�� .�. ��: �� - �� - �� - �� , �� . ��.-��.-��. ��, 18-� ��., 2015 = Tryphonov E.B. Anthropology: Spirit - Soul - Body (original) (raw)

��. �� . �� . �� = Translate into Russian ��: Gardner D.G., Shoback D.M., Eds. Greenspan's Basic & Clinical Endocrinology. 9th ed., Lange, 2011, 960 p., ��.: �� : ��. ��.
�	��	Gap junctions	Synaptic	Paracrine	Endocrine
1	Message transmission	Anatomic location	Local	Receptors	By circulating body fluids
2	Local or general	Local	Anatomic location and receptors	Locally diffuse	General
3	Specificitydepends on	Directly from cell to cell	Across synaptic cleft	By diffusion in interstitial fluid	Receptors
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��: Jameson J., Ed. Harrison's Endocrinology. 2nd ed., McGraw-Hill, 2010, 560 p.
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Membrane receptor signaling.
MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase;
PKA, -C, protein kinase A, C;
TGF, transforming growth factor. For other abbreviations, see text. p 6

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�� = Translate into Russian
��: Jameson J., Ed. Harrison's Endocrinology. 2nd ed., McGraw-Hill, 2010, 560 p.
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Nuclear receptor signaling. ER, estrogen receptor; AR, androgen receptor; PR, progesterone receptor; GR, glucocorticoid receptor; TR, thyroid hormone receptor; VDR, vitamin D receptor; RAR, retinoic acid receptor; PPAR, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor; SF-1, steroidogenic factor-1; DAX, dosagesensitive sex reversal, adrenal hypoplasia congenita, X chromosome; HNF4α, hepatic nuclear factor 4α. p 7

��. �� . �� = Translate into Russian . ��: Rushton L. The Endocrine System. Chelsea House Publications, 2009, 125 p., ��.: �� : ��. ��.
�	��	��	��
1	Location of receptor	Cell cytoplasm or nucleus	Outer surface of cell membrane
2	Action pathway	Signal + hormone↓ transcription factor↓ DNA↓ protein↓ cell response	Signal + hormone↓ active enzyme↓ cell response

��. �� -�� = Hormonal signaling by cell surface and intracellular receptors. �� = Translate into Russian ��: Melmed S., Polonsky K.S., Larsen P.R., Kronenberg H.M., Eds. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology, 12th ed., Saunders, 2011, 1816 p., ��.: �� : ��. ��.

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Figure 1-2 Hormonal signaling by cell surface and intracellular receptors. The receptors for the water-soluble polypeptide hormones, luteinizing hormone (LH), and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), are integral membrane proteins located at the cell surface. They bind the hormone-utilizing extracellular sequences and transduce a signal through the generation of second messengers: cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) for the LH receptor and tyrosinephosphorylated substrates for the IGF-1 receptor. Although effects on gene expression are indicated, direct effects on cellular proteins (e.g., ion channels) are also observed. In contrast, the receptor for the lipophilic steroid hormone, progesterone, resides in the cell nucleus. It binds the hormone and becomes activated and capable of directly modulating target gene transcription.) AC, Adenylate cyclase; G, heterotrimeric G protein; mRNAs, messenger RNAs; PKA, protein kinase A; R, receptor molecule; TF, transcription factor; Tyr, tyrosine found in protein X; X, unknown protein substrate. (Reproduced from Mayo K. Receptors: molecular mediators of hormone action. In: Conn PM, Melmed S, eds. Endocrinology: Basic and Clinical Principles. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1997:11.)

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