - 4 Jun 1888 Turki ibn Said (b. 1832 - d. 1888) 4 Jun 1888 - 5 Oct 1913 Faysal ibn Turki (b. 1864 - d. 1913) 9 Oct 1913 - 10 Feb 1932 Taimur ibn Faysal (b. 1886 - d. 1965) 10 Feb 1932 - 23 Jul 1970 Said ibn Taimur](indexs1.html#saidit) (b. 1910 - d. 1972) 23 Jul 1970 - 10 Jan 2020 [Qabus ibn Said (b. 1940 - d. 2020) 11 Jan 2020 - Haitham ibn Tariq (b. 1954) Imams 24 May 1913 - 23 Jul 1920 Salim ibn Rashid al-Kharusi (b. ... - d. 1920) 30 Jul 1920 - May 1954 Abu Abd Allah Muhammad ibn Abd Allah al-Khalili al-Kharusi (b. 1885? - d. 1954) May 1954 - 26 Sep 1955 Ghalib ibn Ali al-Hinai (1st time) (b. 1919? - d. 2009) Jul 1957 - 11 Aug 1957 Ghalib ibn Ali al-Hinai (2nd time) (s.a.)

Prime minister 14 Aug 1970 - 2 Jan 1972 Tariq ibn Taimur (b. 1921 - d. 1980)

British political agents and consuls (subordinated to the political residents in the Persian Gulf; see under Bahrain) May 1861 - Feb 1862 Walter Murray Pengelley (b. 1824 - d. 1897) Feb 1862 - Oct 1862 Malcolm Scrimshire Green (b. 1824 - d. 1906) Jan 1863 - Feb 1867 Herbert Frederick Disbrowe (1st time) (b. 1826 - d. 1890) Mar 1867 - Feb 1869 George Andrew Atkinson (acting) Feb 1869 - 8 Jan 1870 Herbert Frederick Disbrowe (2nd time) (s.a.) 8 Jan 1870 - 1 May 1871 Alfred Cotton Way (b. 1830 - d. 1871) 8 May 1871 - 14 Dec 1872 Edward Charles Ross (b. 1836 - d. 1912) 30 Dec 1872 - 7 Jun 1877 Samuel Barrett Miles (1st time) (b. 1838 - d. 1919) 7 Jun 1877 - 4 Jan 1878 Patrick James Craigie Robertson (b. 1846 - d. 1889) (acting) 4 Jan 1878 - 14 Jun 1879 Samuel Barrett Miles (2nd time) (s.a.) 16 Jul 1879 - 2 Jan 1880 Charles Bean Euan-Smith (b. 1841 - d. 1910) 16 Aug 1881 - 22 Mar 1883 Charles Grant (b. 1836 - d. 1903) 20 Apr 1883 - 17 Sep 1883 Edward Mockler (1st time) (b. 1842 - d. 1927) 20 Sep 1883 - 2 Apr 1886 Samuel Barrett Miles (3rd time) (s.a.) 2 Apr 1886 - 25 Oct 1886 Edward Mockler (2nd time) (s.a.) 1 Nov 1886 - 16 Apr 1887 Samuel Barrett Miles (4th time) (s.a.) 16 Apr 1887 - 2 Mar 1889 Edward Mockler (3rd time) (s.a.) 2 Mar 1889 - 30 Mar 1889 Atmaram Sadashiv Jayakar (1st time) (acting) (b. 1844 - d. 1911) 31 Mar 1889 - 15 Dec 1889 Wallace Christopher Ramsay Stratton (acting) (b. 1862 - d. 1942) 16 Dec 1889 - 29 Mar 1890 Charles Edward Yate (b. 1849 - d. 1940) 29 Mar 1890 - 30 Nov 1890 Atmaram Sadashiv Jayakar (2nd time) (acting) (s.a.) 1 Dec 1890 - 14 Oct 1891 Edward Mockler (4th time) (s.a.) 14 Oct 1891 - 27 Nov 1892 Atmaram Sadashiv Jayakar (3rd time) (acting) (s.a.) 27 Nov 1892 - 19 Apr 1895 James Hayes Sadler (1st time) (b. 1851 - d. 1922) 19 Apr 1895 - 22 May 1895 Atmaram Sadashiv Jayakar (4th time) (acting) (s.a.) 23 May 1895 - 23 Nov 1895 John Frederick Whyte (b. 1865 - d. ...) 24 Nov 1895 - 17 Apr 1896 James Hayes Sadler (2nd time) (s.a.) 17 Apr 1896 - 12 Jun 1897 Francis Granville Beville (b. 1867 - d. 1923) (acting to 25 Jun 1896) 12 Jun 1897 - 15 Sep 1897 Atmaram Sadashiv Jayakar (5th time) (acting) (s.a.) 16 Sep 1897 - 1 Oct 1899 Christopher George Forbes Fagan (b. 1856 - d. 1943) 1 Oct 1899 - 2 Jan 1904 Percy Cox (b. 1864 - d. 1937) 11 Jan 1904 - 24 Jul 1906 William George Grey (1st time) (b. 1866 - d. 1953) 24 Jul 1906 - 5 Nov 1906 William Henry Irvine Shakespear (b. 1878 - d. 1915) (acting) 5 Nov 1906 - 1 Apr 1908 William George Grey (2nd time) (s.a.) 1 Apr 1908 - 13 Jul 1908 Norman Scott (acting) (b. 1875 - d. 1958) 13 Jul 1908 - 11 Nov 1908 Frank McConaghey (b. 1871 - d. 1924) 11 Nov 1908 - 13 Apr 1910 Robert Holland (b. 1873 - d. 1965) 13 Apr 1910 - 19 Apr 1911 Arthur Prescott Trevor (b. 1872 - d. 1930) 19 Apr 1911 - 3 Mar 1914 Stuart George Knox (b. 1869 - d. 1956) 3 Mar 1914 - 15 Oct 1915 Robert Arthur Edward Benn (b. 1867 - d. 1940) 15 Oct 1915 - 16 Jan 1916 Hugh Stewart (1st time) (b. 1872 - d. 1931) 16 Jan 1916 - 16 Feb 1916 Claude Tulloch Ducat (1st time) (b. 1864 - d. 1921) 17 Feb 1916 - 8 Mar 1916 Hugh Stewart (2nd time) (s.a.) 9 Mar 1916 - 14 Jun 1916 Claude Tulloch Ducat (2nd time) (s.a.) 15 Jun 1916 - 22 Jun 1916 Arthur Robert Burton (acting) (b. 1872 - d. 1918) 23 Jun 1916 - 9 Oct 1916 Evelyn Berkeley Howell (b. 1877 - d. 1971) 10 Oct 1916 - 7 Nov 1916 Alan Richard Leopold King-Mason (b. 1878 - d. 1952) (acting) 8 Nov 1916 - 17 Oct 1919 Lionel Berkeley Holt Haworth (b. 1873 - d. 1951) 17 Oct 1919 - 3 Mar 1920 Ronald Wingate (1st time) (b. 1889 - d. 1978) 3 Mar 1920 - 10 Apr 1920 Mehervanji Jamshedji Gazdar (acting) 11 Apr 1920 - 20 Oct 1921 Ronald Wingate (2nd time) (s.a.) 20 Oct 1921 - 28 Feb 1923 Maitland Easton Rae (b. 1880 - d. 19...) 28 Feb 1923 - 10 Sep 1923 Ronald Wingate (3rd time) (s.a.) 28 Sep 1923 - 31 Oct 1924 Reginald Graham Hinde (b. 1887 - d. 1971) 31 Oct 1924 - 24 May 1925 Charles Gilbert Crosthwaite (1st time) (b. 1878 - d. 1940) 24 May 1925 - 7 Oct 1925 Reginald George Evelyn William Alban (1st time) (acting) (b. 1899 - d. 1983) 8 Oct 1925 - 12 Feb 1926 Charles Gilbert Crosthwaite (2nd time) (s.a.) 12 Feb 1926 - 9 Sep 1926 Cyril Charles Johnson Barrett (b. 1884 - d. 1933) 10 Sep 1926 - 22 Sep 1926 George Alexander Richardson (b. 1875 - d. 1933) (acting) 23 Sep 1926 - 15 Jun 1930 George Patterson Murphy (b. 1883 - d. 1938) 15 Jun 1930 - 30 May 1931 Trenchard Craven William Fowle (1st time) (b. 1884 - d. 1940) 30 May 1931 - 31 Oct 1931 Reginald George Evelyn William Alban (2nd time) (acting) (s.a.) 1 Nov 1931 - 25 Jul 1932 Trenchard Craven William Fowle (2nd time) (s.a.) 25 Jul 1932 - 13 Nov 1932 Reginald George Evelyn William Alban (3rd time) (acting) (s.a.) 14 Nov 1932 - 23 Mar 1933 Claude Edward Urquhart Bremner (1st time) (b. 1891 - d. 1965) 23 Mar 1933 - 16 Jun 1933 Reginald George Evelyn William Alban (4th time) (acting) (s.a.) 17 Jun 1933 - 6 Jun 1935 Claude Edward Urquhart Bremner (2nd time) (s.a.) 6 Jun 1935 - 26 Apr 1939 Ralph Ponsonby Watts (b. 1892 - d. 1991) 26 Apr 1939 - 3 Apr 1940 Tom Hickinbotham (1st time) (b. 1903 - d. 1983) 3 Apr 1940 - 26 Jul 1940 John Baron Howes (1st time) (b. 1907 - d. ...) (acting) 27 Jul 1940 - 14 Aug 1941 Tom Hickinbotham (2nd time) (s.a.) 14 Aug 1941 - 22 Jan 1942 John Baron Howes (2nd time) (s.a.) (acting) 22 Jan 1942 - 22 May 1942 Reginald George Evelyn William Alban (5th time) (acting) (s.a.) 23 May 1942 - 21 Sep 1943 Cornelius James Pelly (b. 1908 - d. 1985) 21 Sep 1943 - 31 Oct 1943 Richard Ernest Rowland Bird (b. 1912 - d. 1986) 1 Nov 1943 - 1 Nov 1944 Roy Douglas Metcalfe (b. 1909 - d. 1981) 1 Nov 1944 - 22 Apr 1945 Arnold Crawshaw Galloway (b. 1901 - d. 1988) 22 Apr 1945 - 29 Nov 1945 Ralph Ingham Hallows (b. 1913 - d. 1990) 1 Dec 1945 - 13 Jun 1947 Andrew Charles Stewart (1st time) (b. 1907 - d. 1979) 13 Jun 1947 - Aug 1947 Joseph Edward Havelock Hudson (b. 1915 - d. 1976) Aug 1947 - 10 Apr 1948 Andrew Charles Stewart (2nd time) (s.a.) 11 Apr 1948 - 15 Aug 1948 Patrick Desmond Stobart (acting) (b. 1920 - d. 1991) 15 Aug 1948 - 25 Jul 1949 Robert Eldon Ellison (b. 1895 - d. 1959) 26 Jul 1949 - 27 Sep 1949 Robin McCheyne Andrew (acting) (b. 1918 - d. 2000) Consuls-general 28 Sep 1949 - Oct 1958 Frederick Charles Leslie Chauncy (b. 1904 - d. 1986) Oct 1958 - May 1960 William Neve Monteith (b. 1915 - d. 2004) May 1960 - May 1963 John Fleetwood Stewart Phillips (b. 1917 - d. 1998) May 1963 - Oct 1965 John Spenser Ritchie Duncan (b. 1921 - d. 2006) Oct 1965 - Sep 1969 Derrick Charles Carden (b. 1921 - d. 2006) Sep 1969 - 1971 David Gordon Crawford (b. 1928 - d. 1981)

Orange Free State: see under South Africa.

Ottoman Empire: see Turkey.

Oubangui-Chari: see Central African Republic.