Dominican Republic (original) (raw)
Dominican Republic
| Map of the Dominican Republic | Hear National Anthem "Hino Nacional" (National Anthem) a.k.a. "Quisqueyanos valientes" (Valient Sons of Quisqueye) | Text of National Anthem Adopted 30 May 1934 (unofficial from 7 Jun 1897) ------------------------------------ Former Anthem �Canci�n Dominicana� (Dominican Song) (1844-1885) | Constitution (26 Jan 2010; in Spanish) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Capital: Santo Domingo de Guzm�n (Santo Domingo 1495-1936, 21 Nov 1961 - 28 Nov 1996; Ciudad Trujillo 8 Jan 1936 - 21 Nov 1961; La Nueva Isabela 1493-1495) | Currency: Dominican Peso (DOP); 1905-1947 US Dollar (USD) | National Holiday: 27 Feb (1844) D�a de la Independencia (Independence Day) | Population: 10,298,756 (2018) |
| GDP: 173billion(2017)∣∗∗Exports∗∗:173 billion (2017) | Exports: 173billion(2017)∣∗∗Exports∗∗:10.12 billion (2017) Imports: $17.7 billion (2017) | Ethnic groups: mixed 70.4% (mestizo/indio 58%, mulatto 12.4%), black 15.8%, white 13.5%, other 0.3% (2014) | |
| Total Active Armed Forces: 49,910 (2010) Merchant marine: 23 ships (2017) | Religions: Roman Catholic 80.6%, Protestant 8.8%, Pentecostal 2.7%, other Christian 2.8%, not religious 2.7%, other 2.4% (2015) | ||
| International Organizations/Treaties: ACP, ACS, AOSIS, APM, BCIE, BTWC, CAFTA, CAP, Caricom (observer), CCM, CD, CELAC, CTBT, CWC, EITI, ESCR, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt (signatory), ICRM, ICSID (signatory), IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, IRENA, ISA, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, LAES, LAIA (observer), LAP, LU, MIGA, NAM, NPT, NTBT, OAS, OIF (observer), OPANAL, OPCW, OST, PA (observer), PCA, Petrocaribe, SEGIB, SICA, UN, UNCLOS,UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNFCC-KP, UNFCC-PA, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO |
| Dominican Republic | Chronology 6 Dec 1492 Discovered by Columbus and claimed for Spain, named Hispa�iola. 1496 - 25 Nov 1500 Granted to Christopher Columbus (Crist�bal Col�n). 4 Aug 1496 The city of Santo Domingo is founded. 25 Nov 1500 Crown colony 1511 - 1517 Audiencia of Santo Domingo 1520 - 1797 Audiencia (restored; with authority over Cuba [to 1764], Florida [to 1763], Venezuela [to 1739], Jamaica [to 1655], Puerto Rico, and Trinidad [to 1739]). 1521 - 1821 Subordinated to New Spain (see Mexico). 20 Sep 1697 Spain recognizes French claim to western Hispaniola; eastern part- as French Saint-Domingue (see Haiti); western part- Spanish Santo Domingo by Treaty of Ryswick. 22 Jul 1795 Spain cedes Santo Domingo to France (but Spanish administration continues to 26 Jan 1801). Oct 1795 - 26 Jan 1801 French occupation of Santo Domingo (as Saint- Domingue). 25 Oct 1797 - Mar 1801 Nominallyorganized as French d�partements of Iganne, Samana and Sud;from 1802 part of French colony of Saint-Domingue (but from 1 Jan 1804 includes only Santo Domingo due to Haitian independence). 26 Jan 1801 - 20 May 1802 Haitian occupation, proclaiming the abolition of slavery on behalf of the French Republic. 20 May 1802 - 9 Jul 1809 French rule over Santo Domingo (restored). Feb 1805 - 1806 Haitian invasion, Santo Domingo under siege 5-28 Mar 1805. 13 Dec 1808 Santo Domingo reverts to Spain (French administration ends on 9 Jul 1809 with the fall of Santo Domingo). 7 Jul 1809 - Aug 1809 British occupy Saman� and take the port of Santo Domingo on 9 Jul 1809. 19 Mar 1812 - 4 May 1814 Santo Domingo a diputaci�n provincial of Spain. 19 Mar 1820 - 1 Dec 1821 Puerto Rico a diputaci�n provincial of Spain. 1 Dec 1821 Independence (Independent State of the Spanish Part of Haiti in Colombia [Estado Independiente _de la Parte Espa�ola de Hait� en Colombia_]). 1 Dec 1821 - 9 Feb 1822 (Nominally) part of Gran Colombia (see Colombia). 9 Feb 1822 - 27 Feb 1844 Incorporated into Haiti. 27 Feb 1844 Independence (Dominican Republic [Rep�blica _Dominicana_]). 27 Feb 1844 - 24 Jan 1856 Dominican war of independence. 18 Mar 1861 - 4 May 1865 Spanish colony (Santo Domingo to 8 Jun 1861). 8 Jun 1861 Captaincy-general of Santo Domingo (Capitan�a General de Santo Domingo). 16 Aug 1863 - 3 Mar 1865 Dominican restoration war. 14 Sep 1863 Act of independence of is signed at Santiago de los Caballeros. 14 Sep 1863 Dominican Republic (Rep�blica Dominicana). 1 May 1865 Spain revokes annexation (recognizing independence of Dominican Republic). 11 Jul 1865 Spanish administration leaves Santo Domingo. 29 Nov 1869 - 16 May 1870 Government requests annexation to United States. 1 Apr 1903 - 21 Apr 1903 U.S. troops deployed in Santo Domingo and Puerto Plata. 3 Jan 1904 - 11 Feb 1904 U.S. troops deployed in Santo Domingo and Puerto Plata. 28 Mar 1905 - 2 Apr 1941 U.S. protectorate. 5 May 1916 - 18 Sep 1924 U.S. occupation. 29 Nov 1916 - 21 Oct 1922 Military Government of Santo Domingo. 28 Apr 1965 - 21 Sep 1966 U.S. and Organization of American States (OAS) Inter-American Force intervention. |
|---|---|
De facto ruler (Generalisimo)
16 Aug 1930 - 30 May 1961 Rafael Leonidas Trujillo y Molina (b. 1891 - d. 1961) Mil/PD
Governors
1492 - 1496 Crist�bal Col�n (1st time) (b. 1451 - d. 1506)
(viceroy)
1496 - 1498 Bartolom� Col�n (c. 1461 - d. 1514)
1498 - 1500 Crist�bal Col�n (2nd time) (s.a.)
(viceroy)
1500 - 11 Jul 1502 Francisco Fern�ndez de Bobadilla (b. c.1448 - d. 1502)
(royal commissioner)
1502 - 1509 Fray Nicol�s de Ovando y C�ceres (b. 1460 - d. 1511)
10 Jul 1509 - 15 Apr 1515 Diego Col�n y Perestrelo (b. c.1480 - d. 1526)
(1st time)
1515 - 1516 Crist�bal Lebr�n (interim) (d. 1529)
14 Dec 1516 - 1519 Gobierno de la Real Audiencia
- Fray Luis de Figueroa (d. 1523)
- Fray Bernardino de Manzanedo
- Fray Ildefonso de Santo Domingo
de la Orden de San Jer�nimo
22 Dec 1519 - 1520 Rodrigo de Figueroa (b. c.1471 - d. c.1525)
Nov 1520 - 1524 Diego Col�n y Perestrelo (s.a.)
(2nd time)
Jueces de la Real Audiencia
1524 - 1527 Gaspar de Espinosa (b. 1484 - d. 1537)
+ Alonso de Zuazo (b. 1466 - d. 1539)
1527 - 1 Aug 1531 Sebasti�n Ram�rez de Fuenleal, (b. 1490 - d. 1547)
bispo de Santo Domingo
1 Aug 1531 - 14 Dec 1533 Alonso de Zuazo (s.a.)
14 Dec 1533 - 1535Alonso de Fuenmayor, bispo (b. c.1490 - d. 1560)
de Santo Domingo
Governors and Captains-general
1535 - 1540 Alonso de Fuenmayor, bispo (s.a.)
de Santo Domingo (1st time)
1540 Luis Col�n de Toledo (b. 1522 - d. 1572)
1540 - 1544 Alonso de Fuenmayor, bispo (s.a.)
de Santo Domingo (2nd time)
1 Jan 1544 - 1549 Alonso L�pez de Cerrato (b. c.1490 - d. 1555)
1549 - 1556 Alonso de Fuenmayor, arzobispo (s.a.)
de Santo Domingo (3rd time)
1556 - 1558 Alonso de Maldonado
1558 - 1560 Juan L�pez de Cepeda (d. c.1601)
1560 - 1561 Juan Echagoyan
22 Jan 1561 - 1564 Alonso Arias de Herrera
1564 - 1565 Antonio de Osorio y Villegas (b. c.1543 - d. 1608)
1565 - 1567 Alonso de Grajeda
1567 - 1568 Diego de Vera
1568 - 1572 Antonio Mej�a
1572 - 1576 Francisco de Vera
President-Governors and Captains-general
1 Jan 1577 - 13 Apr 1581 Gregorio Gonz�lez de Cuenca (b. c.1524 - d. 1581)
1581 - 1583 Pedro de Arceo (acting)
4 Nov 1583 - 1586 Crist�bal de Ovalles (d. 1586)
1586 - 1587 Aliaga (acting)
1587 - 1594 Lope de Vega Portocarrero (1st time)
1594 Baltasar de Villafa�a
1594 - 1596 Lope de Vega Portocarrero (2nd time)
13 Jun 1596 - 26 Oct 1600 Diego de Osorio (b. c.1545 - d. 1600)
1601 Pedro Sanz Morquecho
19 Sep 1601 - 11 Feb 1608 Antonio de Osorio y Villegas (b. c.1543 - d. 1608)
17 Jul 1608 - Aug 1623 Diego G�mez de Sandoval (d. 1623)
1623 - 1624 Juan Mart�nez Tenorio
1624 - 1627 Diego de Acu�a
1627 - 1634 Gabriel de Ch�vez y Osorio
1634 - 1635 Diego Gil de la Sierpe
1635 - 1637 Alonso de Cereceda
1637 Domingo de Osorio
1637 - 1646 Juan de Bitri�n y Viamonte y
Navarra
1646 - Mar 1649 Nicol�s de Velazco Altamirano
1649 - 1650 Juan Melgarejo Ponce de Le�n
1650 - 16 Mar 1651 Lu�s Fern�ndez de C�rdoba
1651 - 1652 Francisco Pantoja de Ayala
1652 - 1656 Bernardino de Meneses Bracamonte (b.c.1625 - d. 1656)
y Zapata, conde de Pe�alba
15 May 1656 - 1658 F�lix de Z��iga y Avellaneda,
conde del Sacro Imperio
1658 - 1660 P�rez Andr�s Franco
1660 - 1662 Juan Francisco de Montemayor (b. 1618 - d. 1685)
C�rdoba y Cuenca
1662 - 1670 Juan de Balboa y Mogrovejo
1670 - 1671 Pedro de Cobos y Carvajal
1670 - 15 Jul 1677 Ignacio de Zayas Baz�n
1677 - Sep 1678 Juan Padilla de Guardiola y (b. 1643 - d. 1691)
Guzm�n
Sep 1678 - 12 Jul 1684 Francisco de Segura Sandoval
y Castilla
1684 - 1689 Andr�s de Robles y G�mez (d. 1694)
(interim to 14 Jun 1686)
1689 - 1698 Ignacio P�rez-Caro y Fern�ndez
de Oviedo (1st time)
1698 - 1699 Gil Correoso Catal�n
1699 - 6 Aug 1702 Severino de Manzaneda Salinas (b. c.1640 - d. af.1702)
y Rojas
1702 - 1704 Juan del Barranco
1704 - 4 Nov 1706 Ignacio P�rez-Caro y Fern�ndez
de Oviedo
1706 - 1708 Sebasti�n de Cereceda y Gir�n (b. 1644 - d. 1723)
(1st time)(interim)
1708 - Sep 1711 Guillermo Morfi (William Murphy) (b. c.1661 - d. c.123)
1711 - 15 Apr 1714 Pedro de Niela y Torres
1714 - 1715 Francisco de la Rocha y Labarc�s
May 1715 - 16 Jul 1724 Fernando Constanzo y Ram�rez, (b. 1669 - d. 1724)
caballero de Santiago
1724 - 1732 Francisco de la Rocha Ferrer (b. 1686 - d. 17..)
y Labarc�s
1732 - 1739 Alonso de Castro y Mazo
1739 - 1750 Pedro Zorrilla de San Mart�n, (b. 1694 - d. 17..)
marqu�s de la G�ndara Real
1750 - 8 Oct 1750 Juan Jos� Colomo (d. 1750)
1750 - 18 Jun 1751 Jos� de Zunnier de Basteros (d. 1751)
(acting)
1751 - 1759 Francisco Rubio y Pe�aranda (b. 1700 - d. 1773)
1759 - 1771 Manuel Azlor de Arag�n y Urr�es (b. 1708 - d. 1787)
16 Apr 1771 - 1779 Jos� Solano y Bote Carrasco y D�az,(b. 1726 - d. 1806)
marqu�s del Socorro
1779 - 26 Sep 1785 Isidro de Peralta y Rojas (b. 1727 - d. 1785)
26 Sep 1785 - 17 Apr 1786 Joaqu�n Garc�a y Moreno (1st time) (b. 1732 - d. 1811)
(acting)
17 Apr 1786 - 2 Jun 1788 Manuel Gonz�lez de Aguilar Torres (d. 1788)
de Navarra y Montoya
1788 - 15 Sep 1788 Pedro Carani(acting)
15 Sep 1788 - 1788 Jos� Antonio de Urizar y Bol�var (b. 1738 - d. af.1808)
(acting)
1 Dec 1788 - 26 Jan 1801 Joaqu�n Garc�a y Moreno (2nd time) (s.a.)
1796 - 1798 Philippe-Rose Roume de Saint- (b. 1743 - d. 1804)
Laurent -Provisional Agent
4 Oct 1799 - 1801 Antoine Chanlatte -Commissioner (b. 1749 - d. 1815)
Governors
26 Jan 1801 - 20 May 1802 Pierre Fran�ois Dominique (b. 1743? - d. 1803)
Toussaint-Louverture
5 Mar 1801 - 1803 Jean-Baptiste Jacques Stanislas (b. 1753 - d. 1808)
de Combis d'Augustine
(commissioner; from 6 Jun 1801, prefect)
1802 - Nov 1802 Fran�ois-Marie P�richou de (b. 1757 - d. 1825)
Kerversau
1803 Fran�ois-Jacques Lequoy de (b. 1748 - d. 1804)
Montgiraud -Prefect
Jun 1803 - 14 Nov 1803 Louis-Maurice Taupin de (b. 1757 - d. 1823)
Magnytot -Prefect
Nov 1802 - 7 Nov 1808 Jean-Louis Ferrand (b. 1758 - d. 1808)
7 Nov 1808 - 9 Jul 1809 Joseph-David, comte de Barquier (b. 1757 - d. 1844)
(acting)
Governors and Captains-general
13 Dec 1808 - 11 Feb 1811 Juan S�nchez Ram�rez (b. 1762 - d. 1811)
(in opposition to French to 9 Jul 1809)
7 Jul 1809 - Aug 1809 Hugh Lyle Carmichael (b. 1764 - d. 1813)
(British commander in Saman�)
1811 - 1812 Manuel Caballero (acting)
1812 - 1813 Jos� Masot (acting)
1813 - 1818 Carlos de Urrutia y Montoya (b. 1750 - d. 1825)
1818 - 1821 Sebasti�n K�ndelan y Oreg�n (b. 1757 - d. 1826)
1821 - 1 Dec 1821 Pascual Real
Political Governor and State President
1 Dec 1821 - 9 Feb 1822 Jos� N��ez de C�ceres y Albor (b. 1772 - d. 1846)
Commanders of Haitian Forces
9 Feb 1822 - 1832 J�r�me-Maximilien Bargella (b. 1773 - d. 1843)
1832 - Feb 1843 Bernard-Philippe-Alexis Carri� (b. 1780 - d. 1867)
1843 Charles Rivi�re-H�rard (b. 1789 - d. 1850)
1843 - 27 Feb 1844 L�o H�rard
President of the Provisional Governing Junta
28 Feb 1844 - 1 Mar 1844 Francisco del Rosario S�nchez (b. 1817 - d. 1861) Lib
Presidents of the Central Governing Junta
1 Mar 1844 - 5 Jun 1844 Tom�s Bobadilla y Briones (b. 1785 - d. 1871) Tri
5 Jun 1844 - 9 Jun 1844 Jos� Mar�a Caminero Ferrer (b. 1782 - d. 1852) Con
9 Jun 1844 - 13 Jul 1844 Francisco del Rosario S�nchez (s.a.) Lib
13 Jul 1844 - 13 Nov 1844 Pedro Santana Familias (b. 1801 - d. 1864) PA
(concurrently Supreme Chief)
Presidents
13 Nov 1844 - 4 Aug 1848 Pedro Santana Familias (1st time) (s.a.) PA
4 Aug 1848 - 8 Sep 1848 Council of Secretaries of State
- F�lix Mercenario Monta�o (b. 1789 - d. 1861)
- Domingo de la Rocha Angulo (b. 1797 - d. 1883)
- Jos� Mar�a Caminero Ferrer (s.a.) Con
- Manuel Jos� Jimenes Gonz�lez (b. 1808 - d. 1854) Lib
8 Sep 1848 - 29 May 1849 Manuel Jos� Jimenes Gonz�lez (s.a.)
30 May 1849 - 23 Sep 1849 Pedro Santana Familias (2nd time) (s.a.) PA
(Supreme Chief of the Republic)
24 Sep 1849 - 15 Feb 1853 Buenaventura B�ez M�ndez (b. 1812 - d. 1884) PR
(1st time)
15 Feb 1853 - 26 May 1856 Pedro Santana Familias (3rd time) (s.a.) PA
26 May 1856 - 8 Oct 1856 Manuel de Regla Mota y �lvarez (b. 1795 - d. 1864) PA
de Fuentes
8 Oct 1856 - 12 Jun 1858 Buenaventura B�ez M�ndez (s.a.) PR
(2nd time)
12 Jun 1858 - 27 Jul 1858 Jos� Desiderio Valverde P�rez (b. c.1822 - d. 1904)Tri
(in dissidence from 22 Jul 1857 [as President
of the Provisional Government to 1 Mar 1858]
and then to 28 Aug 1858)
27 Jul 1858 - 18 Mar 1861 Pedro Santana Familias (4th time) (s.a.) PA
(acting to 31 Jan 1859)
Governors and Captains-general
18 Mar 1861 - 20 Jul 1862 Pedro Santana Familias, (s.a.)
(from 28 Mar 1862) marqu�s de las
Carreras
(de facto acting to 8 Jun 1861)
20 Jul 1862 - 23 Oct 1863 Jos� Felipe Rivero y Lemoine (b. 1797 - d. 1873)
23 Oct 1863 - 29 Mar 1864 Carlos de Vargas y Cerveto (b. 1817 - d. 1876)
29 Mar 1864 - 11 Jul 1865 Jos� de la G�ndara y Navarro (b. 1820 - d. 1885)
(nominally from 1 May 1865)
Presidents
14 Sep 1863 - 10 Oct 1864 Jos� Antonio Salcedo Ram�rez (b. 1816 - d. 1864) Res
(President of the Government [provisional to 24 Aug 1864])
10 Oct 1864 - 23 Jan 1865 Gaspar Polanco y Borb�n (b. 1816 - d. 1867) Res
(President of the Provisional Government)
23 Jan 1865 - 24 Jan 1865 Generals-in-chief, temporarily in-charge
by the Will of the People and the Army,
of the Executive Power
- Pedro Antonio Pimentel Chamorro (b. 1830 - d. 1874) Mil
- Benito Monci�n Dur�n (b. 1826 - d. 1898) Mil
- Federico de Jes�s Garc�a y (b. 1835 - d. 1873) Mil
de la Cruz
24 Jan 1865 - 24 Mar 1865 Benigno Filomeno de Rojas y Ramos (b. 1811 - d. 1865) Res
(President of the Superior Governing
Junta to 27 Feb 1865, then President
of the Sovereign National Convention)
25 Mar 1865 - 4 Aug 1865 Pedro Antonio Pimentel Chamorro (s.a.) PA
4 Aug 1865 - 15 Nov 1865 Jos� Mar�a Cabral y de Luna (b. 1816 - d. 1899) PA
(Protector of the Republic)(1st time)
15 Nov 1865 - 8 Dec 1865 Pedro Guillermo y Guerrero (b. 1814 - d. 1867) PR
(President of the Provisional Government;
in dissidence as President of the Central
Governing Junta from earlier in 1865)
8 Dec 1865 - 29 May 1866 Buenaventura B�ez M�ndez (s.a.) PR
(3rd time)
29 May 1866 - 22 Aug 1866 Triumvirate of the Republic
(in dissidence from 1 May 1866)
- Pedro Antonio Pimentel Chamorro (s.a.)
- Gregorio Luper�n (b. 1839 - d. 1897) PA
- Federico de Jes�s Garc�a y de (s.a.) Mil
la Cruz
22 Aug 1866 - 31 Jan 1868 Jos� Mar�a Cabral y de Luna (s.a.) PA
(Chief of Public Administration to 29 Sep 1866)
(2nd time)
22 Dec 1867 - 13 Feb 1868 Jos� Antonio Hungr�a (b. 1819 - d. 1872) Mil/PR
(President of the Central Government
Junta, in dissidence)
31 Jan 1868 - 13 Feb 1868 Manuel Altagracia C�ceres (b. 1838 - d. 1878)
Fern�ndez (acting)
13 Feb 1868 - 2 May 1868 Junta of Generals
- Jos� Antonio Hungr�a (s.a.) Mil/PR
- Francisco Antonio G�mez y Baez (b. 1819 - d. 1883) Mil/PR
- Jos� Ram�n Luciano y Franco (b. 1822 - d. 1890) Mil/PR
2 May 1868 - 2 Jan 1874 Buenaventura B�ez M�ndez (s.a.) PR
(4th time)
2 Jan 1874 - 21 Jan 1874 Ignacio Mar�a Gonz�lez y Sant�n (b. 1840 - d. 1915) Ver
(Supreme Chief; in dissidence from 27 Nov 1873)
(1st time)
22 Jan 1874 - 6 Apr 1874 Generals-in-Chief
- Ignacio Mar�a Gonz�lez y Sant�n (s.a.) Mil
- Manuel Altagracia C�ceres (s.a.) Mil
Fern�ndez
6 Apr 1874 - 23 Feb 1876 Ignacio Mar�a Gonz�lez y Sant�n (s.a.) Ver
(2nd time)(Supreme Chief 10 Sep 1874 - 12 Apr 1875)
7 Feb 1876 - Feb 1876 Constitutional Executive Junta
(in rebellion)
- Esteban D�az
- M�ximo Grull�n Salcedo (b. 1826 - d. 1877)
- Manuel de Jes�s de Pe�a y (b. 1834 - d. 1915)
Reynoso
- Alfredo Deetjen Merecette (b. 1826 - d. 1896)
- Isidro Pereyra Casado (b. 1839 - d. 1893)
23 Feb 1876 - 29 Apr 1876 Council of Secretaries of State
- Pedro Tom�s Garrido Matos (b. 1827 - d. 1895)
- Jos� de Jes�s Eduardo de Castro
�lvarez
- Pedro Pablo de Bonilla y (b. 1807 - d. 1881?)
Correa-Cruzaso
- Juan Bautista Zafra y Miranda (b. 1840 - d. 1886)
- Pedro Pablo L�pez Villanueva (b. 1842 - d. 1902)
(to 7 Mar 1876)
- Jacinto Peynado y Tej�n (b. 1826 - d. 1897)
(from 7 Mar 1876)
29 Apr 1876 - 5 Oct 1876 Ulises Francisco Espaillat y (b. 1823 - d. 1878) PA
Quino�es
Oct 1876 - 30 Oct 1876 Gabino Crespo (d. 1878) Mil
(president of the Central Government
Junta of Restoration Movement; in rebellion)
5 Oct 1876 - 11 Nov 1876 Superior Governing Junta
- Pedro Pablo L�pez Villanueva (s.a.)
- Jos� Caminero Mat�as (d. 1892)
- Juan Esteban Ariza Matos (b. 1820 - d. 1882)
- Fidel Rodr�guez Urdaneta
- Jos� de Jes�s Eduardo de Castro (b. 1829 - d. 1885)
�lvarez
- Juan Bautista Zafra y Miranda (s.a.)
- Pedro Tom�s Garrido Matos (s.a.)
11 Nov 1876 - 9 Dec 1876 Ignacio Mar�a Gonz�lez y Sant�n (s.a.) Ver
(3rd time) (Supreme Chief)
10 Dec 1876 - 26 Dec 1876 Marcos Ezequiel Antonio Cabral (b. 1843 - d. 1903)
Figuereo
(President of Provisional Governing Junta)
27 Dec 1876 - 2 Mar 1878 Buenaventura B�ez M�ndez (s.a.) PR
(5th time)(provisional to 21 Mar 1877)
1 Mar 1878 - 13 Apr 1878 Ignacio Mar�a Gonz�lez y Sant�n (s.a.) Ver
(4th time)(President of the Provisional
Government of National Movement, in dissidence)
2 Mar 1878 - 5 Mar 1878 Council of Secretaries of State
- Jos� Mar�a Cabral y de Luna (s.a.) PA
- Joaqu�n Antonio Montol�o Morales (b. 1821 - d. 1911)
5 Mar 1878 - 6 Jul 1878 Ces�reo Guillermo y Bastardo (b. 1847 - d. 1885) PR
(1st time)(President of Provisional Government)
6 Jul 1878 - 2 Sep 1878 Ignacio Mar�a Gonz�lez y Sant�n (s.a.) Ver
(5th time)
2 Sep 1878 - 6 Sep 1878 Superior Chiefs of Revolutionary Movement
- Ulises Hilari�n Heureaux Lebert (b. 1845 - d. 1899) Mil/PA
- Ces�reo Guillermo y Bastardo (s.a.) Mil
6 Sep 1878 - 30 Sep 1878 Jacinto del Rosario de Castro (b. 1811 - d. 1896) Mil
(acting)
30 Sep 1878 - 27 Feb 1879 Council of Secretaries of State
- Ces�reo Guillermo y Bastardo (s.a.) PR
- Alejandro Angulo Guridi (b. 1823 - d. 1906)
- Pedro Ram�n Mar�a Aristy D�az (b. 1848 - d. 1880)
27 Feb 1879 - 6 Dec 1879 Ces�reo Guillermo y Bastardo (s.a.) PR
(2nd time)
6 Dec 1879 - 1 Sep 1880 Gregorio Luper�n (s.a.) PA
(president of provisional government;
in dissidence from 7 Oct 1879)
1 Sep 1880 - 1 Sep 1882 Fernando Arturo de Meri�o y (b. 1833 - d. 1906) PA
Ram�rez
1 Sep 1882 - 1 Sep 1884 Ulises Hilari�n Heureaux Lebert (s.a.) PA
(1st time)
1 Sep 1884 - 16 May 1885 Francisco Gregorio Billini y (b. 1844 - d. 1898) PA
Aristy
16 May 1885 - 6 Jan 1887 Alejandro Woss y Gil (1st time) (b. 1856 - d. 1932) PA
6 Jan 1887 - 27 Mar 1889 Ulises Hilari�n Heureaux Lebert (s.a.) PA
(2nd time)
27 Mar 1889 - 30 Apr 1889 Manuel Mar�a de la Concepci�n (b. 1830 - d. 1897) PR
Gautier (acting)
30 Apr 1889 - 26 Jul 1899 Ulises Hilari�n Heureaux Lebert (s.a.) PA
(3rd time)
26 Jul 1899 - 30 Aug 1899 Juan Wenceslao Figuereo Cas� (b. 1834 - d. 1910) PR
31 Aug 1899 Council of Secretaries of State
- Tom�s Demetrio Morales Bernal (b. 1848 - d. 1904)
- Ar�stides Pati�o Vald�s (b. 1856 - d. 1928)
- Enrique Henr�quez y Alfau (b. 1859 - d. 1940)
- Jaime Rodolfo Vidal Castillo (b. 1862 - d. 19..)
- Braulio �lvarez y del (b. 1841 - d. 1927)
Castillo (undersecretary)
31 Aug 1899 - 4 Sep 1899 People's Revolutionary Governing Junta
- Mariano Antonio de las Mercedes (b. 1838 - d. 1909)
Cestero Aybar
- �lvaro Logro�o (b. 1855 - d. 1915)
- Ar�stides Pati�o Vald�s (s.a.)
- Pedro Mar�a Mej�a y Cotes (b. 1844 - d. 1916)
4 Sep 1899 - 15 Nov 1899 Felipe Horacio V�squez Lajara (b. 1860 - d. 1936) PA
(President of the Provisional Government;
in dissidence from 1 Aug 1899)
(1st time)
15 Nov 1899 - 2 May 1902 Juan Isidro Jimenes Pereyra (b. 1846 - d. 1919) PA
(1st time)
26 Apr 1902 - 23 Apr 1903 Felipe Horacio V�squez Lajara (s.a.) PR
(president of Provisional Government)
(2nd time)
23 Apr 1903 - 24 Nov 1903 Alejandro Woss y Gil (2nd time) (s.a.) PA
(president of Provisional Government to 1 Aug 1903)
24 Oct 1903 - 12 Jan 1906 Carlos Felipe Morales Languasco (b. 1867 - d. 1914) PR
(President of the Provisional Government
to 19 Apr 1904; left the country 25 Dec 1905)
25 Dec 1905 - 29 Dec 1905 Council of Secretaries of State
(acting for Morales)
- Manuel Lamarche Garc�a (b. 1852 - d. 1915)
- Emiliano Tejera Penson (b. 1841 - d. 1923)
- Andr�s Julio Montol�o Moscoso (b. 1821 - d. 1911)
- Francisco Leonte V�squez Lajara (b. 1856 - d. 1923)
- Carlos Eduardo Ginebra Pelegr�n (b. 1874 - d. 1939)
- Eladio Abdom Victoria Victoria (b. 1864 - d. 1939) PR
- Federico Vel�squez y Hern�ndez (b. 1867 - d. 1934)
29 Dec 1905 - 19 Nov 1911 Ram�n Arturo C�ceres V�squez (b. 1866 - d. 1911) PR
(acting for Morales to 12 Jan 1906)
19 Nov 1911 - 6 Dec 1911 Council of Secretaries
- Miguel Antonio Rom�n Rodr�guez (b. 1834 - d. 1920)
- Jos� Mar�a Cabral y Ba�z (b. 1864 - d. 1937)
- Manuel de Jes�s Mar�a Ulpiano (b. 1878 - d. 1955)
Troncoso de la Concha
- Federico Vel�squez y Hern�ndez (s.a.)
(1st time)
- Manuel Lamarche Garc�a (s.a.)
- Emilio Tejera Bonetti (b. 1880 - d. 1968)
(to 30 Nov 1911)
- Rafael D�az
6 Dec 1911 - 30 Nov 1912 Eladio Abdom Victoria Victoria (s.a.) PR
(interim to 27 Feb 1912)
1 Dec 1912 - 13 Apr 1913 Adolfo Alejandro Nouel y (b. 1862 - d. 1937) Non-party
Bobadilla (interim)
14 Apr 1913 - 27 Aug 1914 Jos� Bordas Vald�s (interim) (b. 1874 - d. 1968) Non-party
28 Aug 1914 - 5 Dec 1914 Ram�n B�ez Machado (provisional) (b. 1858 - d. 1929) Non-party
5 Dec 1914 - 7 May 1916 Juan Isidro Jimenes Pereyra (s.a.) PA
(2nd time)
7 May 1916 - 31 Jul 1916 Council of Secretaries
- Jaime Mota Vidal (b. 1860 - d. 1928)
- Bernardo Jos� Arturo Pichardo y (b. 1877 - d. 1924)
Pat�n
- Jos� Manuel Jimenes Dom�nguez (b. 1881 - d. 1947)
(to 1916)
- Federico Vel�squez y Hern�ndez (s.a.)
(2nd time)(from 1916)
31 Jul 1916 - 29 Nov 1916 Francisco Hilario Henr�quez y (b. 1859 - d. 1935) PA
Carvajal (provisional)
Commanding Forces in Occupation in Santo Domingo
29 Nov 1916 - 4 Apr 1917 Harry Shepard Knapp (b. 1856 - d. 1923) Mil
Military Governors of Santo Domingo
4 Apr 1917 - 18 Nov 1918 Harry Shepard Knapp (s.a.) Mil
23 Aug 1917 - 11 Sep 1917 Edwin Alexander Anderson, Jr. (b. 1860 - d. 1933) Mil
(acting for Knapp)
29 Oct 1917 - 29 Nov 1917 Joseph Henry Pendleton (1st time) (b. 1860 - d. 1942) Mil
(acting for Knapp)
5 Feb 1918 - 17 Mar 1918 Joseph Henry Pendleton (2nd time) (s.a.) Mil
(acting for Knapp)
6 Apr 1918 - 1 Jun 1918 Joseph Henry Pendleton (3rd time) (s.a.) Mil
(acting for Knapp)
2 Jul 1918 - 1 Sep 1918 Joseph Henry Pendleton (4th time) (s.a.) Mil
(acting for Knapp)
18 Nov 1918 - 25 Feb 1919 Benjamin Hebard Fuller (acting) (b. 1870 - d. 1937) Mil
25 Feb 1919 - 3 Jun 1921 Thomas Snowden, Jr. (b. 1857 - d. 1930) Mil
3 Jun 1921 - 20 Oct 1922 Samuel Shelburne Robison (b. 1867 - d. 1952) Mil
3 Jan 1922 - 19 Feb 1922 Harry Lee (1st time) (b. 1872 - d. 1935) Mil
(acting for Robison)
14 Jun 1922 - 24 Jul 1922 Harry Lee (2nd time) (s.a.) Mil
(acting for Robison)
Presidents
21 Oct 1922 - 12 Jul 1924 Juan Bautista Vicini Burgos (b. 1871 - d. 1935) Lib
(provisional)
12 Jul 1924 - 2 Mar 1930 Felipe Horacio V�squez Lajara (s.a.) PN
(3rd time)
3 Mar 1930 - 16 Aug 1930 Juan Rafael Estrella Ure�a (acting)(b. 1889 - d. 1945) Rep
16 Aug 1930 - 16 Aug 1938 Rafael Leonidas Trujillo y Molina (s.a.) Mil/PD
(1st time)
16 Aug 1938 - 7 Mar 1940 Jacinto Bienvenido Peynado y (b. 1878 - d. 1940) PD
Peynado
7 Mar 1940 - 18 May 1942 Manuel de Jes�s Mar�a Ulpiano (s.a.) PD
Troncoso de la Concha
18 May 1942 - 16 Aug 1952 Rafael Leonidas Trujillo y Molina (s.a.) PD/Mil
(2nd time)(acting to 16 Aug 1942)
16 Aug 1952 - 3 Aug 1960 H�ctor Bienvenido Trujillo y (b. 1908 - d. 2002) PD
Molina
3 Aug 1960 - 16 Jan 1962 Joaqu�n Antonio Balaguer Ricardo (b. 1906/07-d. 2002) PD
(1st time)
16 Jan 1962 - 17 Jan 1962 Civic-Military Council
- Armando �scar Pacheco Rom�n (b. 1901 - d. 1983)
- Luis Emilio Amiama Ti� (b. 1914 - d. 1980)
- Antonio Cosme Imbert Barrera (b. 1920 - d. 2016) Mil
- Enrique Rafael Valdez Vidaurre (b. 1927 - d. 2003)
- Wilfredo Medina Natalio (d. ....)
17 Jan 1962 - 18 Jan 1962 Huberto Carlos Conrado Godofred (b. 1901 - d. 1962) Mil
Bogaert Rom�n
(president of Civic-Military Council)
18 Jan 1962 - 27 Feb 1963 Rafael Filiberto Bonnelly Fondeur (b. 1904 - d. 1979) Rep
27 Feb 1963 - 25 Sep 1963 Juan Emilio Bosch Gavi�o (b. 1909 - d. 2001) PRD
25 Sep 1963 - 26 Sep 1963 V�ctor Elby Vi�as Rom�n (b. 1925? - d. 2004) Mil
(chairman Provisional Junta)
26 Sep 1963 - 25 Apr 1965 Triumvirate
- Emilio de los Santos y Salci� (b. 1903 - d. 1986) UCN
(to 22 Dec 1963) (chairman)
- Manuel Enrique Tavares Espaillat (b. 1924 - d. 1984) UCN
(to 27 Jun 1964)
- Ram�n Tapia Espinal (b. 1926 - d. 2002) UCN
(to 8 Apr 1964)
- Donald Joseph Reid Cabral (b. 1923 - d. 2006) UCN
(from 30 Dec 1963)(chairman)
- Ram�n C�ceres Troncoso (b. 1930 - d. 2020) UCN
(from 18 Apr 1964)
13 Oct 1963 - 4 Nov 1963 Juan Casasnovas Garrido (b. 1918 - d. 1998) PRD
(provisional; in dissidence)
25 Apr 1965 (hours) Revolutionary Committee
- Vinicio Antonio Fern�ndez P�rez Mil
- Giovanni Guti�rrez Ram�rez Mil
- Francisco Alberto Caama�o De�� (b. 1932 - d. 1973) Mil
- Eladio Ram�rez S�nchez (b. 1934 - d. 2001)
- Pedro Bartolom� Benoit (b. 1921 - d. 2012) Mil
Vanderhorst
25 Apr 1965 - 27 Apr 1965 Jos� Rafael Molina Ure�a (b. 1921 - d. 2000) PRD
(provisional)
27 Apr 1965 - 1 May 1965 no recognized national authority
1 May 1965 - 7 May 1965 Pedro Bartolom� Benoit Vanderhorst (s.a.) Mil
(chairman military junta)
4 May 1965 - 3 Sep 1965 Francisco Alberto Caama�o De�� (s.a.) Mil
(in dissidence)
7 May 1965 - 30 Aug 1965 Antonio Cosme Imbert Barrera (s.a.) Mil
30 Aug 1965 - 3 Sep 1965 no recognized national authority
3 Sep 1965 - 1 Jul 1966 H�ctor Federico Garc�a Godoy (b. 1921 - d. 1970) PRSC
C�ceres (provisional)
1 Jul 1966 - 16 Aug 1978 Joaqu�n Antonio Balaguer Ricardo (s.a.) PRSC
(2nd time)
16 Aug 1978 - 4 Jul 1982 Silvestre Antonio Guzm�n Fern�ndez (b. 1911 - d. 1982) PRD
4 Jul 1982 - 16 Aug 1982 Jacobo Majluta Azar (b. 1934 - d. 1996) PRD
16 Aug 1982 - 16 Aug 1986 Jos� Salvador Omar Jorge Blanco (b. 1926 - d. 2010) PRD
16 Aug 1986 - 16 Aug 1996 Joaqu�n Antonio Balaguer Ricardo (s.a.) PRSC
(3rd time)
16 Aug 1996 - 16 Aug 2000 Leonel Antonio Fern�ndez Reyna (b. 1953) PLD
(1st time)
16 Aug 2000 - 16 Aug 2004 Rafael Hip�lito Mej�a Dom�nqez (b. 1941) PRD
16 Aug 2004 - 16 Aug 2012 Leonel Antonio Fern�ndez Reyna (s.a.) PLD
(2nd time)
16 Aug 2012 - 16 Aug 2020 Danilo Medina S�nchez (b. 1951) PLD
16 Aug 2020 - Luis Rodolfo Abinader Corona (b. 1967) PRM
U.S. Military Commanders
1 Apr 1903 - 21 Apr 1903 Richard G. McConnell (b. 18.. - d. 1904) (commander marine detachment U.S.S. Atlanta) 3 Feb 1904 - 11 Feb 1904 James Philips Parker (b. 1855 - d. 1942)
(commander landing party U.S.S. Newark)
5 May 1916 - 12 May 1916 Frederic "Fritz" May Wise, Jr. (b. 1877 - d. 1940)
(commander Marine expeditionary force)
12 May 1916 - 23 May 1916 William Banks Caperton (b. 1855 - d. 1941)
(commander U.S. cruiser squadron, Atlantic Fleet)
Commanders of all U.S. Naval Forces ashore in Santo Domingo
23 May 1916 - 21 Jun 1916 Theodore P. Kane (b. 1868 - d. 1943)
21 Jun 1916 - 29 Nov 1916 Joseph Henry Pendleton (s.a.)
U.S. Military Governors of Santo Domingo
29 Nov 1916 - 18 Nov 1918 Harry Shepard Knapp (s.a.)
23 Aug 1917 - 11 Sep 1917 Edwin Alexander Anderson, Jr. (s.a.)
(acting for Knapp)
29 Oct 1917 - 29 Nov 1917 Joseph Henry Pendleton (1st time) (s.a.)
(acting for Knapp)
5 Feb 1918 - 17 Mar 1918 Joseph Henry Pendleton (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting for Knapp)
6 Apr 1918 - 1 Jun 1918 Joseph Henry Pendleton (3rd time) (s.a.)
(acting for Knapp)
2 Jul 1918 - 1 Sep 1918 Joseph Henry Pendleton (4th time) (s.a.)
(acting for Knapp)
18 Nov 1918 - 25 Feb 1919 Benjamin Hebard Fuller (s.a.)
25 Feb 1919 - 3 Jun 1921 Thomas Snowden, Jr. (s.a.)
3 Jun 1921 - 20 Oct 1922 Samuel Shelburne Robison (s.a.)
3 Jan 1922 - 19 Feb 1922 Harry Lee (1st time) (s.a.)
(acting for Robison)
14 Jun 1922 - 24 Jul 1922 Harry Lee (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting for Robison)
21 Oct 1922 - 12 Jul 1924 Harry Lee (acting to Mar 1923) (s.a.)
U.S. Commissioner to the Dominican Republic, with the rank of
Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary
29 Jul 1922 - 12 Jul 1924 Benjamin Sumner Welles (b. 1892 - d. 1961)
Commanders of U.S. Land Forces (from 28 May 1965, Commander U.S. Forces in the
Dominican Republic and Deputy Commander Inter-American Peace Force [USFORDOMREP])
1 May 1965 - 13 Jan 1966 Bruce Palmer, Jr. (b. 1913 - d. 2000)
13 Jan 1966 - Sep 1966 Robert R. Linvill (b. 1913 - d. ....)
Commanders of the Inter-American Peace Force (IAPF)
23 May 1965 - 31 May 1965 Bruce Palmer, Jr. (U.S.)(acting) (s.a.)
31 May 1965 - 17 Jan 1966 Hugo Panasco Alvim (Brazil) (b. 1901 - d. 1978)
17 Jan 1966 - 21 Sep 1966 �lvaro Alves da Silva Braga (b. 1906 - d. 1971)
(Brazil)
Territorial Disputes: Haitian migrants cross the porous border into the Dominican Republic to find work; illegal migrants from the Dominican Republic cross the Mona Passage each year to Puerto Rico to find better work.
Party abbreviations: PLD = Partido de la Liberaci�n Dominicana (Dominican Liberation Party, progressive centrist, est.1973); PRD = Partido Revolucionario Dominicano (Dominican Revolutionary Party, social-democratic, center-left, est.1939); PRM = Partido Revolucionario Moderno (Modern Revolutionary Party, social democratic, reformist, former Alianza Social Dominicana [Dominican Social Alliance], est.9 Sep 2014); PRSC = Partido Reformista Social Cristiano (Social Christian Reformist Party, conservative, center-right, est.1963); Mil = Military;
- Former parties: Con = Conservative; Lib = Liberal;PA = Partido Azule ("Blue" Party, "los Bolos," liberal, from 1899 nicknamed "Jimenistas," later becomes Partido Nacional Liberal and Partido Nacional, 19th cent.-1916); PD = Partido Dominicano (Dominican Party, conservative, authoritarian, Trujillo personalist, de facto only party, 1931-1961); PN = Partido Nacional (National Party); PR = Partido Rojo ("Red" Party, "los Coludos," conservative, from 1899 nicknamed "Horacistas", 19th cent.-1916); Rep = Partido Republicano (Republican Party);Res= Restaurador (Restoration, opponents of Spanish rule); Tri = Trinitario (Trinitarin, conservative, pro-independence, 1838-1858);Ver = Partido Verde ("Green" party, Unionist, union between PA and PR)
� Ben Cahoon