France (original) (raw)

France

c.987 - c.1137	c.1137 - c.1365	c.1365 - 1632
1632 - 24 Oct 1790	24 Oct 1790 - 15 Feb 1794 Unofficial	15 Feb 1794 - 6 Apr 1814; 13 Mar 1815 - 8 Jul 1815
6 Apr 1814 - 13 Mar 1815; 8 Jul 1815 - 1 Aug 1830	1 Aug 1830 - 24 Feb 1848	24 Feb 1848 - 5 Mar 1848
Re-adopted 5 Mar 1848	1974 - 13 Jul 2020 Official Variant	5 Jun 1941 - 1945 Free French Forces

Kings� (Frankish/Germanic names with French in parentheses to 987)
- kings of the Franks -
481 - 11 Nov 511 Chl�dowech I (= Clovis I) (b. c.466 - d. 511)
27 Nov 511 - 21 Jun 524 Chl�dom�r (= Clodomir, Clodmer) (b. c.494 - d. 524)
(at Soissons)
27 Nov 511 - 23 Dec 558 Childebert I (at Paris) (b. c.497 - d. 558)
27 Nov 511 - Dec 561 Chl�thachar I (= Clotaire I) (b. c.502 - d. 561)
(at Soissons)
Dec 561 - Nov 567 Charibert I (= Caribert I) (b. c.517 - d. 567)
(at Paris)
Dec 561 - 28 Mar 592 Gunthram (= Gontran)(in Orl�ans) (b. c.533 - d. 592)
Dec 561 - Oct 584 Chilper�c I (= Chilp�ric I) (b. c.534 - d. 584)
(at Soissons)
Oct 584 - 18 Oct 629 Chl�thachar II (= Clotaire II) (b. 584 - d. 629)
Oct 584 - 597 Fredegundis(Fr�d�gonde)(f)-Regent (b. c.550 - d. 597)
18 Oct 629 - 19 Jan 639 Dagoberht I (= Dagobert I) (b. c.608 - d. 639)
Dec 629 - 8 Apr 632 Charibert II -Co-ruler (b. c.613 - d. 632)
(= Caribert II)(in Aquitania)
19 Jan 639 - Oct 657 Chl�dowech II (= Clovis II) (b. 634 - d. 657)
19 Jan 639 - Sep 642 Nantechildis (f) -Regent (b. c.610 - d. 642)
(= Nant�childe)
Sep 642 - 648 Erchinoald (= Erchenout) -Regent (d. 658)
Oct 657 - Apr 673 Chl�thachar III (= Clotaire III) (b. c.651 - d. 673)
Oct 657 - 665 Balthildis (= Balthild)(f) -Regent (b. c.626 - d. 680)
(St. Balthild of Ascania)
Apr 673 - 673 Theuder�c III (= Thierry III) (b. c.653 - d. 690)
(1st time)
673 - Oct? 675 Childer�c II (= Child�ric II) (b. c.656 - d. 675)
Oct? 675 - 690Theuder�c III (= Thierry III) (s.a.)
(2nd time)
690 - Mar? 695 Chl�dowech III (= Clovis III) (b. c.678 - d. 695)
690 - 692 Chr�dechildis (f) -Regent (b. c.650 - d. af.692)
(= Clothilde)
Mar? 695 - 14 Apr 711 Childebert IV (b. c.679 - d. 711)
14 Apr 711 - Dec 715 Dagoberht III (= Dagobert III) (b. c.698 - d. 715)
14 Apr 711 - 712 Grimoald (= Grimaud) -Regent (b. c.680 - d. 714)
Nov? 715 - Feb 721 Chilper�c II (= Chilp�ric II) (b. c.674 - d. 721)
Feb 721 - Apr 737 Theuder�c IV (= Thierry IV) (b. c.712 - d. 737)
Feb 721 - 726 Karl Martell -Regent(b. c.688 - d. 741)
(= Charles Martel "le Marteau")
Apr 737 - 2 Feb 743 Interregnum
Apr 737 - 15 Oct 741 Karl Martell (s.a.)
(= Charles Martel "le Marteau")
(mayor of the palace)
15 Oct 741 - 2 Feb 743 Pippin (= Pepin "le Bref") (b. 714 - d. 768)
(mayor of the palace)
2 Feb 743 - 25 Dec 751 Childer�c III (= Child�ric III) (b. c.718 - d. c.754)
25 Dec 751 - 24 Sep 768 Pippin I (= P�pin I "le Bref") (s.a.)
9 Oct 768 - 28 Jan 814 Karl I (= Charlemagne) (b. 748 - d. 814)
(= Charles I "le Grand")
(from 25 Dec 800, Holy Roman Emperor Karl I)
- jointly with -
9 Oct 768 - 4 Dec 771 Karlmann I (= Carloman I) (b. 751 - d. 771)
(in Burgundy, Provence, Swabia)
25 Dec 800 - 4 Dec 811 Karl (= Charles) -Co-ruler(b. 772 - d. 811)
(in Austrasia, Neustria, Saxonia)
11 Sep 813 - 1 Oct 833 Hl�dw�g I (= Louis I "le Pieux") (b. 778 - d. 840)
(co-ruler to 28 Jan 814)(1st time)
30 Jun 833 - 1 Mar 834 Hl�thar I (= Lothaire I) (b. 795 - d. 855)
(regent to 1 Oct 833)
(Holy Roman Emperor Lothar I)
1 Mar 834 - 20 Jun 840 Hl�dw�g I (= Louis I "le Pieux") (s.a.)
(2nd time)
- kings of the West Franks; later of France -
20 Jun 840 - 6 Oct 877 Karl II (= Charles II "le Chauve") (b. 823 - d. 877)
(from 10 Aug? 843, king of the West Franks)
(from 25 Dec 875, Holy Roman Emperor Karl II)
8 Dec 877 - 11 Apr 879 Hl�dw�g II (= Louis II "le B�gue") (b. 846 - d. 879)
Sep 879 - 5 Aug 882 Hl�dw�g II (= Louis III) (b. c.864 - d. 882)
5 Aug 882 - 6 Dec 884 Karlmann II (= Carloman II) (b. c.867 - d. 884)
13 Jun? 885 - Nov 887 Karl (= Charles "le Gros") (b. 839 - d. 888)
(Holy Roman Emperor Karl III "der Dicke")
29 Feb 888 - 3 Jan 898 �do (= Eudes) (b. c.859 - d. 898)
28 Jan 893 - 30 Jun 922 Karl III (=Charles III "le Simple")(b. 879 - d. 929)
(in dissidence to 3 Jan 898)
30 Jun 922 - 15 Jun 923 Hr�dbert I (= Robert I) (b. c.862 - d. 923)
13 Jul 923 - 15 Jan 936 Hr�dwulf (= Rodolphe, Raoul) (b. 89. - d. 936)
15 Jan 936 - 19 Jun 936 Hugo, dux Neustria -Regent (b. c.898 - d. 956)
19 Jun 936 - 10 Sep 954 Ludwig IV (= Louis IV "d'Outremer")(b. 921? - d. 954)
10 Sep 954 - 12 Nov 954 Reg ents - Artold, archev�que de Reims (b. 89. - d. 961)
- Hugo I, dux Francorum (b. c.898 - d. 956)
12 Nov 954 - 2 Mar 986 Lothar II (= Lothaire II) (b. 941 - d. 986)
8 Jun 979 - 21 May 987 Ludwig V (= Louis V "le Fain�ant") (b. c.967 - d. 987)
(co-ruler to 2 Mar 986)
21 May 987 - 3 Jun? 987 Reg ents
- Adalbero, archev�que de Reims (b. 92. - d. 988)
- Hugo II, dux Francorum (b. c.941 - d. 996)
3 Jun? 987 - 24 Oct 996 Hugo I (= Hugues Capet) (s.a.)
(= Hugo II, dux Francorum)
25 Dec 987 - 20 Jul 1031 Robert II "le Pieux" (the Pious) (b. 972 - d. 1031)
(co-ruler to 24 Oct 996)
9 Jun 1017 - 17 Sep 1026 Hugo II (= Hugues II) (co-ruler) (b. 1007 - d. 1026)
14 May 1027 - 4 Aug 1060 Henri I (b. 1008 - d. 1060)
(co-ruler to 20 Jul 1031)
23 May 1059 - 29 Jul 1108 Philippe I (b. 1052 - d. 1108)
(co-ruler to 4 Aug 1060)
4 Aug 1060 - 1 Sep 1067 Baudouin, comte de Flandres -Regent(b. c.1013 - d. 1067)
29 Jul 1108 - 1 Aug 1137 Louis VI "le Gros" (b. 1081 - d. 1137)
14 Apr 1129 - 13 Oct 1131 Philippe -C o-ruler (b. 1116 - d. 1131)
25 Oct 1131 - 18 Sep 1180 Louis VII "le Jeune" (b. 1120 - d. 1180)
(co-ruler to 1 Aug 1137)
(absent on crusade 8 Jun 1147 - 11 Nov 1149)
8 Jun 1147 - 11 Nov 1149 Regents
- Suger, abb� de Saint-Denis (b. 1081 - d. 1151)
- Raoul IV, comte de Vermandois (b. c.1094 - d. 1152)
1 Nov 1179 - 14 Jul 1223 Philippe II "Auguste" (b. 1165 - d. 1223)
(co-ruler to 18 Sep 1180)
(absent on crusade 24 Jun 1190 - 27 Dec 1191)
24 Jun 1190 - 27 Dec 1191 Regents - Alix de Blois et de Champagne (f)(b. c.1140 - d. 1206)
- Guillaume Cardinal de Champagne, (b. 1135 - d. 1202)
archev�que de Reims
14 Jul 1223 - 8 Nov 1226 Louis VIII "Coeur-de-Lion" (b. 1187 - d. 1226)
8 Nov 1226 - 27 Aug 1270 Louis IX "la Saint" (b. 1214 - d. 1270)
(absent on crusade 12 Jun 1248 -
10 Jul 1254 and 14 Mar - 25 Aug 1270)
8 Nov 1226 - 25 Apr 1236 Blanche de Castille (f) -Regent (b. 1188 - d. 1252)
(1st time)
12 Jun 1248 - 27 Nov 1252 Blanche de Castille (f) -Regent (s.a.)
(2nd time)
27 Nov 1252 - 10 Jul 1254 Louis de France -Regent (b. 1243 - d. 1260)
14 Mar 1270 - 25 Aug 1270 Regents
- Mathieu de Vend�me, abb� de (b. 121. - d. 1286)
Saint-Denis (1st time)
- Simon, seigneur de Nesle (b. c.1209 - d. 1288)
(1st time)
25 Aug 1270 - 5 Oct 1285 Philippe III "le Hardi" (b. 1245 - d. 1285)
25 Aug 1270 - 22 May? 1271 Regents
- Mathieu de Vend�me, abb� de (s.a.)
Saint-Denis (2nd time)
- Simon, seigneur de Nesle (s.a.)
(2nd time)
5 Oct 1285 - 29 Nov 1314 Philippe IV "le Bel" (b. 1268 - d. 1314)
29 Nov 1314 - 5 Jun 1316 Louis X "le Hutin" (b. 1289 - d. 1316)
5 Jun 1316 - 17 Jul 1316 Charles, comte de Valois -Regent (b. 1270 - d. 1325)
17 Jul 1316 - 15 Nov 1316 Philippe, comte de Poitiers -Regent(b. 1293 - d. 1322)
(1st time)
15 Nov 1316 - 19 Nov 1316 Jean I "le Posthume" (b. 1316 - d. 1316)
15 Nov 1316 - 19 Nov 1316 Philippe, comte de Poitiers -Regent(s.a.)
(2nd time)
19 Nov 1316 - 3 Jan 1322 Philippe V "le Long" (s.a.)
(= Philippe, comte de Poitiers)
3 Jan 1322 - 1 Feb 1328 Charles IV "le Bel" (b. 1294 - d. 1328)
1 Feb 1328 - 1 Apr 1328 Philippe, comte de Valois et (b. 1293 - d. 1350)
Anjou -Regent
1 Apr 1328 - 22 Aug 1350 Philippe VI (s.a.)
(= Philippe, comte de Valois et Anjou)
22 Aug 1350 - 8 Apr 1364 Jean II "le Bon" (b. 1319 - d. 1364)
(English prisoner 19 Sep 1356 - 4 Oct 1360)
19 Sep 1356 - 4 Oct 1360 Charles, duc du Normandie -Regent (b. 1337 - d. 1380)
(1st time)(Lieutenant-general to 14 Mar 1458)
17 Dec 1362 - Aug 1363 Charles, duc du Normandie -Regent (s.a.)
(2nd time)(Lieutenant-general)
8 Apr 1364 - 16 Sep 1380 Charles V "le Sage" (s.a.)
(= Charles, duc du Normandie)
16 Sep 1380 - 21 Oct 1422 Charles VI "le Fou" (b. 1368 - d. 1422)
16 Sep 1380 - 1 Nov 1388 Regents
- Louis, duc d'Anjou (b. 1339 - d. 1384)
(to 20 Sep 1384)
- Philippe, duc de Bourgogne (b. 1342 - d. 1404)
"le Hardi"
- Jean de France, duc de Berry (b. 1340 - d. 1416)
et Auvergne (from 19 Nov 1380)
6 Nov 1417 - 30 Oct 1422 Charles, duc de Touraine et(b. 1403 - d. 1461)
de Berry - Lieutenant-general
21 May 1420 - 31 Aug 1422 Henry V, king of England -Regent (b. 1387 - d. 1422)
(regent and heir by Treaty of Troyes)
21 Oct 1422 - 17 Jul 1453 Henri (II) (Henry VI of England) (b. 1421 - d. 1471)
(in dissidence)(nominally to 4 Mar 1461)
30 Oct 1422 - 22 Jul 1461 Charles VII "le Victorieux" (s.a.)
(= Charles, duc de Touraine et Auvergne)
22 Jul 1461 - 30 Aug 1483 Louis XI "le Prudent" (b. 1423 - d. 1483)
30 Aug 1483 - 7 Apr 1498 Charles VIII "l'Affable" (b. 1470 - d. 1498)
30 Aug 1483 - 23 Oct 1483 Anne de Beaujeu, vicomtesse de (b. 1461 - d. 1522)
Thouars (f) -Regent
23 Oct 1483 - 1 Apr 1488 Jean de Bourbon, duc de Bourbonnois(b. 1426 - d. 1488)
et d'Auvergne -Lieutenant-general
23 Aug 1494 - 7 Nov 1495 Pierre de Beaujeu, duc de (b. 1438 - d. 1503)
Bourbon -Lieutenant-general
7 Apr 1498 - 1 Jan 1515 Louis XII (b. 1462 - d. 1515)
1 Jan 1515 - 31 Mar 1547 Fran�ois I (b. 1494 - d. 1547)
(Spanish prisoner in Madrid 24 Feb 1525 - 17 Mar 1526)
24 Feb 1525 - 13 Mar 1526 Louise de Savoie (f) -Regent (b. 1476 - d. 1531)
31 Mar 1547 - 10 Jul 1559 Henri II (b. 1519 - d. 1559)
10 Jul 1559 - 5 Dec 1560 Fran�ois II (b. 1554 - d. 1560)
(also king-consort of Scotland from 24 Apr 1558)
5 Dec 1560 - 30 May 1574 Charles IX (b. 1550 - d. 1574)
5 Dec 1560 - 17 Aug 1563 Catherine de M�dicis (f) -Regent (b. 1519 - d. 1589)
(1st time)
30 May 1574 - 2 Aug 1589 Henri III (b. 1551 - d. 1589)
(also King of Poland Henryk "Walezy" 18 Feb 1574 - 12 May 1575)
30 May 1574 - 6 Sep 1574 Catherine de M�dicis (f) -Regent (s.a.)
(2nd time)
2 Aug 1589 - 14 May 1610 Henri IV (b. 1553 - d. 1610)
21 Nov 1589 - 9 May 1590 Charles (X) (in dissidence) (b. 1523 - d. 1590)
(= Charles Cardinal de Bourbon, archev�que de Reims)
(prisoner from 21 Nov 1589)
13 Mar 1589 - 30 Mar 1594 Charles de Lorraine, duc de (b. 1554 - d. 1611)
Mayenne -Lieutenant General of the Royal State and Crown of France
(in dissidence)
14 May 1610 - 14 May 1643 Louis XIII "le Juste" (the Just) (b. 1601 - d. 1643)
15 May 1610 - 2 Oct 1614 Marie de M�dicis (f) -Regent (b. 1573 - d. 1642)
14 May 1643 - 1 Sep 1715 Louis XIV "le Grand", (b. 1638 - d. 1715)
"le Roi Soleil"
18 May 1643 - 7 Sep 1651 Anne-Mauriced'Autriche (f)-Regent (b. 1601 - d. 1666)
1 Sep 1715 - 10 May 1774 Louis XV "le Bien-Aime" (b. 1710 - d. 1774)
12 Sep 1715 - 22 Feb 1723 Philippe de France, duc (b. 1674 - d. 1723)
d'Orl�ans -Regent
10 May 1774 - 21 Sep 1792 Louis XVI (b. 1754 - d. 1793)
(suspended 21 Jun - 14 Sep 1791 and 10 Aug - 21 Sep 1792)
21 Jun 1791 - 14 Sep 1791 Marguerite Louis Fran�ois Duport (b. 1754 - d. 1793)
du Tertre (acting for suspended Louis XVI)
10 Aug 1792 - 21 Sep 1792 Georges Jacques Danton (b. 1759 - d. 1794) Mont-D
(acting for suspended Louis XVI)
Presidents of the National Assembly (often referred to as National Constituent Assembly)
18 Jun 1791 - 2 Jul 1791 Alexandre Fran�ois Marie, (b. 1760 - d. 1794) Feu
vicomte de Beauharnais (1st time)
2 Jul 1791 - 19 Jul 1791 Charles Malo Fran�ois, comte (b. 1757 - d. 1832) Feu
de Lameth
19 Jul 1791 - 30 Jul 1791 Jacques Defermon, dit Defermon (b. 1752 - d. 1831)
des Chapeli�res
30 Jul 1791 - 13 Aug 1791 Alexandre Fran�ois Marie, (s.a.) Feu
vicomte de Beauharnais (2nd time)
13 Aug 1791 - 27 Aug 1791 Charles Louis Victor, prince (b. 1756 - d. 1794) Feu
de Broglie
27 Aug 1791 - 10 Sep 1791 Th�odore Vernier (b. 1731 - d. 1818)
10 Sep 1791 - 30 Sep 1791 Jacques Guillaume Thouret (b. 1746 - d. 1794) Feu
Presidents of the National Assembly
7 Aug 1792 - 19 Aug 1792 Jean-Fran�ois Honor� Merlet (b. 1761 - d. 1830)
19 Aug 1792 - 2 Sep 1792 Jean-Fran�ois Delacroix, dit (b. 1753 - d. 1794) Gir
Lacroix
2 Sep 1792 - 16 Sep 1792 Marie-Jean H�rault de S�chelles (b. 1759 - d. 1794) Gir
16 Sep 1792 - 21 Sep 1792 Pierre Joseph Cambon (b. 1756 - d. 1820) Gir
Presidents of the National Convention
20 Sep 1792 Philippe Jacques R�hl (1st time) (b. 1737 - d. 1795) Mont
(acting)
20 Sep 1792 - 4 Oct 1792 J�r�me P�tion, dit P�tion de (b. 1756 - d. 1794) Gir
Villeneuve
4 Oct 1792 - 18 Oct 1792 Jean-Fran�ois Delacroix, dit (s.a.) Mont
Lacroix
18 Oct 1792 - 1 Nov 1792 Marguerite �lie Guadet (b. 1755 - d. 1794) Gir
1 Nov 1792 - 15 Nov 1792 Marie-Jean H�rault de S�chelles (s.a.) Mont
(1st time)
15 Nov 1792 - 29 Nov 1792 Baptiste-Henri Gr�goire (b. 1750 - d. 1831) Mar
29 Nov 1792 - 13 Dec 1792 Bertrand Bar�re, dit Bar�re de (b. 1755 - d. 1841) Mont
Vieuzac
13 Dec 1792 - 27 Dec 1792 Jacques Defermon, dit Defermon (s.a.) Gir
des Chapeli�res
27 Dec 1792 - 10 Jan 1793 Jean-Baptiste Treilhard (b. 1742 - d. 1810) Mar
10 Jan 1793 - 24 Jan 1793 Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud (b. 1753 - d. 1793) Gir
24 Jan 1793 - 7 Feb 1793 Jean-Paul Rabaut, dit Rabaut (b. 1743 - d. 1793) Gir
Saint-�tienne
7 Feb 1793 - 21 Feb 1793 Jean-Jacques Br�ard, dit (b. 1751 - d. 1840) Mar
Br�ard-Duplessis
21 Feb 1793 - 7 Mar 1793 Edmond Louis Alexis Dubois de (b. 1747 - d. 1814) Mont
Cranc�, dit Dubois-Cranc�
7 Mar 1793 - 21 Mar 1793 Arnaud Gensonn� (b. 1758 - d. 1793) Gir
21 Mar 1793 - 4 Apr 1793 Jean Antoine Joseph de Bry, (b. 1760 - d. 1834) Gir
dit Debry
4 Apr 1793 - 18 Apr 1793 Jean-Fran�ois Bertrand Delmas (b. 1751 - d. 1798) Mar
9 Apr 1793 - 18 Apr 1793 Jacques Alexis Thuriot de (b. 1753 - d. 1829) Mont-D
la Rosi�re (1st time)
(acting for Delmas)
18 Apr 1793 - 2 May 1793 Marc David Alba, dit Lasource (b. 1763 - d. 1793) Gir
2 May 1793 - 16 May 1793 Jean-Baptiste Boyer-Fonfr�de (b. 1765 - d. 1793) Gir
16 May 1793 - 30 May 1793 Honor� Maximin Isnard (b. 1758 - d. 1825) Gir
30 May 1793 - 13 Jun 1793 Fran�ois Ren� Auguste Mallarm� (b. 1755 - d. 1831) Mont
13 Jun 1793 - 27 Jun 1793 Jean-Marie Collot, dit (b. 1749 - d. 1796) Mont
Collot d'Herbois (1st time)
27 Jun 1793 - 11 Jul 1793 Jacques Alexis Thuriot de (s.a.) Mont-D
la Rosi�re (2nd time)
11 Jul 1793 - 25 Jul 1793 Andr� Jeanbon, dit Jeanbon (b. 1749 - d. 1813) Mont-R
Saint-Andr�
25 Jul 1793 - 8 Aug 1793 Georges-Jacques Danton (b. 1759 - d. 1794) Mont-D
8 Aug 1793 - 22 Aug 1793 Marie-Jean H�rault de S�chelles (s.a.) Mont-D
(2nd time)
22 Aug 1793 - 5 Sep 1793 Maximilien Robespierre (1st time) (b. 1758 - d. 1794) Mont-R
5 Sep 1793 - 19 Sep 1793 Jacques Nicolas Billaud, dit (b. 1756 - d. 1819) Mont
Billaud-Varenne
19 Sep 1793 - 3 Oct 1793 Pierre Joseph Cambon (s.a.) Mont
3 Oct 1793 - 22 Oct 1793 Louis Joseph Charlier (b. 1754 - d. 1797) Mont-M
22 Oct 1793 - 6 Nov 1793 Mo�se Antoine Pierre Jean Bayle (b. 1755 - d. 1815) Mont
6 Nov 1793 - 21 Nov 1793 Pierre Antoine Laloy (Lalloy) (b. 1749 - d. 1846) Mont
21 Nov 1793 - 6 Dec 1793 Charles Gilbert Romme (b. 1750 - d. 1795) Mont
6 Dec 1793 - 21 Dec 1793 Jean-Henri Voulland (b. 1751 - d. 1801) Mont
21 Dec 1793 - 5 Jan 1794 Georges Auguste Couthon (b. 1755 - d. 1794) Mont-R
5 Jan 1794 - 20 Jan 1794 Jacques Louis David (b. 1748 - d. 1825) Mont-M
20 Jan 1794 - 4 Feb 1794 Marc Guillaume Alexis Vadier (b. 1736 - d. 1828) Mont
4 Feb 1794 - 19 Feb 1794 Joseph Nicolas Barbeau Du Barran, (b. 1761 - d. 1816) Mont
dit Dubarran
19 Feb 1794 - 6 Mar 1794 Louis de Saint-Just (b. 1767 - d. 1794) Mont-R
6 Mar 1794 - 21 Mar 1794 Philippe Jacques R�hl (2nd time) (s.a.) Mont-D
21 Mar 1794 - 5 Apr 1794 Jean-Lambert Tallien (b. 1767 - d. 1820) Mont
5 Apr 1794 - 20 Apr 1794 Jean-Baptiste Andr� Amar (b. 1755 - d. 1816) Mont
(or Jean Pierre Andr� Amar)
20 Apr 1794 - 5 May 1794 Jean Baptiste Robert Lindet (b. 1746 - d. 1825) Mont
5 May 1794 - 20 May 1794 Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot (b. 1753 - d. 1823) Mont
20 May 1794 - 4 Jun 1794 Claude Antoine Prieur-Duvernois, (b. 1763 - d. 1832) Mont
dit Prieur de la C�te d'Or
4 Jun 1794 - 19 Jun 1794 Maximilien Robespierre (2nd time) (s.a.) Mont-R
19 Jun 1794 - 5 Jul 1794 �lie Lacoste (b. 1745 - d. 1806) Mont
5 Jul 1794 - 19 Jul 1794 Jean-Antoine Louis, dit Louis (b. 1742 - d. 1796) Mont
du Bas-Rhin
19 Jul 1794 - 3 Aug 1794 Jean-Marie Collot, dit (s.a.) Mont
Collot d'Herbois (2nd time)
3 Aug 1794 - 18 Aug 1794 Philippe Antoine Merlin, dit (b. 1754 - d. 1838) Mar
Merlin de Douai
18 Aug 1794 - 2 Sep 1794 Antoine Christophe Merlin, dit (b. 1762 - d. 1833) Thr
Merlin de Thionville
2 Sep 1794 - 22 Sep 1794 Andr� Antoine Bernard des Jeuzines,(b. 1751 - d. 1818) Mont
dit Bernard de Saintes
(or Adrien Antoine....)
22 Sep 1794 - 7 Oct 1794 Andr� Dumont (b. 1765 - d. 1836) Thr
7 Oct 1794 - 22 Oct 1794 Jean Jacques R�gis Cambac�r�s (b. 1753 - d. 1824) Mar
22 Oct 1794 - 6 Nov 1794 Pierre Louis Prieur, (b. 1756 - d. 1827) Mont
dit Prieur de la Marne
6 Nov 1794 - 24 Nov 1794 Louis Legendre, dit Legendre de (b. 1752 - d. 1797) Thr
Paris
24 Nov 1794 - 6 Dec 1794 Jean-Baptiste Clauzel (b. 1746 - d. 1803) Thr
6 Dec 1794 - 21 Dec 1794 Jean-Fran�ois Reubell (b. 1747 - d. 1807) Mar
21 Dec 1794 - 6 Jan 1795 Pierre Louis Bentabole (b. 1756 - d. 1798) Thr
6 Jan 1795 - 20 Jan 1795 �tienne Fran�ois Louis Honor� (b. 1751 - d. 1817) Mod
Tourneur, dit Le Tourneur
(or Charles Fran�ois Louis Honor� Letourneur)
20 Jan 1795 - 4 Feb 1795 Joseph Stanislas Fran�ois (b. 1748 - d. 1798) Thr
Xavier Alexis Rov�re de Fontvielle
4 Feb 1795 - 19 Feb 1795 Jean Nicolas Paul Fran�ois Barras (b. 1755 - d. 1829) Thr
19 Feb 1795 - 6 Mar 1795 Fran�ois Louis Bourdon, (b. 1758 - d. 1798) Thr
dit Bourdon de l'Oise
6 Mar 1795 - 24 Mar 1795 Antoine Claire Thibaudeau (b. 1765 - d. 1854) Mar
24 Mar 1795 - 5 Apr 1795 Jean Pelet, dit Pelet de la Loz�re (b. 1759 - d. 1842)
5 Apr 1795 - 20 Apr 1795 Fran�ois Antoine Boissy d'Anglas (b. 1756 - d. 1826) Mar
(or Fran�ois Antoine de Boissy d'Anglas)
20 Apr 1795 - 5 May 1795 Emmanuel Joseph Siey�s (b. 1748 - d. 1836) Mar
("Abb� Siey�s")
5 May 1795 - 26 May 1795 Th�odore Vernier (s.a.)
20 May 1795 - 21 May 1795 Pierre Amable Soubrany (b. 1752 - d. 1795) Mont
(in rebellion)
26 May 1795 - 4 Jun 1795 Jean-Baptiste Charles Mathieu, (b. 1763 - d. 1833) Mar
dit Mathieu-Mirampal
4 Jun 1795 - 19 Jun 1795 Jean-Denis Lanjuinais (b. 1753 - d. 1827) Mar
19 Jun 1795 - 4 Jul 1795 Jean-Baptiste Louvet de Couvray (b. 1760 - d. 1797) Mar
4 Jul 1795 - 19 Jul 1795 Louis Gustave Le Doulcet de (b. 1764 - d. 1853) Mar
Pont�coulant
19 Jul 1795 - 3 Aug 1795 Louis Marie La Revelli�re, dit (b. 1753 - d. 1824) Mar
La Revelli�re-L�peaux
3 Aug 1795 - 19 Aug 1795 Pierre Claude Fran�ois Daunou (b. 1761 - d. 1840) Mar
19 Aug 1795 - 2 Sep 1795 Marie Joseph Blaise Ch�nier (b. 1764 - d. 1811) Mar
(or Marie Joseph Blaise de Ch�nier)
2 Sep 1795 - 23 Sep 1795 Th�ophile Berlier (b. 1761 - d. 1844) Mar
23 Sep 1795 - 8 Oct 1795 Pierre Charles Louis Baudin, (b. 1748 - d. 1799) Thr
dit Baudin des Ardennes
8 Oct 1795 - 26 Oct 1795 Charles Fran�ois Jean Joseph (b. 1749 - d. 1804) Mar
Victor G�nissieu
26 Oct 1795 - 2 Nov 1795 the Committee of Public Safety
(see heads of government)
Presidents of the Executive Directory
2 Nov 1795 - 31 Jan 1796 Jean-Fran�ois Reubell (1st time) (s.a.) Reac
31 Jan 1796 - 30 Apr 1796 �tienne Fran�ois Louis Honor� (s.a.) Mod
Le Tourneur, dit Le Tourneur
(1st time)
30 Apr 1796 - 29 Jul 1796 Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot (s.a.) Mod
(1st time)
29 Jul 1796 - 1 Nov 1796 Louis Marie de La Revelli�re, dit (s.a.) Mod
La Revelli�re-L�peaux (1st time)
1 Nov 1796 - 30 Jan 1797 Jean Nicolas Paul Fran�ois Barras (s.a.) Reac
(1st time)
30 Jan 1797 - 30 Apr 1797 Jean-Fran�ois Reubell (2nd time) (s.a.) Reac
30 Apr 1797 - 26 May 1797 �tienne Fran�ois Louis Honor� (s.a.) Mod
Le Tourneur, dit Le Tourneur
(2nd time)
26 May 1797 - 24 Aug 1797 Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot (s.a.) Mod
(2nd time)
24 Aug 1797 - 27 Nov 1797 Louis Marie de La Revelli�re, dit (s.a.) Mod
La Revelli�re-L�peaux (2nd time)
27 Nov 1797 - 25 Feb 1798 Jean Nicolas Paul Fran�ois Barras (s.a.) Reac
(2nd time)
25 Feb 1798 - 26 May 1798 Philippe Antoine Merlin, dit (s.a.) Reac
Merlin de Douai (1st time)
26 May 1798 - 24 Aug 1798 Jean-Fran�ois Reubell (3rd time) (s.a.) Reac
24 Aug 1798 - 27 Nov 1798 Jean-Baptiste Treilhard (s.a.)
27 Nov 1798 - 25 Feb 1799 Louis Marie de La Revelli�re, dit (s.a.) Mod
La Revelli�re-L�peaux (3rd time)
25 Feb 1799 - 26 May 1799 Jean Nicolas Paul Fran�ois Barras (s.a.) Reac
(3rd time)
26 May 1799 - 18 Jun 1799 Philippe Antoine Merlin, dit (s.a.) Reac
Merlin de Douai (2nd time)
19 Jun 1799 - 23 Sep 1799 Emmanuel Joseph Siey�s (s.a.) Mod
23 Sep 1799 - 10 Nov 1799 Louis-J�r�me Gohier (b. 1746 - d. 1830) Mod
11 Nov 1799 - 25 Dec 1799 Consular Executive Commission
(no president, functions of consul de jour rotated daily)
- Emmanuel Joseph Siey�s (s.a.) Mod
- Pierre Roger Ducos, dit (b. 1747 - d. 1816) Mod
Roger-Ducos
- Napol�on Bonaparte (b. 1769 - d. 1821) Mil
First Consul
25 Dec 1799 - 18 May 1804 Napol�on Bonaparte (s.a.) Mil
Emperor�
18 May 1804 - 11 Apr 1814 Napol�on I (1st time) (s.a.)
(30 Apr 1814 - 1 Mar 1815 in Elba exile)
Regents
23 Jan 1814 - 28 Mar 1814 Marie Louise -Empress (b. 1791 - d. 1847)
28 Jan 1814 - 30 Mar 1814 Joseph Napol�on de France (b. 1768 - d. 1844)
(Lieutenant-general of the Empire)
1 Apr 1814 - 14 Apr 1814 Provisional Government
- Charles Maurice de Talleyrand- (b. 1754 - d. 1838) Non-party
P�rigord, prince de B�n�vent
(assumes chairmanship without formal
appointment, referred to "president")
- Pierre Riel, comte de (b. 1752 - d. 1821) Non-party
Beurnonville
- Arnail Fran�ois, comte de (b. 1757 - d. 1852) Non-party
Jaucourt
- Em�rick Joseph Wolfgang H�ribert,
duc de Dalberg (b. 1773 - d. 1833) Non-party
- Fran�ois Xavier Marc Antoine de
Montesquiou-Fezensac (b. 1756 - d. 1832) Non-party
14 Apr 1814 - 2 May 1814 Charles-Philippe de France, (b. 1757 - d. 1836) Non-party
comte d'Artois
(Lieutenant-general of the Kingdom)
King�
2 May 1814 - 20 Mar 1815 Louis XVIII "le D�sir�" (1st time) (b. 1755 - d. 1824)
(23 Mar - 8 Jul 1815 in Ghent exile)
Emperors�
20 Mar 1815 - 22 Jun 1815 Napol�on I (2nd time) (s.a.)
22 Jun 1815 - 7 Jul 1815 Napol�on II (remained in Austria) (b. 1811 - d. 1832) Non-party
23 Jun 1815 - 7 Jul 1815 Commission of Government
(also styled Executive Commission)
- Joseph Fouch�, duc d'Otrante (b. 1759 - d. 1820) Non-party
(president from 23 Jun 1815)
- Lazare Nicolas Marguerite (s.a.) Non-party
Carnot
- Paul, comte Grenier (b. 1768 - d. 1827) Non-party
- Armand Augustin Louis (b. 1773 - d. 1827) Non-party
Caulaincourt, duc de Vicence
- Nicolas Marie, baron de (b. 1762 - d. 1821) Non-party
Quinette de Rochemont
Kings�
8 Jul 1815 - 16 Sep 1824 Louis XVIII "le D�sir�" (2nd time) (s.a.)
16 Sep 1824 - 2 Aug 1830 Charles X� (s.a.)
(= Charles-Philippe de France, comte d'Artois)
29 Jul 1830 - 1 Aug 1830 Municipal Commission (of Paris)
(in opposition to Charles X)
- Jacques Laffitte (b. 1767 - d. 1844) Lib
- Casimir-Pierre P�rier (b. 1777 - d. 1832) Lib
- Georges Mouton, comte de Lobau (b. 1770 - d. 1838) Lib
- Auguste Jean Marie, baron de (b. 1782 - d. 1849) Lib
Schonen
- Pierre Fran�ois Audry de (b. 1783 - d. 1852) Lib
Puiraveau
- Fran�ois Mauguin (b. 1785 - d. 1854) Lib
Lieutenant-general of the kingdom
31 Jul 1830 - 9 Aug 1830 Louis-Philippe de France, duc (b. 1773 - d. 1850) Lib
d'Orl�ans
King�
9 Aug 1830 - 24 Feb 1848 Louis-Philippe I "le Roi-Citoyen" (s.a.)
President of the Provisional Government of the Republic
24 Feb 1848 - 9 May 1848 Jacques Charles Dupont de l'Eure (b. 1767 - d. 1855) Mod
President of the National Constituent Assembly
9 May 1848 - 10 May 1848 Philippe Joseph Benjamin Buchez (b. 1796 - d. 1865) Rep
Chairman of the Executive Power Commission
11 May 1848 - 24 Jun 1848 Dominique Fran�ois Jean Arago (b. 1786 - d. 1853) Rep
President of the National Constituent Assembly
24 Jun 1848 - 28 Jun 1848 Antoine Marie Jules S�nard (b. 1800 - d. 1885) Non-party
Chief of the Executive Power
28 Jun 1848 - 20 Dec 1848 Louis Eug�ne Cavaignac (b. 1802 - d. 1852) Mod
President
20 Dec 1848 - 1 Dec 1852 Louis-Napol�on Bonaparte (b. 1808 - d. 1873) Bon
Emperor�
1 Dec 1852 - 4 Sep 1870 Napol�on III (s.a.)
(Prussian prisoner from 2 Sep 1870)
26 Jul 1870 - 4 Sep 1870 Empress Eug�nie -Regent (b. 1826 - d. 1920)
President of the Government of National Defense
4 Sep 1870 - 13 Feb 1871 Louis Jules Trochu (b. 1815 - d. 1896) Mil
Presidents of the National Constituent Assembly
13 Feb 1871 - 16 Feb 1871 Denis Emmanuel, comte Benoist (b. 1796 - d. 1880) Con
d'Azy (acting)
16 Feb 1871 - 17 Feb 1871 Fran�ois Jules Paul Gr�vy (b. 1807 - d. 1891) Con
Presidents
17 Feb 1871 - 24 May 1873 Marie Joseph Louis Adolphe Thiers (b. 1797 - d. 1877) CG
(chief of the Executive Power to 31 Aug 1871)
24 May 1873 - 30 Jan 1879 Marie Edm� Patrice Maurice de (b. 1808 - d. 1893) Mon
Mac-Mahon, duc de Magenta
30 Jan 1879 Jules Armand Stanislas Dufaure (b. 1798 - d. 1881) CD
(acting)
30 Jan 1879 - 2 Dec 1887 Fran�ois Jules Paul Gr�vy (s.a.) GRep
2 Dec 1887 - 3 Dec 1887 Pierre Maurice Rouvier (acting) (b. 1842 - d. 1911) UR
3 Dec 1887 - 25 Jun 1894 Marie Fran�ois Sadi Carnot (b. 1837 - d. 1894) UR
25 Jun 1894 - 27 Jun 1894 Charles Alexandre Dupuy (1st time) (b. 1851 - d. 1923) UR
(acting)
27 Jun 1894 - 16 Jan 1895 Jean-Paul Pierre Casimir-P�rier (b. 1847 - d. 1907) Rep
16 Jan 1895 - 17 Jan 1895 Charles Alexandre Dupuy (2nd time) (s.a.) UR
(acting)
17 Jan 1895 - 16 Feb 1899 Fran�ois F�lix Faure (b. 1841 - d. 1899) Rep
16 Feb 1899 - 18 Feb 1899 Charles Alexandre Dupuy (3rd time) (s.a.) UR
18 Feb 1899 - 18 Feb 1906 �mile Fran�ois Loubet (b. 1838 - d. 1929) ARD
18 Feb 1906 - 18 Feb 1913 Cl�ment Armand Falli�res (b. 1841 - d. 1931) ARD;1911 PRD
18 Feb 1913 - 18 Feb 1920 Raymond Nicolas Landry Poincar� (b. 1860 - d. 1934) PRD;1917 ARD
(at Bordeaux 3 Sep - 8 Dec 1914)
18 Feb 1920 - 21 Sep 1920 Paul Eug�ne Louis Deschanel (b. 1855 - d. 1922) PRDS
21 Sep 1920 - 11 Jun 1924 �tienne Alexandre Millerand (b. 1859 - d. 1943) Non-party
(acting to 23 Sep 1920)
11 Jun 1924 - 13 Jun 1924 Fr�d�ric Fran�ois-Marsal (acting) (b. 1874 - d. 1958) FR
13 Jun 1924 - 13 Jun 1931 Pierre Paul Henri Gaston Doumergue (b. 1863 - d. 1937) RRS
13 Jun 1931 - 7 May 1932 Paul Athanase Doumer (b. 1857 - d. 1932) RRS
7 May 1932 - 10 May 1932 Andr� Pierre Gabriel Am�d�e (b. 1876 - d. 1945) AD
Tardieu (acting)
10 May 1932 - 11 Jul 1940 Albert Fran�ois Lebrun (b. 1871 - d. 1950) AD
(at Tours 10-14 Jun 1940, then Bordeaux, from 1 Jul 1940 Vichy)
Head of the French State (Chef de l'�tat Fran�ais)
11 Jul 1940 - 20 Aug 1944 Henri Philippe P�tain (b. 1856 - d. 1951) Mil
(in Belfort exile 20 Aug - 7 Sep 1944; then
in Sigmaringen, Germany to 23 Apr 1945)
Acting heads of state (in dissidence to 20 Aug 1944)
3 Jun 1944 - 16 Jan 1947 the heads of government
Presidents
16 Jan 1947 - 16 Jan 1954 Jules Vincent Auriol (b. 1884 - d. 1966) SFIO
16 Jan 1954 - 8 Jan 1959 Ren� Jules Gustave Coty (b. 1882 - d. 1962) CNIP
8 Jan 1959 - 28 Apr 1969 Charles de Gaulle (b. 1890 - d. 1970) UNR;1968 UDR
28 Apr 1969 - 20 Jun 1969 Alain �mile Louis Marie Poher (b. 1909 - d. 1996) Ind
(1st time) (acting)
20 Jun 1969 - 2 Apr 1974 Georges Jean Raymond Pompidou (b. 1911 - d. 1974) UDR
3 Apr 1974 - 27 May 1974 Alain �mile Louis Marie Poher (s.a.) Ind
(2nd time) (acting)
27 May 1974 - 21 May 1981 Val�ry Giscard d'Estaing (b. 1926 - d. 2020) RI;1978 UDF
21 May 1981 - 17 May 1995 Fran�ois Maurice Mitterrand (b. 1916 - d. 1996) PS
17 May 1995 - 16 May 2007 Jacques Ren� Chirac (b. 1932 - d. 2019) RPR;2002 UMP
16 May 2007 - 15 May 2012 Nicolas Paul Sarkozy (b. 1955) UMP
15 May 2012 - 14 May 2017 Fran�ois G�rard Hollande (b. 1954) PS
14 May 2017 - Emmanuel Jean-Michel Macron (b. 1977) LREM;2022 RE

First Ministers of State (Premier ministre d'�tat)
14 May 1610 - 29 Jan 1611 Maximilien de B�thune, duc de (b. 1559 - d. 1641)
Sully
29 Jan 1611 - 1614 Nicolas de Neufville, marquis de (b. 1542 - d. 1617)
Villeroy
1614 - 1616 Vacant
1616 - 24 Apr 1617 Concino Concini (Conchine), (b. c.1575 - d. 1617)
marquis d'Ancre
24 Apr 1617 - 12 Aug 1624 Vacant
12 Aug 1624 - 4 Dec 1642 Armand Jean du Plessis Cardinal (b. 1585 - d. 1642)
Richelieu, duc de Richelieu
4 Dec 1642 - 9 Mar 1661 Jules Cardinal Mazarin (b. 1602 - d. 1661)
9 Mar 1661 - 6 Sep 1683 Jean-Baptiste Colbert (b. 1619 - d. 1683)
6 Sep 1683 - 2 Sep 1715 Vacant
2 Sep 1715 - 10 Aug 1723 Gillaume Dubois (b. 1656 - d. 1723)
(from 16 Jul 1721, Gillaume Cardinal Dubois)
10 Aug 1723 - 2 Dec 1723 Philippe de France, duc d'Orl�ans (s.a.)
2 Dec 1723 - 11 Jun 1726 Louis Henri, prince de Cond� (b. 1692 - d. 1740)
11 Jun 1726 - 29 Jan 1743 Andr� Hercule de Fleury (b. 1653 - d. 1743)
(from 11 Sep 1726, Andr� Hercule Cardinal de Fleury)
29 Jan 1743 - 9 Oct 1758 Vacant
3 Dec 1758 - 24 Dec 1770 �tienne Fran�ois, duc de Choiseul (b. 1719 - d. 1785)
24 Dec 1770 - 14 May 1774 Ren� Nicolas Charles Augustin de (b. 1714 - d. 1792)
Maupeou, marquis de Morangles et
de Bully, vicomte de Bruy�res-le
-Ch�tel
14 May 1774 - 21 Nov 1781 Jean-Fr�d�ric Ph�lypeaux, (b. 1701 - d. 1781)
comte de Maurepas
21 Nov 1781 - 13 Feb 1787 Charles Gravier, comte de (b. 1719 - d. 1787)
Vergennes
13 Feb 1787 - 25 Aug 1788 �tienne Charles de Lom�nie de (b. 1727 - d. 1794)
Brienne
25 Aug 1788 - 11 Ju1 1789 Jacques Necker (1st time) (b. 1732 - d. 1804)
11 Jul 1789 - 16 Jul 1789 Louis Auguste Le Tonnellier, (b. 1730 - d. 1807)
baron de Breteuil
16 Jul 1789 - 3 Sep 1790 Jacques Necker (2nd time) (s.a.)
3 Sep 1790 - 29 Nov 1791 Armand Marc, comte de Montmorin (b. 1745 - d. 1792)
Saint-H�rem
29 Nov 1791 - 21 Sep 1792 Vacant
Provisional Executive Council (chair rotating weekly)
- Ministers of Justice -
21 Sep 1792 - 9 Oct 1792 Georges Jacques Danton (s.a.) Mont-D
9 Oct 1792 - 20 Mar 1793 Dominique Joseph Garat (b. 1749 - d. 1833) Gir
20 Mar 1793 - 20 Apr 1794 Louis-J�r�me Gohier (s.a.) Mod
- Ministers of the Marine and Colonies -
21 Sep 1792 - 10 Apr 1793 Gaspard Louis Monge (b. 1746 - d. 1818) Mont
10 Apr 1793 - 20 Apr 1794 Jean Dalbarade (b. 1743 - d. 1819) Mil
- Ministers of Foreign Affairs -
21 Sep 1792 - 21 Jun 1793 Pierre Henri H�l�ne Marie Tondu, (s.a.) Gir
dit Lebrun-Tondu
21 Jun 1793 - 2 Apr 1794 Fran�ois Louis Michel Chemin des (b. 1759 - d. 1840) Mont-D
Forgues, dit Deforgues
2 Apr 1794 - 5 Apr 1794 Vacant
5 Apr 1794 - 8 Apr 1794 Jean-Marie Claude Alexandre Goujon (b. 1766 - d. 1795) Mont
(interim)
8 Apr 1794 - 20 Apr 1794 Martial Joseph Armand Herman (b. 1759 - d. 1795) Mont
(interim)�
- Ministers of the Interior -
21 Sep 1792 - 23 Jan 1793 Jean-Marie Roland de la Plati�re (b. 1734 - d. 1793) Gir
23 Jan 1793 - 20 Aug 1793 Dominique Joseph Garat (s.a.) Gir
(interim to 15 Mar 1793)
20 Aug 1793 - 5 Apr 1794 Jules Fran�ois Par� (b. 1755 - d. 1819) Mont-D
5 Apr 1794 - 8 Apr 1794 Jean-Marie Claude Alexandre Goujon (s.a.) Mont
(interim)
8 Apr 1794 - 20 Apr 1794 Martial Joseph Armand Herman (s.a.) Mont
(interim)
- Ministers of War -
21 Sep 1792 - 3 Oct 1792 Joseph Marie Servan, dit Servan (b. 1741 - d. 1808) Mil
de Gerbey
3 Oct 1792 - 18 Oct 1792 Pierre Henri H�l�ne Marie Tondu, (s.a.) Gir
dit Lebrun-Tondu (1st time)
(interim)
18 Oct 1792 - 4 Feb 1793 Jean-Nicolas Pache (b. 1746 - d. 1823) Gir
4 Feb 1793 - 1 Apr 1793 Pierre Riel de Beurnonville (b. 1752 - d. 1821) Mil
1 Apr 1793 - 4 Apr 1793 Pierre Henri H�l�ne Marie Tondu, (s.a.) Gir
dit Lebrun-Tondu (2nd time)
(interim)
4 Apr 1793 - 22 Jun 1793 Jean-Baptiste No�l Bouchotte (b. 1754 - d. 1840) Mil
(1st time)
22 Jun 1793 (hours) Charles Alexis Alexandre (b. 1754 - d. 1825)
22 Jun 1793 - 20 Apr 1794 Jean-Baptiste No�l Bouchotte (s.a.) Mil
(2nd time)
- Ministers of Public Contributions and Revenues -
21 Sep 1792 - 13 Jun 1793 �tienne Clavi�re (b. 1735 - d. 1793) Gir
13 Jun 1793 - 20 Apr 1794 Louis Gr�goire Des Champs des (b. 1744 - d. 1795) Mod
Tournelles
Committee of Public Safety of the National Convention
20 Apr 1794 - 1 Sep 1794 Bertrand Bar�re de Vieuzac (s.a.) Mont
20 Apr 1794 - 1 Sep 1794 Jacques Nicolas Billaud, dit (s.a.) Mont
Billaud-Varenne
20 Apr 1794 - 6 Oct 1794 Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot (s.a.) Mont
(1st time)
20 Apr 1794 - 1 Sep 1794 Jean-Marie Collot, dit (s.a.) Mont
Collot d'Herbois
20 Apr 1794 - 27 Jul 1794 Georges Auguste Couthon (s.a.) Mont-R
20 Apr 1794 - 31 Jul 1794 Andr� Jeanbon, dit
Jeanbon Saint-Andr� (s.a.) Mont-R
20 Apr 1794 - 6 Oct 1794 Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet (s.a.) Mont
20 Apr 1794 - 31 Jul 1794 Pierre Louis Prieur, dit (s.a.) Mont-R
Prieurde la Marne (1st time)
20 Apr 1794 - 6 Oct 1794 Claude Antoine Prieur-Duvernois, (s.a.) Mont
dit Prieur de la C�te d'Or
20 Apr 1794 - 27 Jul 1794 Maximilien Robespierre (s.a.) Mont-R
20 Apr 1794 - 27 Jul 1794 Louis de Saint-Just (s.a.) Mont-R
31 Jul 1794 - 5 Dec 1794 Jean-Jacques Br�ard, dit (s.a.) Mar
Br�ard-Duplessis (1st time)
31 Jul 1794 - 5 Nov 1794 Joseph Eschass�riaux (1st time) (b. 1753 - d. 1823) Mont
31 Jul 1794 - 5 Nov 1794 Pierre Antoine Laloy (s.a.) Mont
31 Jul 1794 - 1 Sep 1794 Jean-Lambert Tallien (1st time) (s.a.) Thr
31 Jul 1794 - 5 Dec 1794 Jacques Alexis Thuriot de la
Rosi�re (s.a.) Mont
31 Jul 1794 - 5 Nov 1794 Jean-Baptiste Treilhard (1st time) (s.a.) Mar
1 Sep 1794 - 5 Dec 1794 Charles Cochon de Lapparent (b. 1750 - d. 1825) Mar
1 Sep 1794 - 4 Jan 1795 Jean-Fran�ois Bertrand Delmas (s.a.) Mar
1 Sep 1794 - 4 Jan 1795 Antoine Fran�ois Fourcroy (b. 1755 - d. 1809) Thr
(1st time)
1 Sep 1794 - 4 Jan 1795 Philippe Antoine Merlin, dit (s.a.) Mar
Merlin de Douai (1st time)
6 Oct 1794 - 3 Feb 1795 Louis Bernard Guyton de Morveau, (b. 1737 - d. 1816) Mar
dit Guyton-Morveau
6 Oct 1794 - 3 Feb 1795 Pierre Louis Prieur, dit
Prieur de la Marne (2nd time) (s.a.) Mont
6 Oct 1794 - 3 Feb 1795 Joseph Charles �tienne Richard (b. 1761 - d. 1834)
5 Nov 1794 - 5 Mar 1795 Jean Jacques R�gis Cambac�r�s (s.a.) Mar
(1st time)
5 Nov 1794 - 5 Mar 1795 Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot (s.a.) Thr
(2nd time)
5 Nov 1794 - 5 Mar 1795 Jean Pelet, dit Pelet de la Loz�re (s.a.)
5 Dec 1794 - 4 Apr 1795 Fran�ois Antoine Boissy d'Anglas (s.a.) Mar
(1st time)
5 Dec 1794 - 4 Apr 1795 Edmond Louis Alexis Dubois de (s.a.) Thr
Cranc�, dit Dubois-Cranc�
5 Dec 1794 - 4 Apr 1795 Andr� Dumont (s.a.) Thr
4 Jan 1795 - 4 May 1795 Jean-Jacques Br�ard, dit (s.a.) Mar
Br�ard-Duplessis (2nd time)
4 Jan 1795 - 4 May 1795 Jean-Pierre Chazal (b. 1766 - d. 1840) Thr
4 Jan 1795 - 4 May 1795 Pierre Marec (1st time) (b. 1739 - d. 1828) Mod
3 Feb 1795 - 3 Jun 1795 Antoine Fran�ois Fourcroy (s.a.) Thr
(2nd time)
3 Feb 1795 - 3 Jun 1795 Pierre Jean Lacombe, dit (b. 1751 - d. 1812) Mont
Lacombe Saint-Michel
3 Feb 1795 - 3 Jun 1795 Philippe Antoine Merlin, dit (s.a.) Mar
Merlin de Douai (2nd time)
5 Mar 1795 - 3 Jul 1795 Marie Fran�ois S�bastien (b. 1760 - d. 1823) Thr
Christophe Delaporte, dit Laporte
5 Mar 1795 - 3 Jul 1795 Jean-Fran�ois Reubell (1st time) (s.a.) Mar
5 Mar 1795 - 3 Jul 1795 Emmanuel Joseph Siey�s (1st time) (s.a.) Mar
4 Apr 1795 - 2 Aug 1795 Fran�ois Aubry (b. 1747 - d. 1798) Thr
4 Apr 1795 - 2 Aug 1795 Jean Jacques R�gis Cambac�r�s (s.a.) Mar
(2nd time)
4 Apr 1795 - 4 May 1795 Jacques Antoine Creuz� de La (b. 1749 - d. 1800) Mar
Touche, dit Creuz�-Latouche
4 Apr 1795 - 3 Jul 1795 Pierre Mathurin Gillet (b. 1766 - d. 1795) Mod
(or Ren�-Mathurin Gillet)
4 Apr 1795 - 4 May 1795 Bernard Marie Lesage (1st time) (b. 1758 - d. 1796) Thr
(or Denis-Toussaint Lesage)
4 Apr 1795 - 3 Jul 1795 Louis F�lix Roux (b. 1753 - d. 1817) Thr
4 Apr 1795 - 2 Aug 1795 Jean-Lambert Tallien (2nd time) (s.a.) Thr
4 May 1795 - 1 Sep 1795 Joseph Jacques Defermon, (s.a.) Thr
dit Defermon des Chapeli�res
4 May 1795 - 1 Sep 1795 Louis Gustave Le Doulcet de (s.a.) Thr
Pont�coulant
4 May 1795 - 1 Sep 1795 Jacques Antoine Rabaut, dit (b. 1744 - d. 1820)
Rabaut-Pomier
4 May 1795 - 2 Aug 1795 Jean-Baptiste Treilhard (2nd time) (s.a.) Mar
4 May 1795 - 1 Sep 1795 Th�odore Vernier (s.a.)
3 Jun 1795 - 7 Oct 1795 Charles Antoine Augustin Blad (b. 1764 - d. 1802) Thr
3 Jun 1795 - 7 Oct 1795 Fran�ois Joseph Gamon (b. 1767 - d. 1832) Thr
3 Jun 1795 - 7 Oct 1795 Pierre Fran�ois Joachim (b. 1761 - d. 1838) Thr
Henry-Larivi�re
3 Jun 1795 - 7 Oct 1795 Pierre Marec (2nd time) (s.a.) Mod
3 Jul 1795 - 4 Nov 1795 Fran�ois Antoine Boissy d'Anglas (s.a.) Mar
(2nd time)
3 Jul 1795 - 4 Nov 1795 Jean Antoine Joseph Debry (s.a.)
3 Jul 1795 - 4 Nov 1795 Bernard Marie Lesage (2nd time) (s.a.) Thr
(or Denis-Toussaint Lesage)
3 Jul 1795 - 4 Nov 1795 Jean-Baptiste Louvet de Couvray (s.a.) Mar
2 Aug 1795 - 4 Nov 1795 �tienne Fran�ois Louis Honor� (s.a.)
Le Tourneur, dit Le Tourneur
2 Aug 1795 - 4 Nov 1795 Philippe Antoine Merlin, dit (s.a.) Mar
Merlin de Douai (3rd time)
2 Aug 1795 - 4 Nov 1795 Jean-Fran�ois Reubell (2nd time) (s.a.) Mar
2 Aug 1795 - 4 Nov 1795 Emmanuel Joseph Siey�s (2nd time) (s.a.) Mar
1 Sep 1795 - 4 Nov 1795 Th�ophile Berlier (s.a.) Mar
1 Sep 1795 - 4 Nov 1795 Jean Jacques R�gis Cambac�r�s (s.a.) Mar
(3rd time)
1 Sep 1795 - 4 Nov 1795 Pierre Claude Fran�ois Daunou (s.a.) Mar
1 Sep 1795 - 4 Nov 1795 Louis Marie La Revelli�re, dit (s.a.) Mar
La Revelli�re-L�peaux
7 Oct 1795 - 4 Nov 1795 Marie Joseph Blaise Ch�nier (s.a.) Mar
7 Oct 1795 - 4 Nov 1795 Joseph Eschass�riaux (2nd time) (s.a.) Mod
7 Oct 1795 - 4 Nov 1795 Charles Claude Christophe Gourdan (b. 1744 - d. 1804) Mar
7 Oct 1795 - 4 Nov 1795 Antoine Claire Thibaudeau (s.a.) Mar
Minister Secretaries of State (Ministre Secr�taire d'�tat)
25 Dec 1799 - 17 Apr 1811 Hugues Bernard Maret (1st time) (b. 1763 - d. 1839) Non-party
(from 3 May 1809, comte Maret;
from 15 Aug 1809, duc de Bassano)
17 Apr 1811 - 20 Nov 1813 Pierre Antoine No�l Bruno, (b. 1767 - d. 1829) Non-party
comte Daru
20 Nov 1813 - 1 Apr 1814 Hugues Bernard Maret, duc (s.a.) Non-party
de Bassano (2nd time)
Archchancellor (Archi-chancelier de l'Empire)
18 May 1804 - 11 Apr 1814 Jean Jacques R�gis de Cambac�r�s, (s.a.) Non-party
(from 24 Apr 1808) duc de Parme
(1st time)
Chancellor (Chancelier de France)
13 May 1814 - 20 Mar 1815 Charles Henry Dambray (D'Ambray) (b. 1760 - d. 1829) Non-party
Minister Secretary of State
20 Mar 1815 - 22 Jun 1815 Hugues Bernard Maret, duc (s.a.) Non-party
de Bassano (3rd time)
Archchancellor
20 Mar 1815 - 22 Jun 1815 Jean Jacques R�gis de Cambac�r�s, (s.a.) Non-party
duc de Parme (2nd time)
Prime ministers4
22 Jun 1815 - 7 Jul 1815 Vacant
7 Jul 1815 - 26 Sep 1815 Charles Maurice de Talleyrand- (s.a.) Non-party
P�rigord, prince de B�n�vent
(acting to 9 Jul 1815)
26 Sep 1815 - 29 Dec 1818 Armand Emmanuel du Plessis, duc (b. 1766 - d. 1822) Non-party
de Richelieu (1st time)
29 Dec 1818 - 19 Nov 1819 Jean Joseph Paul Augustin, (b. 1767 - d. 1828) Non-party
marquis Dessolles
19 Nov 1819 - 20 Feb 1820 �lie, comte Decazes (b. 1780 - d. 1860) Mod
20 Feb 1820 - 14 Dec 1821 Armand Emmanuel du Plessis, duc (s.a.) Non-party
de Richelieu (2nd time)
14 Dec 1821 - 6 Dec 1827 Jean-Baptiste S�raphin Joseph, (b. 1773 - d. 1854) Ult
comte de Vill�le
(acting to 4 Sep 1822)
6 Dec 1827 - 4 Jan 1828 Christophe Andr� Jean, comte (b. 1771 - d. 1836) Ult
Chabrol de Crouzol (acting)
4 Jan 1828 - 8 Aug 1829 Jean-Baptiste Silv�re Gaye, (b. 1778 - d. 1832) Ult
vicomte de Martignac (acting)
8 Aug 1829 - 29 Jul 1830 Auguste Jules Armand Marie, (b. 1780 - d. 1847) Ult
prince de Polignac
(acting to 17 Nov 1829)
29 Jul 1830 - 31 Jul 1830 Casimir Louis Victurnien de (b. 1787 - d. 1875) Non-party
Rochechouart, duc de Mortemart
Prime ministers 4
1 Aug 1830 - 2 Nov 1830 Jacques Charles Dupont de l'Eure (s.a.) Lib
(1st time) (acting)
2 Nov 1830 - 13 Mar 1831 Jacques Laffitte (b. 1767 - d. 1844) PM
13 Mar 1831 - 16 May 1832 Casimir-Pierre P�rier (s.a.) Lib
16 May 1832 - 11 Oct 1832 Vacant
11 Oct 1832 - 18 Jul 1834 Nicolas Jean de Dieu Soult, duc (b. 1769 - d. 1851) Non-party
de Dalmatie (1st time)
18 Jul 1834 - 29 Oct 1834 �tienne Maurice, comte G�rard (b. 1773 - d. 1852) Non-party
29 Oct 1834 - 10 Nov 1834 Jean Charles Persil (acting) (b. 1785 - d. 1870) Lib
10 Nov 1834 - 18 Nov 1834 Hugues Bernard Maret, duc de (s.a.) Non-party
Bassano
18 Nov 1834 - 12 Mar 1835 �douard Adolphe Casimir Joseph (b. 1768 - d. 1835) Non-party
Mortier, duc de Treviso
12 Mar 1835 - 22 Feb 1836 Achille Charles L�once Victor, (s.a.) PM
duc de Broglie
22 Feb 1836 - 6 Sep 1836 Marie Joseph Louis Adolphe Thiers (s.a.) PM
(1st time)
6 Sep 1836 - 31 Mar 1839 Louis Mathieu, comte Mol� (b. 1781 - d. 1855) Orl
31 Mar 1839 Adrien �tienne Pierre, comte (b. 1783 - d. 1862) PM
de Gasparin (acting)
31 Mar 1839 - 12 May 1839 Louis Gaspard Am�d�e Girod de (b. 1781 - d. 1847) PM
l'Ain (acting)
12 May 1839 - 1 Mar 1840 Nicolas Jean de Dieu Soult, duc (s.a.) Non-party
de Dalmatie (2nd time)
1 Mar 1840 - 29 Oct 1840 Marie Joseph Louis Adolphe Thiers (s.a.) PM
(2nd time)
29 Oct 1840 - 19 Sep 1847 Nicolas Jean de Dieu Soult, duc (s.a.) Non-party
de Dalmatie (3rd time)
19 Sep 1847 - 24 Feb 1848 Fran�ois Pierre Guillaume Guizot (b. 1787 - d. 1874) Con
24 Feb 1848 - 11 May 1848 Jacques Charles Dupont de l'Eure (s.a.) Mod
(2nd time)
11 May 1848 - 28 Jun 1848 Vacant
28 Jun 1848 - 20 Dec 1848 Louis Eug�ne Cavaignac (s.a.) Mod
20 Dec 1848 - 31 Oct 1849 Camille Hyacinthe Odilon Barrot (b. 1791 - d. 1873) PO
31 Oct 1849 - 22 Jan 1852 Vacant
Ministers of State (Ministre d'�tat)
22 Jan 1852 - 30 Jul 1852 Fran�ois Joseph Xavier, comte (b. 1796 - d. 1888) Bon
de Casabianca
30 Jul 1852 - 23 Nov 1860 Achille Marcus Fould (b. 1800 - d. 1867) Bon
23 Nov 1860 - 23 Jun 1863 Florian Alexandre Joseph, comte (b. 1810 - d. 1868) Bon
Walewski
23 Jun 1863 - 13 Oct 1863 Auguste Adolphe Marie Billault (b. 1805 - d. 1863) Bon
13 Oct 1863 - 17 Jul 1869 Eug�ne Rouher (b. 1814 - d. 1884) Bon
(acting to 8 Oct 1863)
Keepers of the Seals, Ministers of Justice and Religious Affairs
(Gardes des sceaux, ministres de la justice et des cultes)
17 Jul 1869 - 2 Jan 1870 Jean-Baptiste Duvergier (b. 1792 - d. 1877) Bon
2 Jan 1870 - 9 Aug 1870 Olivier �mile Ollivier (b. 1825 - d. 1913) Bon
9 Aug 1870 - 4 Sep 1870 Charles Guillaume Cousin-Montauban,(b. 1796 - d. 1878) Bon
comte de Palikao
Prime minister s4
4 Sep 1870 - 2 Sep 1871 Vacant
2 Sep 1871 - 25 May 1873 Jules Armand Stanislas Dufaure (s.a.) CD
(1st time)
(vice chairman of the Council of Ministers)
25 May 1873 - 22 May 1874 Jacques Vicor Albert, duc de (b. 1821 - d. 1901) CD
Broglie (1st time)
(vice chairman of the Council of Ministers)
22 May 1874 - 10 Mar 1875 Ernest Louis Octave Courtot de (b. 1810 - d. 1882) Non-party
Cissey
(vice chairman of the Council of Ministers)
10 Mar 1875 - 23 Feb 1876 Louis Joseph Buffet (b. 1818 - d. 1898) CD
(vice chairman of the Council of Ministers)
23 Feb 1876 - 12 Dec 1876 Jules Armand Stanislas Dufaure (s.a.) CD
(2nd time)
(vice chairman of the Council of Ministers to 9 Mar 1876)
12 Dec 1876 - 17 May 1877 Jules Fran�ois Simon Suisse, (b. 1814 - d. 1896) GRep
dit Simon
17 May 1877 - 23 Nov 1877 Jacques Victory Albert, duc de (s.a.) CD
Broglie (2nd time)
23 Nov 1877 - 13 Dec 1877 Ga�tan de Grimaudet de Rochebou�t (b. 1813 - d. 1899) Non-party
13 Dec 1877 - 4 Feb 1879 Jules Armand Stanislas Dufaure (s.a.) CD
(3rd time)
4 Feb 1879 - 28 Dec 1879 William Henry Waddington (b. 1826 - d. 1894) CG
28 Dec 1879 - 23 Sep 1880 Charles Louis de Saulces de (b. 1828 - d. 1923) GRep
Freycinet (1st time)
23 Sep 1880 - 14 Nov 1881 Jules Ferry (1st time) (b. 1832 - d. 1893) GRep
14 Nov 1881 - 30 Jan 1882 L�on Michel Gambetta (b. 1838 - d. 1882) UR
30 Jan 1882 - 7 Aug 1882 Charles Louis de Saulces de (s.a.) GRep
Freycinet (2nd time)
7 Aug 1882 - 29 Jan 1883 Charles Th�odore Eug�ne Duclerc (b. 1813 - d. 1888) GRep
29 Jan 1883 - 21 Feb 1883 Cl�ment Armand Falli�res (s.a.) UD
21 Feb 1883 - 6 Apr 1885 Jules Ferry (2nd time) (s.a.) GRep
6 Apr 1885 - 7 Jan 1886 Eug�ne Henri Brisson (1st time) (b. 1835 - d. 1912) UR
7 Jan 1886 - 11 Dec 1886 Charles Louis de Saulces de (s.a.) GRep
Freycinet (3rd time)
11 Dec 1886 - 30 May 1887 Ren� Marie Goblet (b. 1828 - d. 1905) PRG
30 May 1887 - 12 Dec 1887 Pierre Maurice Rouvier (1st time) (s.a.) UR
12 Dec 1887 - 3 Apr 1888 Pierre Emmanuel Tirard (1st time) (b. 1827 - d. 1893) UR
3 Apr 1888 - 22 Feb 1889 Charles Thomas Floquet (b. 1828 - d. 1896) GRad
22 Feb 1889 - 17 Mar 1890 Pierre Emmanuel Tirard (2nd time) (s.a.) UR
17 Mar 1890 - 27 Feb 1892 Charles Louis de Saulces de (s.a.) GRep
Freycinet (4th time)
27 Feb 1892 - 6 Dec 1892 Fran�ois �mile Loubet (s.a.) Rep
6 Dec 1892 - 4 Apr 1893 Alexandre F�lix Joseph Ribot (b. 1842 - d. 1923) Rep
(1st time)
4 Apr 1893 - 3 Dec 1893 Charles Alexandre Dupuy (1st time) (s.a.) UR
3 Dec 1893 - 30 May 1894 Jean-Paul Pierre Casimir-P�rier (s.a.) Rep
30 May 1894 - 26 Jan 1895 Charles Alexandre Dupuy (2nd time) (s.a.) UR
26 Jan 1895 - 1 Nov 1895 Alexandre F�lix Joseph Ribot (s.a.) Rep
(2nd time)
1 Nov 1895 - 29 Apr 1896 L�on Victor Auguste Bourgeois (b. 1851 - d. 1925) Soc
29 Apr 1896 - 28 Jun 1898 F�lix Jules M�line (b. 1838 - d. 1925) PRG
28 Jun 1898 - 1 Nov 1898 Eug�ne Henri Brisson (2nd time) (s.a.) UR
1 Nov 1898 - 22 Jun 1899 Charles Alexandre Dupuy (3rd time) (s.a.) PRG
22 Jun 1899 - 7 Jun 1902 Pierre Marie Ren� Ernest Waldeck- (b. 1846 - d. 1904) ARD
Rousseau
7 Jun 1902 - 24 Jan 1905 �mile Justin Louis Combes (b. 1835 - d. 1921) RRS
24 Jan 1905 - 14 Mar 1906 Pierre Maurice Rouvier (2nd time) (s.a.) ARD
14 Mar 1906 - 25 Oct 1906 Jean-Marie Ferdinand Sarrien (b. 1840 - d. 1915) RRS
25 Oct 1906 - 24 Jul 1909 Georges Clemenceau (1st time) (b. 1841 - d. 1929) RRS
24 Jul 1909 - 2 Mar 1911 Aristide Briand (1st time) (b. 1862 - d. 1932) PRS
2 Mar 1911 - 27 Jun 1911 Antoine Emmanuel Ernest Monis (b. 1846 - d. 1929) RRS
27 Jun 1911 - 14 Jan 1912 Joseph Pierre Marie Auguste (b. 1863 - d. 1934) RRS
Caillaux
14 Jan 1912 - 21 Jan 1913 Raymond Nicolas Landry Poincar� (s.a.) PRD
(1st time)
21 Jan 1913 - 22 Mar 1913 Aristide Briand (2nd time) (s.a.) PRS
22 Mar 1913 - 9 Dec 1913 Jean Louis Barthou (b. 1862 - d. 1934) GRad
9 Dec 1913 - 9 Jun 1914 Pierre Paul Henri Gaston Doumergue (s.a.) RRS
(1st time)
9 Jun 1914 - 13 Jun 1914 Alexandre F�lix Joseph Ribot (s.a.) PRG
(3rd time)
13 Jun 1914 - 29 Oct 1915 Jean Rapha�l Adrien Ren� Viviani (b. 1863 - d. 1925) PRS
(at Bordeaux 3 Sep - 8 Dec 1914)
29 Oct 1915 - 20 Mar 1917 Aristide Briand (3rd time) (s.a.) PRS
20 Mar 1917 - 12 Sep 1917 Alexandre F�lix Joseph Ribot (s.a.) ARD
(4th time)
12 Sep 1917 - 16 Nov 1917 Paul Prudent Painlev� (1st time) (b. 1863 - d. 1933) PRS
16 Nov 1917 - 20 Jan 1920 Georges Clemenceau (2nd time) (s.a.) RRS
20 Jan 1920 - 24 Sep 1920 �tienne Alexandre Millerand (s.a.) Ind + BN
24 Sep 1920 - 16 Jan 1921 Jean-Claude Georges Leygues (b. 1857 - d. 1933) PRDS + BN
16 Jan 1921 - 15 Jan 1922 Aristide Briand (4th time) (s.a.) PRS
15 Jan 1922 - 9 Jun 1924 Raymond Nicolas Landry Poincar� (s.a.) PRDS + BN
(2nd time)
9 Jun 1924 - 14 Jun 1924 Fr�d�ric Fran�ois-Marsal (s.a.) FR + BN
14 Jun 1924 - 17 Apr 1925 Marie �douard Herriot (1st time) (b. 1872 - d. 1957) RRS + CdG
17 Apr 1925 - 28 Nov 1925 Paul Prudent Painlev� (2nd time) (s.a.) PRS + CdG
28 Nov 1925 - 19 Jul 1926 Aristide Briand (5th time) (s.a.) PRS + CdG
19 Jul 1926 - 23 Jul 1926 Marie �douard Herriot (2nd time) (s.a.) RRS + CdG
23 Jul 1926 - 29 Jul 1929 Raymond Nicolas Landry Poincar� (s.a.) AD
(3rd time)
29 Jul 1929 - 3 Nov 1929 Aristide Briand (6th time) (s.a.) PRS
3 Nov 1929 - 21 Feb 1930 Andr� Pierre Gabriel Am�d�e (s.a.) AD
Tardieu (1st time)
21 Feb 1930 - 2 Mar 1930 Gabriel Camille Chautemps (b. 1885 - d. 1963) RRS
(1st time)
2 Mar 1930 - 13 Dec 1930 Andr� Pierre Gabriel Am�d�e (s.a.) AD
Tardieu (2nd time)
13 Dec 1930 - 27 Jan 1931 Jules Joseph Th�odore Steeg (b. 1868 - d. 1950) RRS
27 Jan 1931 - 20 Feb 1932 Pierre Jean-Marie Laval (1st time) (b. 1883 - d. 1945) Non-party
20 Feb 1932 - 3 Jun 1932 Andr� Pierre Gabriel Am�d�e (s.a.) AD
Tardieu (3rd time)
3 Jun 1932 - 18 Dec 1932 Marie �douard Herriot (3rd time) (s.a.) RRS + CdG
18 Dec 1932 - 31 Jan 1933 Augustin Alfred Joseph Boncour, (b. 1873 - d. 1972) PRS + CdG
dit Paul-Boncour
31 Jan 1933 - 26 Oct 1933 �douard Daladier (1st time) (b. 1884 - d. 1970) RRRS + CdG
26 Oct 1933 - 26 Nov 1933 Albert Pierre Sarraut (1st time) (b. 1872 - d. 1962) RRS + CdG
26 Nov 1933 - 30 Jan 1934 Gabriel Camille Chautemps (s.a.) RRS + CdG
(2nd time)
30 Jan 1934 - 9 Feb 1934 �douard Daladier (2nd time) (s.a.) RRS + CdG
9 Feb 1934 - 8 Nov 1934 Pierre Paul Henri Gaston Doumergue (s.a.) RRS
(2nd time)
8 Nov 1934 - 1 Jun 1935 Pierre �tienne Flandin (b. 1889 - d. 1958) AD
1 Jun 1935 - 7 Jun 1935 Fernand �mile Honor� Bouisson (b. 1874 - d. 1959) PRS
7 Jun 1935 - 24 Jan 1936 Pierre Jean-Marie Laval (2nd time) (s.a.) Non-party
24 Jan 1936 - 4 Jun 1936 Albert Pierre Sarraut (2nd time) (s.a.) RRS
4 Jun 1936 - 22 Jun 1937 L�on Andr� Blum (1st time) (b. 1872 - d. 1950) SFIO + FP
22 Jun 1937 - 13 Mar 1938 Gabriel Camille Chautemps (s.a.) RRS + FP
(3rd time)
13 Mar 1938 - 10 Apr 1938 L�on Andr� Blum (2nd time) (s.a.) SFIO + FP
10 Apr 1938 - 21 Mar 1940 �douard Daladier (3rd time) (s.a.) RRS
21 Mar 1940 - 16 Jun 1940 Paul Jean Reynaud (b. 1878 - d. 1966) AD
(at Tours 10-14 Jun 1940, then Bordeaux)
16 Jun 1940 - 18 Apr 1942 Henri Philippe P�tain (s.a.) Mil/
(at Bordeaux to 1 Jul 1940, then Vichy) Non-party
- vice premiers acting for P�tain -
12 Jul 1940 - 13 Dec 1940 Pierre Jean Marie Laval (s.a.) Non-party
13 Dec 1940 - 10 Feb 1941 Pierre �tienne Flandin (s.a.) AD
10 Feb 1941 - 18 Apr 1942 Jean Louis Xavier Fran�ois Darlan (b. 1881 - d. 1942) Mil
Chiefs of government (Chef du Gouvernement)
18 Apr 1942 - 22 Aug 1944 Pierre Jean Marie Laval (s.a.) Non-party
(in Belfort exile from 19 Aug 1944)
1 Sep 1944 - 23 Apr 1945 Marie Fernand de Brinon (acting) (b. 1885 - d. 1947) Non-party
(president of French Governmental Commission
for the Defense of National Interests;
in Sigmaringen, Germany exile)
Chairmen of the National Committee of the Free French
(in dissidence; in London exile, from 3 Jun 1943 in Algiers)
24 Sep 1941 - 3 Jun 1943 Charles de Gaulle (1st time) (s.a.) Mil
(leader of the Free French from 18 Jun 1940)
3 Jun 1943 - 9 Nov 1943 Charles de Gaulle (2nd time) (s.a.) Mil
+ Henri Honor� Giraud (b. 1879 - d. 1949) Mil
9 Nov 1943 - 3 Jun 1944 Charles de Gaulle (3rd time) (s.a.) Mil
Chairmen of the Provisional Government
3 Jun 1944 - 26 Jan 1946 Charles de Gaulle (s.a.) Mil/Non-party
(in Algiers, from 14 Jun 1944 in France)
26 Jan 1946 - 24 Jun 1946 F�lix Gouin (b. 1884 - d. 1977) SFIO
24 Jun 1946 - 16 Dec 1946 Georges Bidault (b. 1899 - d. 1983) MRP
16 Dec 1946 - 16 Jan 1947 L�on Andr� Blum (s.a.) SFIO
Prime ministers4
22 Jan 1947 - 24 Nov 1947 Paul Ramadier (b. 1888 - d. 1961) SFIO
24 Nov 1947 - 24 Jul 1948 Robert Schuman (1st time) (b. 1886 - d. 1963) MRP + TF
24 Jul 1948 - 2 Sep 1948 Andr� Marie (b. 1897 - d. 1974) RRS + TF
2 Sep 1948 - 11 Sep 1948 Robert Schuman (2nd time) (s.a.) MRP + TF
11 Sep 1948 - 28 Oct 1949 Henri Queuille (1st time) (b. 1884 - d. 1970) RRS + TF
28 Oct 1949 - 2 Jul 1950 Georges Bidault (s.a.) MRP + TF
2 Jul 1950 - 12 Jul 1950 Henri Queuille (2nd time) (s.a.) RRS + TF
12 Jul 1950 - 10 Mar 1951 Ren� Pleven (1st time) (b. 1901 - d. 1993) UDSR + TF
10 Mar 1951 - 11 Aug 1951 Henri Queuille (3rd time) (s.a.) RRS + TF
11 Aug 1951 - 20 Jan 1952 Ren� Pleven (2nd time) (s.a.) UDSR
20 Jan 1952 - 8 Mar 1952 Edgar Faure (1st time) (b. 1908 - d. 1988) RRS
8 Mar 1952 - 8 Jan 1953 Antoine Pinay (b. 1891 - d. 1994) CNIP
8 Jan 1953 - 28 Jun 1953 Ren� Mayer (b. 1895 - d. 1972) Rad
28 Jun 1953 - 19 Jun 1954 Joseph Henri Eug�ne Laniel (b. 1889 - d. 1975) CNIP
19 Jun 1954 - 17 Feb 1955 Pierre Mend�s-France (b. 1907 - d. 1982) RRS
17 Feb 1955 - 23 Feb 1955 Christian Pineau (acting) (b. 1904 - d. 1995) RRS
23 Feb 1955 - 1 Feb 1956 Edgar Faure (2nd time) (s.a.) RRS
1 Feb 1956 - 13 Jun 1957 Alcide Guy Mollet (b. 1905 - d. 1975) SFIO
13 Jun 1957 - 6 Nov 1957 Maurice Jean-Marie Bourg�s Maunoury(b. 1914 - d. 1993) RRS
6 Nov 1957 - 14 May 1958 F�lix Gaillard (b. 1919 - d. 1970) RRS
14 May 1958 - 1 Jun 1958 Pierre Pflimlin (b. 1907 - d. 2000) MRP
1 Jun 1958 - 8 Jan 1959 Charles de Gaulle (s.a.) UNR
8 Jan 1959 - 14 Apr 1962 Michel Jean-Pierre Debr� (b. 1912 - d. 1996) UNR
14 Apr 1962 - 10 Jul 1968 Georges Jean Raymond Pompidou (s.a.) UNR
10 Jul 1968 - 20 Jun 1969 Maurice Jacques Couve de Murville (b. 1907 - d. 1999) UDR
20 Jun 1969 - 5 Jul 1972 Jacques Pierre Michel Chaban-Delmas(b. 1915 - d. 2000) UDR
5 Jul 1972 - 27 May 1974 Pierre Auguste Joseph Messmer (b. 1916 - d. 2007) UDR
27 May 1974 - 25 Aug 1976 Jacques Ren� Chirac (1st time) (s.a.) UDR
25 Aug 1976 - 21 May 1981 Raymond Octave Joseph Barre (b. 1924 - d. 2007) UDF
21 May 1981 - 17 Jul 1984 Pierre Mauroy (b. 1928 - d. 2013) PS
17 Jul 1984 - 20 Mar 1986 Laurent Fabius (b. 1946) PS
20 Mar 1986 - 10 May 1988 Jacques Ren� Chirac (2nd time) (s.a.) RPR
10 May 1988 - 15 May 1991 Michel Louis L�on Rocard (b. 1930 - d. 2016) PS
15 May 1991 - 2 Apr 1992 �dith Campion Cresson (f) (b. 1934) PS
2 Apr 1992 - 29 Mar 1993 Pierre Eug�ne B�r�govoy (b. 1925 - d. 1993) PS
29 Mar 1993 - 17 May 1995 �douard Balladur (b. 1929) RPR
17 May 1995 - 2 Jun 1997 Alain Marie Jupp� (b. 1945) RPR
2 Jun 1997 - 6 May 2002 Lionel Robert Jospin (b. 1937) PS
6 May 2002 - 31 May 2005 Jean-Pierre Raffarin (b. 1948) DL;2002 UMP
31 May 2005 - 17 May 2007 Dominique Marie Fran�ois Ren� (b. 1953) UMP
Galouzeau de Villepin
17 May 2007 - 15 May 2012 Fran�ois Charles Amand Fillon (b. 1954) UMP
15 May 2012 - 31 Mar 2014 Jean-Marc Ayrault (b. 1950) PS
31 Mar 2014 - 6 Dec 2016 Manuel Carlos Valls Galfetti (b. 1962) PS
6 Dec 2016 - 15 May 2017 Bernard Guy Georges Cazeneuve (b. 1963) PS
15 May 2017 - 3 Jul 2020 �douard Charles Philippe (b. 1970) Ind
3 Jul 2020 - 16 May 2022 Jean Castex (b. 1965) LREM
16 May 2022 - 9 Jan 2024 �lisabeth Borne (f) (b. 1961) LREM;9-22 RE
9 Jan 2024 - 5 Sep 2024 Gabriel Nissim Attal de Couriss (b. 1989) RE
5 Sep 2024 - 13 Dec 2024 Michel Jean Barnier (b. 1951) RE
13 Dec 2024 - Fran�ois Ren� Jean Lucien Bayrou (b. 1951) MoDem

�The style of the rulers:
(a) 987 - 3 Aug 1108 (in Latin): Dei gratia Francorum Rex ("by the Grace of God, King of the Franks [France]");
(b) 3 Aug 1108 - 2 Aug 1589: _Par la gr�ce de Dieu Roi de France/Dei Gratia Francorum Re_x
("By the grace of God, King of France");
(c) 2 Aug 1589 - 14 Sep 1791: Par la gr�ce de Dieu, Roi de France et de Navarre/Dei Gratia Francorum et Navarrae Rex ("By the grace of God, King of France and of Navarre"); and in dissidence 21 Nov 1589 - 9 May 1590 (Charles X): Par la gr�ce de Dieu, Roi de France/Dei Gratia Francorum Rex ("By the Grace of God, King of France");
(d) 14 Sep 1791 - 21 Sep 1792: Par la gr�ce de Dieu, et par la loi constitutionnelle de l'Etat, Roi des Fran�ais("By the grace of God, and by the Constitutional Law of the State, King of the French");
(e) 18 May 1804 - 1 Jan 1809: Par la gr�ce de Dieu et les Constitutions de la R�publique, Empereur des Fran�ais ("By the grace of God and the Constitutions of the Republic, Emperor of the French"); Napol�on was also styled: 26 Jan 1802 - 19 Mar 1805 Presidente della Repubblica Italiana ("President of the Italian Republic"); from 18 Mar 1805, Roi d'Italie/Re d'Italia ("King of Italy"); from 25 Jul 1806, Protecteur de la Conf�d�ration du Rhin ("Protector of the Confederation of the Rhine"); and from Oct 1809, M�diateur de la Conf�d�ration Suisse ("Mediator of the Swiss Confederation");
(f) 1 Jan 1809 - 11 Apr 1814: Par la gr�ce de Dieu et les Constitutions de l'Empire, Empereur des Fran�ais, Roi d'Italie, Protecteur de la Conf�d�ration du Rhin, (from Oct 1809) M�diateur de la Conf�d�ration Suisse, &c., &c., &c. ("By the grace of God and the Constitutions of the Empire, Emperor of the French, King of Italy, Protector of the Confederation of the Rhine, [from Oct 1809] Mediator of the Swiss Confederation, etc., etc, etc.");
(g) 2 May 1814 - 20 Mar 1815, 8 Jul 1815 - 2 Aug 1830: Par la gr�ce de Dieu, Roi de France et de Navarre ("By the grace of God, King of France and of Navarre");
(h) 1 Mar 1815 - 7 Jul 1815: Par la gr�ce de Dieu et les Constitutions de l'Empire, Empereur des Fran�ais ("By the Grace of God and Constitutions of the Empire, Emperor of the French");
(i) 9 Aug 1830 - 24 Feb 1848: Roi des Fran�ais ("King of the French");
(j) 1 Dec 1851 - 4 Sep 1870: Par la gr�ce de Dieu et la volont� nationale, Empereur des Fran�ais ("By the grace of God and the Will of the Nation, Emperor of the French").�Having been deposed de facto by the July revolution and having fled the capital, on 2 Aug 1830, King Charles X (s.a.) formally abdicated in writing, bypassing his son the heir (dauphin) Louis-Antoine d'Artois, petit-fils de France, duc d'Angoul�me (b. 1775 - d. 1844) (a prospective "Louis XIX") in favor of his grandson, Henri Charles Ferdinand Marie Dieudonn� d'Artois, petit-fils de France, duc de Bourdeaux (b. 1820 - d. 1883) as presumptive "Henri V." The duc d'Angoul�me accepted this decision by countersigning the letter of abdication after about 20 minutes of deliberations. Neither the duc d'Angoul�me nor the duc de Bourdeaux were regarded, proclaimed, installed or recorded as king. Instead the parliament declared the throne vacant (7 Aug 1830) and subsequently raised the regent, Louis-Philippe d'Orl�ans, duc d'Orl�ans (s.a.), to the royal office on 9 Aug 1830.

3On 9 Apr 1794, Philibert Buchot (b. 1751 - d. 1813) Mont, acting for Herman, chaired the last official meeting of the Provisional Executive Council.

4The term Prime minister (Premier ministre) was only introduced in the constitution of the "Fifth Republic" that went into effect 8 Jan 1959. Previously the principal minister was called Pr�sident du Conseil des Ministres (President of the Council of Ministers)(9 Jul 1815 - 1 Aug 1830, 22 Jan 1947 - 8 Jan 1959); Pr�sident du Conseil (President of the Council)(1 Aug 1830 - 31 Oct 1849, 8 Mar 1876 - 18 Apr 1942); Ministre d'�tat (Minister of State)(31 Oct 1849 - 17 Jul 1869); Vice-Pr�sident du Conseil (Vice President of the Council)(2 Sep 1871 - 9 Mar 1876); Chef du Gouvernement (Chief of the Government)(18 Apr 1942 - 22 Aug 1944); and Pr�sident du Gouvernement Provisoire (President of the Provisional Government)(3 Jun 1944 - 22 Jan 1947); although (a) there was no such position mentioned in the constitution, and (b) the formal Conseil des Ministres was (as it continues to be) chaired by the president of the republic, the Pr�sident du Conseil chairing only the (technically informal) Conseil de cabinet.

French Revolutionary Calendar Note: The French Republican calendar was imposed on France by Law on 5 Oct 1793. Dates were calculated from the Autumn Equinox. 22 Sep 1792, which became the first day of An I ("Year 1"). The standard year was split into 12 thirty day months with five (or six) additional days (depending on leap years). The thirty day months were named by the distinguished poet Fabre d'Eglantine, each month having its own appropriate symbolism,
three months were assigned to each season: The autumn months were named Vend�miaire ("month of vintage"), Brumaire ("month of fog, mist"), and Frimaire ("month of frost"); the winter months, Nivose ("month of snow"), Pluviose ("month of rain"), and Ventose ("month of wind"); the spring months, Germinal ("month of seed, budding"), Flor�al ("month of blossoms"), and Prairial ("month of meadow"); and the summer months, Messidor ("month of harvest"), Thermidor ("month of heat"), and Fructidor ("month of fruits"). Each of these months was subdivided into three d�cades of ten days: Primidi, Duodi, Tridi, Quartidi, Qunintidi, Sextidi, Septidi, Octidi, Nonidi, and Decadi the day of rest. The five (or six) days remaining at the end of the year were designated national holidays or san culottides: jour de la vertu ("virtue day"), jour du g�nie ("genius day"), jour du labour ("labor day"), jour da la raison ("reason day"), jour de la r�compense ("reward day"), and jour de la r�volution ("revolution day") on leap years. For obvious reasons, the calendar was unwieldy, impractical, and unpopular. Reforms were proposed, but instead Napoleon ordered the re-introduction of the traditional Gregorian calendar on 1 Jan 1806, thus condemning to death the Revolutionary calendar on 10 Nivose XIV.

**Noble titles:_chevalier = knight;comte/ comtesse = count/countess; duc/duch esse = duke/duchess; empereur/imp�ratrice = emperor/empress;roi/reine = king/queen;m arquis/ marquise = marquess/marchioness; prince/princesse = prince/princess; seigneur/seigneuresse = lord/lady; viscomte/vicomtesse = viscount/viscountess.

**Ecclesiastical titles:

abb� = abbot; archev�que = archbishop; c ardinal = cardinal; _ev�que_= bishop.

Territorial Disputes: Madagascar claims Bassas da India, Europa Island,Glorioso Islands,
Juan de Nova Island; Comoros claims Mayotte; Mauritius claims Tromelin Island; Comoros and Madagascar dispute France's claim to Banc du Geyser, a drying reef in the Mozambique Channel; Matthew and Hunter Islands east of New Caledonia claimed by France and Vanuatu; territorial dispute between Suriname and the French overseas department of French Guiana; territorial claim in Antarctica (Terre Adelie) since 1924 is not recognized by the United Nations, U.S., Russia, or by most other countries (other than Australia, New Zealand, Norway and U.K.).

Party abbreviations: Ind = Ind�pendant (independent, non-party); LR = Les R�publicains (The Republicans, center-right, former UMP, est.30 May 2015); MoDem = Mouvement D�mocrate (Democratic Movement, centrist, christian democratic, liberal, est.1 Dec 207); PS = Parti Socialiste (Socialist Party, social-democratic, former SFIO, est.4 May 1969); RE = Renaissance (centrist, social liberal, pro-European, form LERM, est.17 Sep 2022);Mil = Military;

- Former parties/groups: AD = Alliance D�mocratique (Democratic Alliance, center-right, secular liberal, Nov 1926-1945, former PRDS); ARD = Alliance R�publicaine D�mocratique (Democratic Republican Alliance, center-right, secular liberal, 1901-1911 & 1917-1920, then named PRD 1911-1917 and PRDS 1920-1926); Bon = Bonapartistes (Bonapartists, supporters of Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte, conservative, monarchist, 1848-1871); BN = Bloc R�publicain National (Republican National Block, center-right, anti-Communist coalition, 1919-1924); CD = Centre-Droit (Center-Right, conservative, monarchist [Bonapartists, Orl�anists, Legitimists], 1871-1902); CdG= Cartel des Gauches (Cartel of the Left, leftist coalition of independent radicals, RRRS, PRS, independent socialists, and SFIO, 1924-1926 and 1932-1934); CG = Centre-Gauche (Center-Left, moderate left grouping, 1871-1885); CNIP = Centre National des Ind�pendants et Paysans (National Centre of Independents and Farmers, liberal-conservative, 1949-2002); Con = Conservateur (Conservative, right-wing, 1815-1871);DL = D�mocratie Lib�rale (Liberal Democracy, conservative, center-right, 1997-2002, merged into UMP); Feu = Feuillans (Feuillants,constitutional monarchists, 1791-1792); FP = Front Populaire (Popular Front, leftist coalition, SFIO, Parti Radical Socialiste, and Parti Communiste Fran�ais, 1936-1938); FR = F�d�ration R�publicaine (Republican Federation, liberal right republican, center-right, 1903-1940); Gir = Girondins (Girondists, moderate republican, federalist, 1791-1793); GRa d = Gauche Radicale (Radical Left, radical leftist, 1871-1901, then RRRS); GRep = Gauche R�publicaine (Republican Left, republican lefist, 1871-1585, then PRG);**LREM = La R�publique En Marche! (The Republic on the Move!, formerly Association pour le Renouvellement de la Vie Politique [Association for the Renewal of Political Life], centrist, social liberal, pro-European, 6 Apr 2016-17 Sep 2022, renamed RE); Lib = Lib�raux (Liberal, constitutionalist, 1815-1871); Mar = Marais (Marsh, republican revolutionary moderates, 1789-1795); Mod = Mod�r�s (Moderates, centrist, 1795-99, 1815-1871); Mon = Monarchiste (Monarchist, conservative, 1815-1871);Orl = Orl�aniste (Or�anlist,conservative, constitutional monarchist, 1830-1881); Mont = Montagne (Mountain, 'Montagnards', extreme republican, Jacobin, authoritarian, centralist, opposed Girondins, 1791-1795); Mont-D = Montagnards Dantonistes (Dantonist Montagnards, partisans of Georges Jacques Danton, moderate wing of Montagnards, opposed the Terror, 1792-1794); Mont-M = Montagnards Maratistes (Maratist Montagnards, partisans of Jean-Paul Marat, extremist-wing of Mont, authoritarian, 1792-1793); Mont-R = Montagnards Robespierristes (Robespierrists Montagnards, Mont partisans of Maximilien Robespierre, radical revolutionary, 1792-1794); MRP = Mouvement R�publicain Populaire (Republican People's Movement, christian democratic, center-right, 1944-1967); NSDAP = Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (National Socialist German Worker's Party, Nazi fascist, German nationalist, xenophobic, 1920-1945); PM = Parti du Mouvement (Party of the Movement, constitutional monarchist, Orl�anist, center-left, 1830-1848); PO = Parti de l'Ordre (Party of Order, conservative coalition of Legitimist [Bourbonist] and Orl�anist monarchistsand conservative republicans, 1848-Dec 1851);PR = Parti R�publicaine (Republican Party, center-right, non-Gaullist, 1977-1997, then DL); PRD = Parti R�publicain D�mocratique (Democratic Republican Party, center-right, former ARD 1911-1917, renamed ARD);PRDS = Parti R�publicain D�mocratique et Social (Democratic and Social Republican Party, center-right, secular liberal, former ARD, 30 Jun 1920-Nov 1926, renamed AD); PRG = R�publicains Progressistes (Progressive Republicans, conservative republicans, 1885-1902); PRS = Parti R�publicain Socialiste (Socialist RepublicanParty, socialist reformist, 1911-1936); Rad = Parti Radical (Radical Party, radical republican, c.1869-1909); Reac = R�acteurs (Reactors, reactionary republicans, 1795-1799); Rep = R�publicains (Republicans, 'Mod�r�s', moderate republicans, 1848-1940); RI = R�publicains Ind�pendants (Independent Republicans, non-Gaullist, liberal-conservative, 1962-1977, then PR); RPR = Rassemblement Pour la R�publique (Rally for the Republic, Gaullist, conservative, 2002 UDR successor, 1976-2002, merged into UMP); RRS = Parti R�publicain, Radical et Radical-Socialiste (Republican, Radical and Radical-Socialist Party, moderate, centrist, 1901-1940 & 1945-1978, then UDF);RSU = Union Socialiste R�publicaine (Republican Socialist Union, right wing splinter of SFIO, 1935-40); SFIO = Section Fran�aise de l'Internationale Ouvri�re (French Section of the Workers Internationale, socialist, center-left, 1905-1969, then PS); Soc = Radical-socialiste (Radical Socialist, 1881-1902); TF = Troisi�me Force (Third Force, anti-communist, anti-Gaullist, coalition of SFIO, UDSR, RRS, and MRP, 1947-1951); Thr = Thermidoriens (Thermidorians, anti-Robespierre republicans, authoritarian, 1794-1795); UD = Union D�mocratique (Democratic Union, liberal, 1881-1889); UDF = Union pour la D�mocratie Fran�aise (Union for the French Democracy [D�mocratie Lib�rale, Force D�mocrate, Parti Populaire pour la D�mocratie Fran�ais, Parti Radical and others], centrist, social- democratic, 1978-1998); UDR = Union pour la D�fense de la R�publique (Union for the Defense of the Republic, Gaullist, conservative, UNR successor, 1971 renamed Union des D�mocrates pour la R�publique [Union of Democrats for the Republic], 1968-1976); UDSR = Union D�mocratique et Socialiste de la R�sistance (Democratic and Socialist Union of the Resistance, socialist, non-communist, 1945-1964); Ult = Ultraroyaliste (Ultra-Royalist, 'Ultras', absolute monarchist, counterrevolutionary, Bourbonist, conservative, favor restoration of ancien r�gime, 1814-1830); UMP = Union pour un Mouvement Populaire (Union for a Popular Movement, center-right, merger of RPR, DL and main part of UDF, 23 Apr 2002-30 May 2015, renamed LR); UNR = Union pour la Nouvelle R�publique (Union for the New Republic, Guallist, conservative, 1958-1968); UR = Union R�publicaine (Republican Union, radical republican, 1871-1911, then PRS)

Allied Occupation (1815-1818)

Commander-in-chief of the Allied Army of Occupation (from Oct 1815, at Cambrai)
7 Jul 1815 - 20 Nov 1818 Sir Arthur Wellesley, Duke of (b. 1769 - d. 1852)
Wellington, Baron Douro of Wellesley
and Viscount Wellington of Talavera,
and of Wellington in the County of
Somerset(U.K.)

Commander of the Austrian Occupation-Corps in France

(at Colmar)Oct 1815 - 20 Nov 1818 Johann Maria Philipp Freiherr (b. 1759 - d. 1831)
Frimont von Palota
**Commander-in-chief, Prussian Army of Occupation in France (at Sedan)
3 Oct 1815 - 20 Nov 1818 Hans Ernst Karl von Zieten (b. 1770 - d. 1848)
(from 3 Sep 1817, Hans Ernst Karl Graf von Zieten)
Commander of the Russian O ccupation Corps (at Maubeuge)
1815 - 20 Nov 1818 Mikhail Semyonovich Vorontsov (b. 1782 - d. 1856)

Commander of the Danish Occupation Army (at Bouchain)
22 Oct 1815 - 20 Nov 1818 Landgraf Friedrich von Hessen- (b. 1771 � d. 1845)
Cassel
Saxon Commander (at Tourcoing)
1815 - 1818 Heinrich Adolph von Gablenz (b. 1762 - d. 1843)
W�rttemburg Commanders (at Wissembourg)
1815 - 1816 Freiherr August Friedrich Wilhelm (b. 1763 - d. 1839)
von W�llwarth zu Lauterburg
1816 - 1818 Johann Georg Graf von Scheler (b. 1770 - d.1826)
Hanoverian Commanders (at Cond�-sur-l'Escaut)
1815 - 1816 Sir James Frederick Lyon (b. 1775 - d. 1842)
1816 - 1818 Carl August Graf von Alten (b. 1764 - d. 1840)
Commander of the Royal Bavarian III Army Division (at Pont-�-Mousson)
1815 - 1818 Peter von La Motte (b. 1765 - d. 1837)
(from 24 Jun 1817, Peter Freiherr von La Motte)

Allied Council of Ambassadors 22 Oct 1815 - 20 Nov 1818 Sir Charles Stuart (U.K.) (b. 1779 - d. 1845)
+ Nikolaus Karl Freiherr von (b. 1757 - d. 1834)
Vincent (Austria)
+ Karl Friedrich Heinrich Graf von (b. 1775 - d. 1822)
der Goltz (Prussia)
+ Karl Andreyevich Potstso di Borgo(b. 1764 - d. 1842)
(from 15 Jan 1816, Graf Karl Andreyevich Potstso di Borgo)
(= Carlo Andrea Pozzo di Borgo)
(Russia)

**Prussian/German Occupation (1870-1873)

German Commander-in-chief of the Third Army (Oberbefehlshaber der III. Armee) 5 Sep 1870 - 27 Sep 1870 Friedrich Wilhelm Nikolaus Carl (b. 1831 - d. 1888)
Kronprinz von Preussen
Governors-general at Rheims (General-Gouverneur zu Rheims)
27 Sep 1870 - 10 Jan 1871 Friedrich Franz II Grossherzog von (b. 1823 - d. 1883)
Mecklenburg-Schwerin
22 Oct 1870 - Mar 1871 Adolph Louis von Rosenberg- (b. 1808 - d. 1884)
Gruszczynski (acting for Herzog von
Mecklenburg-Schwerin to 10 Jan 1871)
Civil Commissars at Rheims (Civil-Commissare zu Rheims)27 Sep 1870 - Mar 1871 Carl Adalbert Constanz Heinrich (b. 1820 - d. 1890)
Prinz zu Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen
27 Sep 1870 - Jan 1871 Carl Graf von Tauffkirchen zu (b. 1826 - d. 1895)
Guttenburg**Governor-general at Versailles (_General-Gouverneur zu Versailles)
6 Jan 1871 - 12 Mar 1871 Georg Friedrich Alfred von Fabrice (b. 1818 - d. 1891)
****Civil Commissar at Versailles (Civil-Commissar zu Versailles)
14 Jan 1871 - 12 Mar 1871 Oswald Graf von Nostitz-Wallwitz (b. 1830 - d. 1885)
Commander-in-chief, Army of Occupation in France (in Compi�gne; from 14 Sep 1871, Nancy)
(Oberbefehlshaber der Occupationsarmee in Frankreich)
Mar 1871 - 16 Sep 1873 Edwin Karl Rochus Freiherr von (b. 1809 - d. 1885)
Manteuffel
(commander of 2nd Army to Jun 1871)

**German Occupation (1914-1918)

German Commanders-in-chief of the 1st and 2nd Armies (northern part of the front)
24 Aug 1914 - 28 Mar 1915 Alexander von Kluck (b. 1846 - d. 1934)
28 Mar 1915 - 17 Sep 1915 Maximilian von Fabeck (b. 1854 - d. 1916)
27 Aug 1914 - 4 Apr 1915 Karl Wilhelm Paul von B�low (b. 1846 - d. 1921)
4 Apr 1915 - 19 Jul 1916 Friedrich von Below (b. 1853 - d. 1918)
19 Jul 1916 - 28 Aug 1916 Maximilian von Gallwitz zu
Dreyling (b. 1852 - d. 1937)
Commanders-in-chief of the 1st and 2nd German Army Groups
28 Aug 1916 - 21 Nov 1918 Rupprecht von Bayern (b. 1869 - d. 1955)
6 Aug 1918 - 31 Oct 1918 Max von B�hn (b. 1850 - d. 1921)
Commanders-in-chief of the 3rd thru 5th and 7th Armies (central part of the front)
Aug 1914 - 12 Sep 1914 Max Clemens Lothar Freiherr
von Hausen (b. 1846 - d. 1922)
12 Sep 1914 - 26 Sep 1915 Karl von Einem, gen. Rothmaler (b. 1853 - d. 1934)
Aug 1914 - 26 Sep 1915 Albrecht Maria Alexander Herzog
von W�rttemberg (b. 1865 - d. 1939)
Aug 1914 - 26 Sep 1915 Friedrich Wilhelm Kronprinz des (b. 1882 - d. 1951)
Deutschen Reiches und von Preussen
1914 - 26 Sep 1915 Josias Oskar von Heeringen (b. 1850 - d. 1926)
Commanders-in-chief of the **3rd thru 5th and 7th German Army Groups
26 Sep 1915 - 11 Sep 1918 Friedrich Wilhelm Kronprinz des (s.a.)
Deutschen Reiches und von Preussen
1 Jan 1918 - 6 Dec 1918 Maximilian von Gallwitz zu
Dreyling (s.a.)
- Southern part of front line 1914-1918: no territorial gains, only consisted of 6th army -
**Axis Occupation (1940-1945)

Commander-in-chief of the German Army
10 May 1940 - 25 Oct 1940 Heinrich Alfred Hermann Walther (b. 1881 - d. 1948)
von Brauchitsch
Military G overnor of Northern France
9 Jun 1940 - 30 Jun 1940 Johannes Albrecht Blaskowitz (b. 1883 - d. 1948)
Military Commanders in France (Milit�rbefehlshaber Frankreich)(in Paris to 25 Aug 1944)
25 Oct 1940 - 20 Feb 1942 Otto von St�lpnagel (b. 1878 - d. 1948)
20 Feb 1942 - 20 Jul 1944 Karl Heinrich von St�lpnagel (b. 1886 - d. 1944)
21 Jul 1944 - 26 Aug 1944 Karl Kitzinger (b. 1886 - d. 1962)
26 Aug 1944 - 4 Sep 1944 Otto Moritz Walter Model (b. 1891 - d. 1945)
5 Sep 1944 - 9 Mar 1945 Karl Rudolf Gerd von Runstedt (b. 1875 - d. 1953)
German Commanders of the Army Area Southern France (Kommandant des Heeresgebiet S�dfrankreich)(in Lyon)
(subordinated to the German Military Commanders in France)
11 Nov 1942 - 15 Dec 1942 Alexander Freiherr von Neubronn (b. 1877 - d. 1949)
von Eisenburg
15 Dec 1942 - 10 Jun 1944 Heinrich Niehoff (b. 1882 - d. 1946)
10 Jun 1944 - 30 Jul 1944 Theodor Geib (b. 1885 - d. 1944)
1 Aug 1944 - 5 Aug 1944 Edgar Theissen (b. 1890 - d. 1968)
5 Aug 1944 - 2 Sep 1944 Ernst Dehner (b. 1889 - d. 1970)

Chief of the M ilitary Administration France (Chef der Milit�rverwaltung Frankreich)
27 Jun 1940 - 25 Oct 1940 Alfred Streccius (b. 1874 - d. 1944)
Chiefs of the Administrative Staff of the Military Commander in France
(Chef der Verwaltungsstab beim Milit�rbefehlshaber in Frankreich)
25 Oct 1940 - 1 Aug 1942 Jonathan Schmid (b. 1888 - d. 1945) NSDAP
10 Jun 1942 - 8 Apr 1943 Elmar Michel (b. 1897 - d. 1977) NSDAP
(acting for Schmid to 1 Aug 1942)
Chief of the Economic Section of the German Military Administration in France
(Chef der Wirtschaftsabteilung der deutschen Milit�rverwaltung f�r das besetzte Frankreich)
8 Apr 1943 - 4 Sep 1944 Elmar Michel (s.a.) NSDAP

Italian Commanders (of the IV Armata) in the Italian Occupied Zone (in Menton)
(in 4 Alpine d�partements [and from 12 Nov 1942, 8 d�partements west of Rhone River])
20 Jun 1940 - 29 Nov 1940 Alfredo Guzzoni (b. 1877 - d. 1965)
10 Dec 1940 - 5 Apr 1941 Mario Caracciolo di Feroleto (b. 1880 - d. 1954)
May 1941 - 9 Sep 1943 Mario Vercellino (b. 1879 - d. 1961)

Royalist Resistance 1793-1800

Aug 1792 - Apr 1795 First "Chouannerie"(Chouan royalist rebellion) in
Brittany, Normandy and Maine provinces north of
the Loire River.
11 Mar 1793 - 24 Apr 1794 Rebellion in the Vend�e region, part of Brittany
Poitou, and Anjou provinces south of the Loire River;
civil matters were handled by the "Grand Superior Council
of Military Vend�e"
24 Apr 1794 Rebellion declines in importance, but Stofflet remained
the major military chief until 2 May 1795.
24 Mar 1795 - Jul 1796 Second "Chouannerie"
25 Apr 1795 - 20 Jul 1795 French �migr� forces occupy Quiberon in Brittany.
2 Oct 1795 - 18 Nov 1795 French �migr� forces occupy the �le-d'Yeu.
16 Oct 1799 - 15 Feb 1800 Third "Chouannerie"

G�n�ralissimes of the Catholic and Royal Army
12 Jun 1793 - 14 Jul 1793 Jacques Cathelineau (b. 1759 - d. 1793)
15 Jul 1793 - 17 Oct 1793 Maurice Joseph Louis Gigost (b. 1752 - d. 1794)
d'Elb�e
20 Oct 1793 - 29 Jan 1792 Henri du Vergier, comte de La (b. 1772 - d. 1794)
Rochejaquelein
29 Jan 1794 - 24 Apr 1794 Jean Nicolas Stofflet (acting) (b. 1751 - d. 1796)
Presidents of the Grand Superior Council of Military Vend�e
26 May 1793 - 5 Jan 1794 Gabriel Pierre-Fran�ois Jean (b. 1760 - d. 1794)
Louis Guillot de Folleville, dit
�v�que d'Agra (honorary leader)
26 May 1793 - 8 Jan 1794 Guy Joseph de Donnissan, marquis (b. 1737 - d. 1794)
de Citran
(also governor of the occupied lands)
Commander of the Army of Lower Poitou
(acted sometimes in alliance with Grand Army)
14 Mar 1793 - 17 Feb 1795 Fran�ois Athanase Charette de (b. 1763 - d. 1796)
La Contrie (1st time)
26 Jun 1795 - 25 Mar 1796 Fran�ois Athanase Charette de (s.a.)
La Contrie (2nd time)
Lieutenant general of the King (on �le-d'Yeu)
2 Oct 1795 - 18 Nov 1795 Charles-Philippe de France, (b. 1757 - d. 1836)
comte d'Artois

- the "Chouannerie":
Presidents of the General Council of Brittany
12 Aug 1794 - Sep 1794 Joseph-Genevi�ve, comte de (b. 1755 - d. 1827)
Puisaye
Sep 1794 - 20 Apr 1795 Pierre Marie F�licit� Dezoteux, (b. 1753 - d. 1812)
baron de Cormatin (acting)
Commandants (at Quiberon)
25 Jun 1795 - 20 Jul 1795 Joseph Genevi�ve, comte de (b. 1755 - d. 1827)
Puisaye
+ Louis Charles Le Cat, comte (b. 1756 - d. 1795)
d'Hervilly
General in chief of Morbihan (in southern Brittany)
Jul 1795 - 19 Jul 1796 Georges Cadoudal (1st time) (b. 1771 - d. 1804)
26 Oct 1799 - 12 Feb 1800 Georges Cadoudal (2nd time) (s.a.)
(led failed revolt 21 Aug 1803 - 9 Mar 1804)
Leader of the Revolt in Normandy
Jun 1795 - 6 Jul 1796 Marie Pierre Louis de Frott� (b. 1766 - d. 1800)
(1st time)
16 Oct 1799 - 15 Feb 1800 Marie Pierre Louis de Frott� (s.a.)
(2nd time)

Alsace-Lorraine (Elsass-Lothringen)

7 Aug 1870 German Third Army occupies Hagenau.

14 Aug 1870 German Third Army occupies Meurthe-et-Moselle.

Aug 1870 Germans occupy Meuse and Haute-Marne.

29 Aug 1870 German Government-general in Lorraine [Generalgouvernement in

_Lothringe_n] established (dissolved 28 Mar 1871) and on

30 Aug 1870 the Government-general in Alsace [Generalgouvernement

_im Elsass_] established.
14 Sep 1870 Germans occupy Colmar.

23 Sep 1870 Toul (having been besieged since 12 Sep 1870) capitulates.

28 Sep 1870 Strasbourg (having been besieged since 15 Aug 1870) capitulates.

13 Oct 1870 Germans occupy Vosges (and from 18 Oct 1870 Haute-Saone).

29 Oct 1870 Metz (having been besieged since 19 Aug 1870) capitulates.

9 Nov 1870 Verdun (having been besieged since 8 Oct 1807) capitulates.
25 Nov 1870 Thionville (having been besieged since 10 Nov 1870) capitulates.

18 Feb 1871 Belfort (having been besieged since 11 Nov 1870) capitulates.

10 May 1871 By Treaty of Frankfurt, Bas-Rhin d�partement and parts of
Haut-Rhin, Meurthe, Moselle and Vosges ceded to Germany.
4 Aug 1879 Alsace-Lorraine a Reichsland (imperial territory) of the
German Empire; directly subordinated to the Emperor

(Reichsland Elsass-Lothringen).
31 May 1911 Limited autonomy granted.
Aug 1914 - Nov 1918 France occupies parts of the Bezirk Ober-Elsass (valleys of the

Thru and the Doller Rivers between the frontier and Mulhouse).

11 Nov 1918 - 21 Nov 1918 Workers' and Soldiers' Council of Strasbourg attempt to take

power in the city in rebellion.
11-17 Nov 1918 German military forces evacuate Alsace-Lorraine.

12 Nov 1918 National Council (Nationalrat)of Alsace-Lorraine takes over all
of the functions of the Statthalter and of the Secretary of
State and proclaims the sovereignty of Alsace-Lorraine.

22 Nov 1918 French forces arrive in Strassburg/Strasbourg (M�lhausen/Mulhouse

occupied on 17 Nov 1918,Metz and Colmar on 19 Nov 1918). France

assumes administration of Alsace-Lorraine.
5 Dec 1918 National Council of Alsace-Lorraine proclaims the return to

France (ratified by Treaty of Versailles on 10 Jan 1920).

15 Oct 1925 Alsace-Lorraine fully reintegrated, the Commissariat general of

the Republic in Strasbourg abolished.

15 Jun 1940 - 19 Mar 1945 Occupied by Germany (Colmar occupied on 17 Jun 1940, Mulhouse

on 18 Jun 1940, and Strasbourg on 19 Jun 1940).

7 Aug 1940 Separated from France by Germany and placed under separate

administrations as the Areas of Chief of Civil Administration

(CdZ-Gebiet) in Alsace and in Lorraine, attached/integrated but

not formally annexed to Germany.

21 Nov 1944 French occupy M�lhausen (Mulhouse)(Metz on 22 Nov 1944, Strasbourg

on 22 Nov 1944, and Colmar on 2 Feb 1945).

19 Mar 1945 Last German forces evacuate (from Lauterbourg).

German Commander-in-chief of the Third Army (Oberbefehlshaber der III. Armee)
5 Sep 1870 - 27 Sep 1870 Friedrich Wilhelm Nikolaus Carl (b. 1831 - d. 1888) Mil
Kronprinz von Preussen

Governor-general in Alsace (General-Gouverneur im Elsass)
(in Hagenau; from 8 Aug 1870, Strasbourg)

30 Aug 1870 - 5 Sep 1871 Friedrich Alexander Graf von (b. 1818 - d. 1894) Mil

Bismarck-Bohlen
Civil Commissar in Alsace (Civil-Commissar im Elsass)

(in Hagenau; from 8 Aug 1870, Strasbourg)
30 Aug 1870 - 12 Jul 1871 Friedrich Christian Hubert von (b. 1809 - d. 1882)
K�hlwetter

12 Jul 1871 - 5 Sep 1871 V acant

Governor-general in Lorraine (General-Gouverneur in Lothringen)(in Nancy)
29 Aug 1870 - 28 Mar 1871 Adolph Albert Ferdinand Carl (b. 1803 - d. 1872) Mil
Friedrich von Bonin

Civil Commissar of Lorraine (Civil-Commissar von Lothringen)(in Nancy)
4 Sep 1870 - 28 Mar 1871 Ludwig Victor Markgraf von Villers,(b. 1810 - d. 1881)

Graf von Grignoncourt

Oberpr�sident

6 Sep 1871 - 30 Sep 1879 Eduard von Moeller (M�ller) (b. 1814 - d. 1880)
Imperial governors (Kaiserliche Statthalter)
1 Oct 1879 - 17 Jun 1885 Edwin Freiherr von Manteuffel (b. 1809 - d. 1885)
17 Jun 1885 - 5 Nov 1885 Karl von Hofmann (acting) (b. 1827 - d. 1910)
5 Nov 1885 - 1894 Chlodwig Karl Viktor F�rst zu (b. 1819 - d. 1901)
Hohenlohe-Schillingsf�rst
5 Nov 1894 - 1907 Hermann Ernst Franz F�rst von (b. 1832 - d. 1913)
Hohenlohe-Langenburg
21 Nov 1907 - 1914 Karl Leo Julius Graf von Wedel (b. 1842 - d. 1919)
1 May 1914 - Oct 1918 Nikolaus Michael Louis Johann (b. 1855 - d. 1919)
"Hans" von Dallwitz
22 Oct 1918 - 12 Nov 1918 Rudolf Schwander (b. 1868 - d. 1950)
Chairman of the Workers' and Soldiers' Council of Strasbourg
11 Nov 1918 - 21 Nov 1918 Johannes Rebholz (in rebellion) (b. 1885 - d. 1960) SPD
President of the Administrative Board of the National Council of Alsace-Lorraine
12 Nov 1918 - 22? Nov 1918 Eugen Adolf Ricklin (b. 1862 - d. 1935) Z
Mayor of S trasbourg
10 Nov 1918 - 1 Dec 1918 Jacques Peirotes (b. 1869 - d. 1935) SPD
French General Commanding the Eastern Army Group
22 Nov 1918 - 22 Nov 1918 �douard de Curi�res de Castelnau (b. 1851 - d. 1944) Mil
High Commissioner of the Republic in Strasbourg
22 Nov 1918 - 21 Mar 1919 Jean Jacques Georges Maringer (b. 1862 - d. 1941)
Commissioner generals of the Republic
21 Mar 1919 - 20 Jan 1920 �tienne Alexandre Millerand (b. 1859 - d. 1943)
(acting)
20 Jan 1920 - 11 Feb 1920 Jean Pierre Georges Louis Rimbert (b. 1871 - d. 1943)
(interim)
11 Feb 1920 - 31 Jul 1924 Gabriel Ferdinand Alapetite (b. 1854 - d. 1932)
1 Aug 1924 - 15 Oct 1925 Richard Henri Cacaud (interim) (b. 1875 - d. 1961)
Chief of Civil Administration in Alsace
7 Aug 1940 - 19 Mar 1945 Robert Heinrich Wagner (b. 1895 - d. 1946) NSDAP
Chiefs of Civil Administration in Lorraine
7 Aug 1940 - 28 Sep 1944 Josef B�rckel (b. 1895 - d. 1944) NSDAP
29 Sep 1944 - 19 Mar 1945 Willi St�hr (b. 1903 - d. 1994) NSDAP

Secretaries of State of the Ministry for Alsace-Lorraine
1 Oct 1879 - Jul 1880 Karl Joseph Benjamin Herzog (b. 1827 - d. 1902)
Oct 1880 - 1887 Karl Hofmann (s.a.)
(from 29 Apr 1882, Karl von Hofmann)
1887 - Jul 1901 Maximilian von Puttkamer (b. 1831 - d. 1906)
(acting to 1889)
Jul 1901 - 1908 Ernst Matthias von K�ller (b. 1841 - d. 1928)
1908 - Feb 1914 Hugo Freiherr Zorn von Bulach (b. 1851 - d. 1921)
3 Feb 1914 - 31 May 1916 Siegfried Friedrich Wilhelm (b. 1870 - d. 1953)
Erdmann Graf von Roedern
1 Jun 1916 - Oct 1918 Georg Freiherr von Tschammer und (b. 1869 - d. 1954)
Quaritz
22 Oct 1918 - 12 Nov 1918 Karl Hauss (b. 1871 - d. 1925) Z

French Heads of the Military Administrative Mission to the Liberated Territories of Alsace
(subordinated to Minister of War to 15 Sep 1918, then the Prime Minister)(in Masevaux)
1 Jul 1917 - Nov 1917 Fran�ois Jean Henry de Witt-Guizot (b. 1870 - d. 1939) Mil
Nov 1917 - Nov 1918 Henry Jean Poulet (b. 1874 - d. 1941)

Party abbreviations : **NSDAP = Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (National Socialist German Workers' Party, Nazi fascist, xenophobic, German nationalist, 14 Jul 1933-31 May 1945 only legal party, 1920-1945);SPD = Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands (Social Democratic Party of Germany, social-democratic, 1875-1933); Z = Deutsche Zentrumspartei "Zentrum" (German Centre Party "Centre", catholic, centrist, 1870-1933)

Nord and Pas-de-Calais (1940-1944)

20 May 1940 Germans occupy Arras (Boulogne on 25 May 1940, Calais 26 May 1940).
31 May 1940 Germans forces occupy Lille (Dunkirk on 4 Jun 1940).
15 Jun 1940 D �partements of Nord and Pas-de-Calais of France are attached
to the German military administration of Belgium and Northern
France (Belgien und Nordfrankreich)(see under Belgium); nominally
they remain under the civil authority of ("Vichy") France
and referred to by them as la Zone R attach�e("the Attached
Zone"), but direct contacts with "Vichy" are hampered by the
Germans.
7 Jul 1940 Area becomes a closed zone isolated from rest of France (confirmed
17 Apr 1941).
1-5 Sep 1944 Both departments are liberated by the Allies (Lille liberated on
2 Sep 1944, Arras on 3 Sep 1944, Dunkirk on 9 May 1945).

German Commandants of the Higher Field Headquarters 670 (in Lille)(Kommandant der Oberfeldkommandantur 670)
(subordinated to military governor of Belgien-Nordfrankreich)
15 Jun 1940 - 12 Jan 1943 Heinrich Niehoff (s.a.)
13 Jan 1943 - 15 May 1943 Wilhelm Daser (b. 1884 - d. 1968)
15 May 1943 - 11 Sep 1944 Georg Bertram (b. 1882 - d. 1953)

Prefect of

Nord D�partement(in Lille)
6 Apr 1936 - 2 Sep 1944 Fernand Carles (b. 1886 - d. 1945)
6 Dec 1941 - 2 Sep 1944 Henri Joseph Darrouy (b. 1897 - d. 19..)
(prefect delegate acting for Carles)**Prefect of the Region Lille (in Lille)
19 Apr 1941 - 2 Sep 1944 Fernand Carles (s.a.)
Prefects of Pas-de-Calais D�partement (in Arras)
(from 19 Apr 1941, subordinated to prefect of Region Nord)
20 Nov 1933 - 8 Aug 1940 Gabriel Auguste L�on Rochard (b. 1880 - d. 1954)
(absent 20-28 May 1940)
25 Aug 1940 - 1 Jun 1942 Am�d�e F�lix Bussi�re (b. 1886 - d. 1953)
1 Jun 1942 - 11 May 1943 Jean Marcel Daugy (b. 1894 - d. 1968)
11 May 1943 - 6 Feb 1944 Andr� Paul Sadon (b. 1891 - d. 1965)
6 Feb 1944 - 1 Sep 1944 Andr� Alexandre Pujes (b. 1904 - d. 1976)

Avignon - Comtat Venaissin

1274 - 12 Jun 1790

1032 When Conrad II inherits the Kingdom of Burgundy, Avignon
(Avenionensis) is attached to the Holy Roman Empire.
1096 County of Venaissin (Vendascinus/Venuxini Comitatus) part of
the County of Toulouse.
1105 Through family alliances, partitions and successions, Avignon
belongs jointly to the three counts of Forcalquier, Provence,
and Toulouse. Later at the beginning of the 13th century to the
last two counts only.
1161 Emperor Frederick Barbarossa confirmed the rights and the
privileges of the people of Avignon by charter.
1129 Avignon declares itself an independent commune under annually
elected magistrates, later four consuls.
c.1218 The the consuls are replaced with a podestat.
1226 Avignon again declares itself free commune.
10 Jun 1226 - 12 Sep 1226 King Louis VIII of France and the Papal legate are refused entry
to Avignon during the Albigensian Crusade and besiege it.
12 Sep 1226 Avignon is captured by King Louis VIII of France and placed under
the rule of the Bishop of Avignon, who is driven out in 1246.
7 May 1251 Avignon made a common possession of counts Charles of Anjou, Count
of Provence and Alphonse de Poitiers, Count of Toulouse,
brothers of French King Louis VIII, under an appointed_viguier_.
21 Aug 1271 At the death of Alphonse de Poitiers, Avignon and County of
Venaissin are passed to the French crown.
1274 County of Venaissin ceded by French King Philip III to the Pope and
Church, which claimed it in execution of the Treaty of Paris of
1229, as a Papal possession (though not part of Papal States).
However, the King of France remained as the co-lord of Avignon.
1290 King Philip IV of France ceded his share of Avignon to the Count
of Provence, Charles II, King of Jerusalem and Naples ("Sicily").
1290 - 9 Jun 1348 Avignon and Comtat Venaissin possessions of the Kings of Naples
("Sicily").
9 Mar 1309 - 17 Jan 1377 The Popes rule from Avignon, this era has been referred to
as the "Babylonian Captivity of the Church."
19 Jun 1348 Avignon becomes a Papal possession (by purchase of Clement VI from
Joanna I of Naples ["Sicily"] and Provence).
20 Sep 1378 - 12 Mar 1403 During the "Great Schism" rival (anti-)Popes Clement VII and
Benedict XIII reigned in Avignon.
Feb 1535 King Francis I granted the people of Avignon the title of
r�gnicoles by letters patent, which allowed them to be treated
in France not as foreigners, but as subjects of the king.
Jun 1536 - Jun 1538 King Francis I of France occupies Avignon and Comtat-Venaissin.
27 Jul 1663 - 12 Feb 1664 French occupation of Avignon and Comtat-Venaissin.
3 Oct 1688 - 27 Oct 1689 French occupation of Avignon and Comtat-Venaissin.
7 Feb 1693 Post of Legate abolished, temporal government is handed over (in
1692) to the Congregation of Avignon (a department of the Papal
Curia residing in Rome), with the Cardinal Secretary of State as
presiding prefect, who exercised jurisdiction through the vice-
legate.
1693 The French language, which since 1540 had replaced Latin and
Proven�al in official acts, was supplanted by Italian at least
in the acts emanating from the vice-legation.
11 Jun 1768 - 25 Apr 1774 French occupation of Avignon and Comtat-Venaissain.
29 May 1790 Representative Assembly of the Comtat, adopts the French
constitution and declares independence from Avignon, but states
it remains loyal to the Pope.
12 Jun 1790 Avignon assembly votes the end of Papal rule and for union of
Avignon with France and expels the vice-legate on 17 Jun 1790.
10 Jan 1791 - 14 Jun 1791 Civil war between Avignon revolutionaries and the Comtat, which
remains loyal to the Pope. Several towns of the Comtat rally to
Avignon (Ch�teauneuf-du-Pape, Saint-Saturnin, and Cavaillon).
18 Aug 1791 Delegates of Avignon and the Comtat meet at B�darrides and vote
for reunion with France.
14 Sep 1791 Annexed to France by the National Assembly (Avignon part of
Bouches du Rh�ne d�partement and part of Comtat-Venaissain part
of Dr�me d�partement).
26 Jun 1793 Avignon and Comtat-Venaissain are re-integrated, along with the
former Orange principality, to form Vaucluse d�partement.
19 Feb 1797 Papal recognition of annexation by France in Treaty of Tolentino.
30 May 1814 Annexation is recognized in the Treaty of Paris.
5 Aug 1815 - Nov 1815 Allied occupation by Austrian forces.

Legates of Avignon
1367 - 1371 Philippe de Cabassolle -Governor (b. 1305 - d. 1372)
1376 Jean de Blauzac (vicar-general) (d. 1379)
1409 - 1410 Pierre de Tourroye
1410 - 31 Dec 1431 Fran�ois de Conzi� (b. 1356 - d. 1431)
1432 - 20 Jun 1432 Marco Condulmero (Condolmario), (b. 1405 - d. 1460)
ev�que d'Avignon
20 Jun 1432 - 1433 Alphonse Cardinal Carillo (d. 1434)
24 Nov 1433 - 13 Dec 1464 Pierre Cardinal de Foix (b. 1386 - d. 1464)
13 Dec 1464 - 1472 Vacant
2 Apr 1472 - 21 Feb 1476 Charles Cardinal de Bourbon, (b. 1434 - d. 1488)
ev�que de Lyon
21 Feb 1476 - 1503 Giuliano Cardinal della Rovere, (b. 1443 - d. 1513)
archev�que d'Avignon
(= Pope Julius II 1503-1513)
1503 - 25 May 1510 Georges Cardinal d'Amboise (b. 1460 - d. 1510)
1511 - 9 Nov 1513 Robert Cardinal Guib� (b. 1460 - d. 1513)
archev�que de Nantes
1513 - Feb 1541 Fran�ois-Guilhem Cardinal de (b. 1478 - d. 1540)
Clermont-Lod�ve
13 Mar 1541 - 13 Apr 1565 Alessandro Cardinal Farn�se, (b. 1520 - d. 1589)
archev�que d'Avignon
13 Apr 1565 - 9 May 1590 Charles Cardinal de Bourbon-Vend�me(b. 1523 - d. 1590)
- jointly with -
13 Apr 1565 - 10 Jul 1585 Georges Cardinal d'Armagnac, (b. c.1501 - d. 1585)
archev�que d'Avignon
(co-legate)
9 May 1590 - 8 Feb 1593 Vacant
8 Feb 1593 - 1601 Ottavio Cardinal Acquaviva (b. 1560 - d. 1612)
d'Aragona
1601 - 1605 Cinzio Passeri Cardinal (b. 1551 - d. 1610)
Aldobrandini
1605 - 1621 Scipio Cardinal Caffarelli-Borgh�se(b. 1576 - d. 1633)
1621 - 1623 Ludovico Cardinal Ludovisi (b. 1595 - d. 1632)
2 Oct 1623 - 1633 Francesco Cardinal Barberini (b. 1597 - d. 1679)
21 Mar 1633 - 1644 Antonio Cardinal Barberini (b. 1607 - d. 1671)
12 Dec 1644 - 1650 Camillo Francesco Cardinal Pamphilj(b. 1622 - d. 1666)
21 Feb 1650 - 1654 Camillo Cardinal Astalli-Pamphilj (b. 1619 - d. 1663)
1654 - 1657 Vacant
23 Apr 1657 - 1668 Flavio Cardinal Chigi (b. 1631 - d. 1693)
31 Jan 1668 - 1670 Giacomo Cardinal Rospigliosi (b. 1628 - d. 1684)
19 May 1670 - 1677 Paluzzio Paluzzi Altieri Degli (b. 1623 - d. 1698) Albertoni
1677 - 1690 Alderano Cardinal Cibo (b. 1613 - d. 1700)
11 Jan 1690 - 7 Feb 1693 Pietro Cardinal Ottoboni (b. 1667 - d. 1740)
Vice-legates of Avignon
1464 - 1472 Constantin Eruli
1472 - 1473 Jean Bayle
1473 - 1474 Toussaint de Villeneuve
1474 - 1476? Edouard de Messey
1476 - 1478 Ange Gherardini
1478 - 1481 Jean Rosa
1481 - 1484 Antoine-Marie Parentucelli
1484 - 1485 Nicolas Liscio
1485 Constantin Eruli
1490 - 1494 Jean-Andr� Grimaldi
1494 - 1495 Pierre Albert
1495 Cl�ment de la Rov�re
1502 - 1504 Gal�ot Franciotti
1504 Fran�ois de Clermont Lod�ve
1504 - 1505 Louis de Rochechouart
1505 Antoine Flor�s
1505 - 1507 Fran�ois d'Estaing
1507 - 1508 Charles de la Baume
1508 - 1510 Jean Arzelier
1510 - 1513 Ange de L�oninis
1513 - 1514 Pierre de Valetariis
1514 Antoine de Fontenill�s
1514 - 1516 Jean de Langeac
1516 - 1519 Artus Bureau
1519 - 15.. Jean Nicola�
1540 - 1541 Jean Ferrier
1541 - 1542 Philibert Ferrier
10 Feb 1542 - 1544 Alessandro Campeggio (b. 1504 - d. 1554)
1544 - 1547 Antonio Trivulzio (Trivulce) (b. c.1514 - d. 1559)
1547 - 1552 Camillo Mentuato (d. 1560)
1552 - 1554 Th�odore-Jean de Clermont-Tallard (d. c.1569)
1554 - 1559 Giacomo Maria de Sala
1560 - 1562 Alessandro Guidiccioni (b. 1524 - d. 1605)
6 Feb 1652 - 1565 Lorenzo Lenzi (b. 1516 - d. 1571)
1565 - May 1585 Georges Cardinal d'Armagnac (s.a.)
(co-legate)
1585 (months) Guillaume Le Blanc (acting) (d. 1588)
1585 - 1589 Domenico Grimaldi (1st time) (d. 1592)
1589 - 1592 Domenico Petrucci (d. c.1598)
1592 Domenico Grimaldi (2nd time) (s.a.)
22 Aug 1592 - 1593 Silvio Savelli (b. 1550 - d. 1599)
1594 - 1595 Antonio Gianotti
1596 - 1599 Giovanni Francesco Bordini (b. c.1536 - d. 1609)
1599 - 1604 Carlo Conti (b. 1568 - d. 1615)
12 Feb 1604 - 1607 Pietro Francesco Montorio
Jul 1607 - 1609 Giuseppe Ferrier (Ferreri) (b. 15.. - d. 1610)
1609 - 1610 Francesco Stefano Dulci
1610 - 14 Jun 1614 Filippo Filonardi (b. 1582 - d. 1622)
1614 - 1621 Giovanni Francesco de Bagno (b. 1578 - d. 1641)
(Jean-Fran�ois de Bagni)
1621 - 1622 Guillaume du Broc du Nozet (d. 1626)
1622 (1 month) Ottavio Corsini
1622 Bartolomeo Guidotti
1623 - 1629 Cosimo de' Bardi (b. 1576 - d. 1631)
1629 - 1634 Mario Filonardi (Marius Philonardi)(d. 1644)
24 Jul 1634 - 1637 Jules Cardinal Mazarin (b. 1602 - d. 1661)
1634 - 1636 Fabrice de la Bourdaisi�re (d. 1646)
(pro-legate for Mazarin)
1637 - 1645 Federico Sforza (b. 1603 - d. 1676)
1645 Bernardo Pinelli
31 Jul 1645 - 8 Oct 1653 Lorenzo Corsi
8 Oct 1653 - 5 Jun 1654 Domenico de Marinis (b. 1599 - d. 1669)
5 Jun 1654 - 23 Dec 1655 Agostino Franciotti (b. 1630 - d. 1670)
23 Dec 1655 - 28 Jan 1659 Giovanni Niccolo Conti (b. 1617 - d. 1698)
29 Jan 1659 - 24 Sep 1664 Gaspare Lascaris di Castellar, (d. 1684) ev�que de Carpentras
French Governor-general
28 Jul 1663 - 12 Feb 1664 Fran�ois des Monstiers, comte de (b. 1609 - d. 1672)
M�rinville
Vice-legates of Avignon 24 Sep 1664 - 21 Aug 1665 Alessandro Colonna
20 Aug 1665 - 1670 Lorenzo Lomellini
12 Jul 1670 - 1670 Azzo Ariosto (1st time) (acting)
19 Jul 1670 - 5 Apr 1671 Horace Mathei (Orazio Mattei) (b. 1621 - d. 1688)
1 Apr 1671 - 18 Aug 1671 Azzo Ariosto (2nd time) (acting)
28 Aug 1671 - 26 Feb 1672 Niccol� Pietro Bargellini (b. 1630 - d. 1694)
27 Feb 1672 - 28 Aug 1672 Azzo Ariosto (3rd time) (acting)
28 Aug 1672 - 1673 Marcello Durazzo (acting) (b. 1633 - d. 1710)
31 May 1673 - 20 Jul 1673 Giacinto Libelli (1st time)(acting)(b. 1616 - d. 1684)
20 Jul 1673 - 17 Aug 1676 Carlo Anguisciola (d. 1676)
17 Aug 1676 - Mar 1677 Giacinto Libelli (2nd time)(acting)(s.a.)
1677 - 1685 Francesco Niccolini (b. 1639 - d. 1692)
12 Dec 1685 - 3 Oct 1688 Baldasare Cenci (1st time) (b. 1648 - d. 1709)
French governor 3 Oct 1688 - 27 Oct 1689 Pierre Cardin Le Bret, (b. 1640 - d. 1710)
seigneur de Flacourt,
intendant de ProvenceVice-legates of Avignon 1689 - 31 Jul 1691 Baldasare Cenci (2nd time) (s.a.)
31 Jul 1691 - 8 Apr 1692 Lozenzo Fieschi (Laurent Fieschi) (b. 1642 - d. 1726)
(1st time)(acting)
8 Apr 1692 - 26 Feb 1696 Marco Delfino (Marc Delphini) (b. 1654 - d. 1704)
1696 Lorenzo Fieschi (s.a.)
(2nd time)(acting)
7 Jun 1696 - 26 Jul 1700 Filippo Antonio Gualteri (b. 1660 - d. 1728)
26 Jul 1700 - 10 Aug 1700 Giovanni Battista Cicci (acting)
19 Aug 1700 - 31 May 1703 Antonio Francesco Sanvitali (b. 1660 - d. 1714)
(Antoine Fran�ois Sanvitali)
31 May 1703 - 8 Aug 1706 Antoine Banchieri (b. 1667 - d. 1733)
8 Aug 1706 - 4 Nov 1706 Francesco Maurizio Gontieri (b. 1659 - d. 1742)
(Fran�ois-Maurice de Gontieri)
(1st time)(acting)
4 Nov 1706 - 12 Nov 1711 Sinibaldo Doria (b. 1664 - d. 1733)
1711 - Mar 1717 Alamanno Salviati (b. 1669 - d. 1733)
1717 - 1719 Francesco Maurizio Gontieri (s.a.)
(2nd time)(acting)
20 Aug 1719 - 7 Mar 1731 Raniero d'Elci (Rainiero d'Elci) (b. 1670 - d. 1761)
7 Mar 1731 - 11 Sep 1731 Francesco Maurizio Gontieri (s.a.)
(3rd time)(acting)
11 Sep 1731 - 8 Oct 1739 Filippo Buondelmonte (b. 1691 - d. 1741)
(Philippe Bondelmonte)
8 Oct 1739 - 18 Nov 1739 Marcelo Crescenzi (b. 1694 - d. 1768)
1739 - 8 Jun 1744 Niccol� Maria Cardinal Lercari (b. 1675 - d. 1757)
1744 - 28 Jul 1754 Pasquale d'Acquaviva d'Aragon (b. 1718 - d. 1788)
1754 - 16 Mar 1760 Paolo Passionei
1760 Francesco Maria Manzi, archev�que (b. 1694 - d. 1774)
d'Avignon (1st time)(acting)
(Fran�ois-Marie de Manzi)
1760 - 1766 Gregorio Antonio Maria Salviati (b. 1722 - d. 1794)
(Gr�goire Antoine Marie Salviati)
1766 - 1767 Francesco Maria Manzi, archev�que (s.a.)
d'Avignon (2nd time)(acting)
1767 - 11 Jun 1768 Giuseppe Vincentini (b. 1717 - d. 1779)
French Governor d'Avignon et du Comtat
11 Jun 1768 - 25 Apr 1774 Jean-Louis Roger, marquis de (b. 1717 - d. 1776)
Rochechouart
Vice-Legates of Avignon
25 Apr 1774 - 1775Francesco Maria Manzi, archev�que (s.a.)
d'Avignon (3rd time)(acting)
1774 - 17 Jun 1776 Angelo Maria Durini, archev�que (b. 1725 - d. 1796)
d'Ancize (=Ange-Marie Durini)
(president of the legation of Avignon)
13 Jun 1776 - 6 Aug 1776 Giovanni Carlo Vincenzo Giovio (b. 1729 - d. 1793)
(acting)
6 Aug 1776 - 1787 Giacomo Filomarino Della Rocca
1787 - 17 Jun 1790 Filippo Casoni (Philippe Casoni) (b. 1733 - d. 1811)
(departs from Carpentras Dec 1790)
Maires of Avignon
Feb 1790 - Mar 1790 Jean-Baptiste d'Armand
14? Mar 1790 - 14 Sep 1791 Antoine Agricol Richard

Rectors of Comtat Venaissin
1274 - c.1284 Guillaume de Villaret (b. c.1235 - d. 1305)
1287 - 1289 Henri de Gan�ve
1290 - 129. Philippe de Brenizon
129. - c.1295 Jean de Grallin
1297 - 1299 Nicol� de'Franzesi
1299 - 1302 Matteo de Chieti
1302 - 1303 Roger de Spini
1302 - 1303 Jean Arthenisii
1303 - 1310 Guillaume de Mandagout (d. 1321)
1310 - 1317 Raimond Guilhem de Budos (d. 1363)
1317 - 1334 Arnaud de Trian
1335 - 1341 Pierre Guilhem
1342 - 1343 Jean Arpadelle
1344 - 1353 Hugues de la Roche (Roque) (b. c.1335 - d. 1398)
1353 - 1362 Guillaume de Roffiac (d. 1364)
1362 - 1370 Philippe de Cabassolle (b. 1305 - d. 1372)
1370 - 1371 �tienne Aubert (d. 1378)
1372 - 1376 Aymar de Poitiers-Valentinois (b. 1322 - d. 1376)
1376 - 1379 Guillaume Roger de Beaufort, (b. 1331 - d. 1395)
vicomte de Turenne
1379 - 1390 Henri de S�very (d. 1396)
1390 - 1392 Odon de Villars (b. 1354 - d. 1414)
1393 - 1394 Pons de Langeac (1st time) (b. 1339 - d. 1417)
1395 - 1397 Gaston de Moncada
1397 - 1398 Antonio de Luna (1st time)
1399 - 1400 Giovanni de Alzenno
1401 - 1402 Pons de Langeac (2nd time) (s.a.)
1403 - 1408 Antonio de Luna (2nd time)
1408 - 1410 Rodrigo de Luna
1410 - 1422 Jean G�rard de Poitiers (1st time) (b. c.1368 - d. 1452)
1424 Giacomo de Complo
1424 - 1431 Pietro Cottini
1432 Marco Condolmerio
1432 - 1433 Onofrio Francesco di San Severino (d. 1450)
1433 Jean G�rard de Poitiers (2nd time) (s.a.)
1433 - 1459 Pierre de Foix de Castelbon (b. 1386 - d. 1464)
1459 - 1460 Angelo Geraldini (acting)
1460 - 1472 Constantino Heruli
1473 Jean Baile (d. 1494)
1474 Fr�d�ric de Saluces (d. 1481)
1475 �douard de Messey (d. 1480)
1475 - 1476 Renaud de Bourbon (d. 1483)
1476 - 1478 Angelo Geraldini (b. 1422 - d. 1486)
1478 - 1479 Giovanni Rosa
1479 - 1482 Amalric de Vaison, �v�que
de Vaison
1482 Giovanni Casaleti
1482 Rodolfo Bonicafio
1483 - 1485 Guillaume Adh�mar (d. 1516)
1485 - 1490 Constantino Heruli
1490 - 1495 Giovanni Andrea Grimaldi (d. 1505)
1495 - 1502 Cl�ment de la Rov�re (b. 1462 - d. 1504)
1502 - 1503 Galeotto Franciotti della Rovere (b. 1471 - d. 1507)
1503 - 1505 Louis de Rochechouart (d. 1505)
1505 - 1509 Fran�ois d'Estaing (b. 1460 - d. 1529)
1510 - 1511 Angelo Leonini
1511 - 1513 Jean de Montaigu (d. 1524)
1513 - 1514 Pierre de Valletariis, ev�que (b. c.1461 - d. 1514)
de Carpentras
1514 Fran�ois de Villeneuve
1515 Pierre de Brie
1516 - 1541 Giscard de Corneillan (d. 1543)
1541 - 1547 Paul Sadolet (1st time) (b. 1508 - d. 1572)
1547 - 1553 Andrea Recuperati
1553 - 1554 Giacomo Maria Sala
1554 - 1555 Antonio Vacca
1555 Antonio Paulo Toscomi
1555 - 1560 Fran�ois de Castellane
1560 - 1561 Paul Sadolet (2nd time) (s.a.)
1561 - 1565 Laurent de Tarascon
1565 - 1566 Pietro Sabbatier (Pierre Sabatier)
1566 Fran�ois de Castellane
1566 - 1567 Jean de Roquelaure
1567 - 1572 Paul Sadolet (b. 1508 - d. 1572)
1572 Gaspard du Pont
1572 - 1577 Jacques Sacrat
1577 - 1584 Domenico Grimaldi (d. 1592)
1584 - 1586 Pompeo Rocchi
1586 - 1587 Francesco Argolici
1588 - 1593 Jacques Sacrat
1593 Guillaume de Cheisolme (b. 1547 - d. 1629)
1593 - 1594 Achille Gimnasi (b. 1553 - d. 1594)
1594 - 1598 Geronimo Leopardi
1598 - 1600 Orarzio Capponi (1st time) (b. 1552 - d. 1622)
1600 - 1605 Jean de Tulle
1605 - 1607 Giacomo Rocamador
1607 - 1609 Orarzio Capponi (2nd time) (s.a.)
1609 - 1614 Baldassare Gaddi
1614 - 1615 Cosimo de' Bardi (1st time) (s.a.)
1615 - 1616 Ottavio Mancini
1616 - 1621 Cosimo de' Bardi (2nd time) (s.a.)
1621 - 1627 Cesare Racagna
1627 Antonio Brunacchi
1627 Francisco de Suar�s
1627 - 1630 Perso Caraccio
1630 - 1637 Giovanni Battista Bongo
1637 - 1643 Jean-C�me K�ermans (1st time)
1643 - 1644 Guidobaldo Gallo
1644 - 1652 Jean-C�me K�ermans (2nd time)
1652 - 1657 Mario Buti
1657 - 1664 Cesare Salvani
Aug 1663 - 12 Feb 1664 French occupation
1664 - 1672 Farulfe de Montemarte
1672 - 1682 Michel Antoine de Vibo (d. 1713)
1682 - 3 Oct 1688 Giovanni Rasponi (b. 1646 - d. 1714)
3 Oct 1688 - 27 Oct 1689 French occupation
1689 - 1696 Filippo Onofrio
1696 - 1697 Scipio Zanelli
1698 - 1702 Flavio Barbarossa
1702 - 1707 Francesco Maria Abbati (1st time) (b. 1660 - d. 1735)
1707 - 1711 Bernardino Guinigi (b. 1663 - d. 1729)
1711 Carlo Francesco Gallarini (b. 1660 - d. 1716)
1711 - 1712 Francesco Maria Abbati, (2nd time)(s.a.)
ev�que de Carpentras
1712 - 1716 Alessandro Francesco Codeb� (b. 1665 - d. 1733)
1716 - 1733 Ottavio Gasparini (b. 1676 - d. 1749)
15 Jul 1733 - 1738 Azzolino Cervini (b. 1698 - d. 17..)
1738 - 25 Feb 1745 Alessandro Guiccioli (b. 1680 - d. 1752)
1745 Domenico Giuseppe Inguiberti, (b. 1683 - d. 1757)
ev�que de Carpentras
(Joseph-Dominique d'Inguimbert)
1745 - 1753 Gaspard de Sainte-Croix
26 Dec 1753 - 1755 Tommasso Galli (b. 1699 - d. 1765)
19 Apr 1755 - 1758 Fortunato Savini
8 Aug 1758 - 9 Jun 1768 Carlo Manzoni
9 Jun 1768 - 30 Apr 1774 French occupation Apr 1774 - 1776 Denis Fran�ois R�gis Valoris (b. 1721 - d. 1781)
(Dionisio Francesco Regis Valoris)
Nov 1776 - 1785 Giulio Cesare Zoglio (Zollio) (b. 1733 - d. 1795)
1785 - 1787 Giuseppe Beni, archev�que de (b. 1729 - d. 1806)
Carpentras (Joseph-Vincent de Beni)
1787 - 1790 Cristofano Pierrachi (b. 1741 - d. 1797)
Vice-legate
12 Jun 1790 - 14 Sep 1791 Filippo Casoni (s.a.)

Corsica (Corse): see under France Regions

Dombes: see underProvinces of France to 1791

Franche-Comt� (1814)

3 Jan 1814 - 6 Jun 1814 Occupied by Austrian and Allied forces.
27 Jan 1814 �tat de Franche-Comt� (State of Franche-Comt�) formed by the Allies
(composed of d�partements of Haute-Sa�ne, Doubs, Jura, Vosges,
the restored Principality Porrentruy, and from 4 Feb 1814, former
Principality of Montb�liard). Baron d'Andlau is appointed in the
name of the Allied Powers Governor-general of Haute-Sa�ne, Doubs,
Jura, Vosges and the Principality of Porrentruy by proclamation.
6 Jun 1814 Dissolved.
Governor-general of the State of Franche-Comt�
27 Jan 1814 - 6 Jun 1814 Konrad Karl Friedrich, baron (b. 1766 - d. 1839)
d'Andlau-Birseck (Baden)
(= Baron Conrad-Fr�d�ric d'Andlau)
(continues in Porrentruy to 25 Aug 1815)

Lorraine and Bar: see under Provinces of France to 1791

M�mpelgard (Montb�liard)

to 11 Nov 1793

c.1027 County of M�mpelgard (Montb�liard)(Grafschaft M�mpelgard/Comt�
de Montb�liard).
1065 - 1163 Under Scarponnois dynasty.
1163 - 1283 Under Montfaucon dynasty.
1283 M�mpelgard reichsunmittelbar (however, the counts of Burgundy
retain suzerainty over lordships of Clerval,Grange and
Passavant).
1283 - 1338 Under the Neuenburg and then Burgund-Ivrea dynasties.
14 Feb 1444 - 28 Aug 1593 M�mpelgard, under a collateral branch of W�rttemberg
(with interruptions 1446-73, 1482-1526, 1534-42, 1550-53).
1 May 1534 - 1534 Occupied by France.
28 May 1617 Princely County of M�mpelgard (Gef�rstete Grafschaft M�mpelgard).
28 May 1617 - 25 Feb 1723 M�mpelgard, under a collateral branch of W�rttemberg.
Sep 1633 - Dec 1643 Occupied by France.
5 Nov 1676 - Apr 1679 Occupied by France.
29 Oct 1680 - 2 Feb 1698 Occupied by France.
25 Mar 1723 Passed to W�rttemberg (ruler using style Herzog von W�rttemberg
und Graf von M�mpelgard/Duc de Wurtemberg et comte de Montb�liard).
10 Apr 1734 - 2 Apr 1736 Occupied by France.
10 May 1748 Under French suzerainty (H�ricourt, Ch�telot, Cl�mont, and
Blamont are annexed to France).
10 Oct 1793 Occupied by France.
11 Nov 1793 Montb�liard annexed by France; as part of the d�partement
of Haute-Sa�ne.
9 Feb 1801 Annexation recognized by W�rttemberg in Treaty of Lun�ville.
4 Feb 1814 - 6 Jun 1814 Part of Allied occupied of Franche-Comt� (see above).

Counts (title Graf von M�mpelgard/Comte de Montb�liard)
Oct 1228 - Sep 1283 Theodorich (= Thierry) (b. 1205 - d. 1283)
1283 - 1321 Reinhold (= Renaud) (d. 1321)
1322 � 1338 Otto (= Othenin) (d. 1338)
1338 � Nov 1367 Heinrich I (= Henri I) (b. 1282 - d. 1367)
Dec 1367 � 2 Nov 1397 Stefan (= Stephan) (b. 1335 - d. 1397)
2 Nov 1397 � 14 Feb 1444 Henriette (f) (b. 1387 - d. 1444)
- jointly with -
1407 - 2 Jul 1419 Eberhard IV Graf von W�rttemberg (b. 1388 - d. 1444)
14 Feb 1444 - 2 Sep 1526 the counts of W�rttemberg
2 Sep 1526 - 1534 Georg I "der Vorsichtige" (b. 1498 - d. 1558)
(= Georges I) (1st time)
1 May 1534 - 1534 occupied by France
1534 - 1542 the duke of W�rttemberg
1542 - 6 Nov 1550 Christoph (= Christophe) (b. 1515 - d. 1668)
6 Nov 1550 - 4 May 1553 the dukes of W�rttemberg
4 May 1553 - 17 Jul 1558 Georg I "der Vorsichtige" (s.a.)
(2nd time)
17 Jul 1558 - 28 Aug 1593 Friedrich I (= Fr�d�ric) (b. 1557 - d. 1608)
(from 28 Aug 1593, Duke of W�rttemberg)
28 Aug 1593 - 28 May 1617 the dukes of W�rttemberg
28 May 1617 - 26 Jan 1631 Ludwig Friedrich (= Louis-Fr�d�ric)(b. 1586 - d. 1631)
26 Jan 1631 - Sep 1633 Leopold Friedrich (1st time) (b. 1624 - d. 1662)
(= L�opold-Fr�d�ric)
Sep 1633 - Dec 1643 occupied by France Dec 1643 - 15 Jun 1662 Leopold Friedrich (2nd time) (s.a.)
15 Jun 1662 - 5 Nov 1676 Georg II (= Georges II)(1st time) (b. 1626 - d. 1699)
5 Nov 1676 - Apr 1679 occupied by France
Apr 1679 - 29 Oct 1680 Georg II (2nd time) (s.a.)
29 Oct 1680 - 2 Feb 1698 occupied by France
2 Feb 1698 - 1 Jun 1699 Georg II (3rd time) (s.a.)
1 Jun 1699 - 25 Feb 1723 Leopold Eberhard (b. 1670 - d. 1723)
(= L�opold-Eb�rard)
Dukes and Counts (title _Herzog von W�rttemberg und Graf von M�mpelgard/
Duc de Wurtemberg et Comte de Montb�liard)
25 Feb 1723 - 10 Apr 1734 the dukes of W�rttemberg
25 Feb 1723 - 10 Apr 1734 the governors/statthalter -Regents 10 Apr 1734 - 8 Apr 1736 occupied by France 8 Apr 1736 - 11 Nov 1793 the dukes of W�rttemberg
8 Apr 1736 - 10 Oct 1793 the governors/statthalter -Regents Commander of French Occupation Troops
10 Oct 1793 - 29 Jan 1794 Andr�-Antoine Bernard dit Bernard (b. 1751 - d. 1818)
de Saintes

French Governors
1 May 1534 - 1535? Philippe Chabot, comte de Charny (b. 1492 - d. 1543)
1 May 1534 - 1535? Paul de La Barthe, sieur de (b. 1482 - d. 1562)
Thermes (acting for Chabot)
Sep 1633 - Jun 1636 Charles de Livron, marquis (d. 1671)
de Bourbonne
16 May 1636 - 1636 Louis de Champagne, comte (b. 1576 - d. 1636)
de La Suze
Dec 1636 - 1639 Jacques Rouxel de M�davy, (b. 1603 - d. 1680)
comte de Grancey
+ Louis, marquis de Nettancourt (d. 1673)
(from 1638)
11 Jan 1639 - 10 Dec 1643 Fran�ois de Caumont, marquis de (d. 1656)
Castelmoron et seigneur de
Montpouillan
Dec 1676 � Feb 1677 Fran�ois Rose, seigneur de (b. c.1623 - d. 1704)
Provench�res
Feb 1677 � Apr 1679 de Beaulieu (1st time)
29 Oct 1680 - 1698? de Beaulieu (2nd time)Governors
1684 - 20 Dec 1698 Friedrich Karl von Herzog (b. 1652 - d. 1698)
W�rttemberg-Winnental
1698 - 1723 Vacant
1723 - 1733 Friedrich Wilhelm Graf von (b. 1666 - d. 1755)
Gr�venitz
1728 - 17.. Pierre B�nigne Languet, baron de (b. 1669 - d. 1743)
Montigny (acting for Gr�venitz)
1733 - 1734? Ulrich von Negendank (d. 1767)
Apr 1734 - Feb 1735 Fran�ois Bernardin Noblat (b. 1714 - d. 1792)
(sub-delegate of intendant of Alsace)
25 Feb 1735 - 2 Apr 1736 Coste de Rantzevelle (sub-delegate of intendant of Besan�on)
2 Apr 1736 - 1736 Friedrich Karl de Montolieu (acting)
1736 - 26 Dec 1736 Johann Eberhard Georg (Georgii) (b. 1694 - d. 1772)
(kammerdirektor) (acting)
1736 - 1748 Arnold Franz de Tornaco (b. 1696 - d. 1766)
1736? � 1738 Henri Jacquin de B�thoncourt (b. 1685 - d. 1738)
(president of administration)
(acting for Tornaco?)
1748 - 1756 Reinhard von Gemmingen-Guttenberg (b. 1698 - d. 1773)
1756? - 13 Mar 1759 Joseph Christoph von Palm (b. 1706 - d. 1781)
1759 - 3 Jan 1760 Carl Georg August von Oppel (b. 1725 - d. 1760)
1760 - 1765? Wilhelm Eberhard von Faber (b. 1701 - d. 1781)
1765 - 1773? Carl Gustaf Friedrich von Uexk�ll (b. 1716 - d. 1801)
(�xk�ll-Gyllenband)
1773? - 1786 Jean Jacques de Goll (acting) (b. c.1732 - d. 1792)10 Mar 1786 - 10 Oct 1793 Friedrich Eugen Herzog von (b. 1732 - d. 1797)
W�rttemberg (statthalter/stadhouder from 1769)

M�lhausen (Mulhouse)

c.1770 - 15 Mar 1798

803 Mulhusium (M�lhausen) first mentioned in a document.

1227 M�lhausen (Mulhouse) a city.

5 Aug 1275Emperor Rudolf I grants a diploma to the bourgeois of M�lhausen

(Mulhouse) granting the privilege of possessing fiefs and not to

be cited before foreign courts.

1293 Imperial free city status by Emperor Adolf (confirmed again by
Emperor Karl IV in 1347)(Freie Reichsstadt M�lhausen). There were
three mayors 1587-95 and from 1602, alternating with the first
mayors being "in charge" at any time; three "succession lines"
can be distinguished (often referred to as the Stadtrepublik M�lhausen).
1347 Adoption of a republican organization, election of the first mayor.
1354 - 1678 Member of the League of Ten Alsatian cities ("Decapolis").
1395 End of direct tutelage of the Emperor on the city and link with
the Empire limited to regal functions.
19 Jan 1515 M�lhausen an associate member (Zugewandter Ort) of the
Swiss Confederation.
24 Oct 1648 Recognized by France as part of the Swiss Confederation.
28 Jan 1798 Requests annexation to France, after council vote of 4 Jan 1798.
15 Mar 1798 Incorporated into France (part of d�partement Haut-Rhin).
9 Feb 1801 Formally ceded to France (afterwards follows Alsace-Lorraine).

Mayors (B�rgermeister)
- 1st Line -
18 Dec 1699 - 19 Dec 1700 Gottfridt Engelman (4th time) (b. 1637 - d. 1719)
19 Dec 1700 - 17 Dec 1701 Hans Ge�rg H�ssler (d. 1741)
17 Dec 1701 - 21 Dec 1702 Josua F�rstenberger (1st time) (b. 1646 - d. 1732)
21 Dec 1702 - 20 Dec 1703 Gottfridt Engelman (5th time) (s.a.)
20 Dec 1703 - 18 Dec 1704 Nikolaus Rissler (1st time)
18 Dec 1704 - 17 Dec 1705 Josua F�rstenberger (2nd time) (s.a.)
17 Dec 1705 - 23 Dec 1706 Gottfridt Engelman (6th time) (s.a.)
23 Dec 1706 - 22 Dec 1707 Nikolaus Rissler (2nd time)
22 Dec 1707 - 20 Dec 1708 Josua F�rstenberger (3rd time) (s.a.)
20 Dec 1708 - 19 Dec 1709 Gottfridt Engelman (7th time) (s.a.)
19 Dec 1709 - 18 Dec 1710 Nikolaus Rissler (3rd time)
18 Dec 1710 - 17 Dec 1711 Josua F�rstenberger (4th time) (s.a.)
17 Dec 1711 - 22 Dec 1712 Gottfridt Engelman (8th time) (s.a.)
22 Dec 1712 - 21 Dec 1713 Johannes Dollfus (1st time) (b. 1635 - d. 1716)
21 Dec 1713 - 20 Dec 1714 Josua F�rstenberger (5th time) (s.a.)
20 Dec 1714 - 19 Dec 1715 Gottfridt Engelman (9th time) (s.a.)
19 Dec 1715 - 17 Dec 1716 Johannes Dollfus (2nd time) (s.a.)
17 Dec 1716 - 23 Dec 1717 Josua F�rstenberger (6th time) (s.a.)
23 Dec 1717 - 22 Dec 1718 Gottfridt Engelman (10th time) (s.a.)
22 Dec 1718 - 21 Dec 1719 Johannes Hofer (1st time) (b. 1669 - d. 1752)
21 Dec 1719 - 19 Dec 1720 Josua F�rstenberger (7th time) (s.a.)
19 Dec 1720 - 18 Dec 1721 Hans Thiebold Schmerber (1st time) (b. 1645 - d. 1727)
18 Dec 1721 - 17 Dec 1722 Johannes Hofer (2nd time) (s.a.)
17 Dec 1722 - 23 Dec 1723 Josua F�rstenberger (8th time) (s.a.)
23 Dec 1723 - 21 Dec 1724 Hans Thiebold Schmerber (2nd time) (s.a.)
21 Dec 1724 - 20 Dec 1725 Johannes Hofer (3rd time) (s.a.)
20 Dec 1725 - 19 Dec 1726 Josua F�rstenberger (9th time) (s.a.)
19 Dec 1726 - 18 Dec 1727 Hans Thiebold Schmerber (3rd time) (s.a.)
18 Dec 1727 - 23 Dec 1728 Johannes Hofer (4th time) (s.a.)
23 Dec 1728 - 22 Dec 1729 Josua F�rstenberger (10th time) (s.a.)
22 Dec 1729 - 21 Dec 1730 Wolf Friedrich Cornetz (1st time) (b. 1665 - d. 1742)
21 Dec 1730 - 21 Dec 1731 Johannes Hofer (5th time) (s.a.)
20 Dec 1731 - 8 Feb 1732 Josua F�rstenberger (11th time) (s.a.)
8 Feb 1732 - 18 Dec 1732 .... (acting)
18 Dec 1732 - 17 Dec 1733 Wolf Friedrich Cornetz (2nd time) (s.a.)
17 Dec 1733 - 23 Dec 1734 Johannes Hofer (6th time) (s.a.)
23 Dec 1734 - 22 Dec 1735 Paulus Schwartz (b. 1694 - d. 1774)
22 Dec 1735 - 20 Dec 1736 Wolf Friedrich Cornetz (3rd time) (s.a.)
20 Dec 1736 - 19 Dec 1737 Johannes Hofer (7th time) (s.a.)
19 Dec 1737 - 18 Dec 1738 Hans Heinrich Dolfuss (1st time) (b. 1667 - d. 1747)
18 Dec 1738 - 17 Dec 1739 Wolf Friedrich Cornetz (4th time) (s.a.)
17 Dec 1739 - 22 Dec 1740 Johannes Hofer (8th time) (s.a.)
22 Dec 1740 - 21 Dec 1741 Hans Heinrich Dolfuss (2nd time) (s.a.)
21 Dec 1741 - 20 Dec 1742 Wolf Friedrich Cornetz (5th time) (s.a.)
20 Dec 1742 - 20 Dec 1742 Johannes Hofer (9th time) (s.a.)
19 Dec 1743 - 17 Dec 1744 Hans Heinrich Dolfuss (3rd time) (s.a.)
17 Dec 1744 - 14 Dec 1745 Philip Jacob Freiss (b. 1658 - d. 1746)
14 Dec 1745 - 22 Dec 1746 Johannes Hofer (10th time) (s.a.)
22 Dec 1746 - 21 Dec 1747 Hans Heinrich Dolfuss (4th time) (s.a.)
21 Dec 1747 - 19 Dec 1748 Hans Michel Hartmann (1st time) (b. 1680 - d. 1753)
19 Dec 1748 - 18 Dec 1749 Johannes Hofer (11th time) (s.a.)
18 Dec 1749 - 17 Dec 1750 Sebastian Sp�rlin (1st time) (b. 1681 - d. 1760)
17 Dec 1750 - 23 Dec 1751 Hans Michel Hartmann (2nd time) (s.a.)
23 Dec 1751 - 21 Dec 1752 Johannes Hofer "der J�ngere" (b. 1697 - d. 1781)
(1st time)
21 Dec 1752 - 20 Dec 1753 Sebastian Sp�rlin (2nd time) (s.a.)
20 Dec 1753 - 19 Dec 1754 Niclaus Heilmann zum Engel (b. 1689 - d. 1766)
(1st time)
19 Dec 1754 - 18 Dec 1755 Johannes Hofer "die Junger" (s.a.)
(2nd time)
18 Dec 1755 - 23 Dec 1756 Sebastian Sp�rlin (3rd time) (s.a.)
23 Dec 1756 - 22 Dec 1757 Niclaus Heilmann zum Engel (s.a.)
(2nd time)
22 Dec 1757 - 21 Dec 1758 Johannes Hofer "der J�ngere" (s.a.)
(3rd time)
21 Dec 1758 - 20 Dec 1759 Sebastian Sp�rlin (4th time) (s.a.)
20 Dec 1759 - 18 Dec 1760 Niclaus Heilmann zum Engel (s.a.)
(3rd time)
18 Dec 1760 - 17 Dec 1761 Johannes Hofer "der J�ngere" (s.a.)
(4th time)
17 Dec 1761 - 23 Dec 1762 Josua Rissler (1st time) (b. 1702 - d. 1774)
23 Dec 1762 - 22 Dec 1763 Niclaus Heilmann zum Engel (s.a.)
(4th time)
22 Dec 1763 - 20 Dec 1764 Johannes Hofer "der J�ngere" (s.a.)
(5th time)
20 Dec 1764 - 20 Dec 1764 Josua Rissler (2nd time) (s.a.)
19 Dec 1765 - 18 Dec 1766 Niclaus Heilmann zum Engel (s.a.)
(5th time)
18 Dec 1766 - 17 Dec 1767 Johannes Hofer "der J�ngere" (s.a.)
(6th time)
17 Dec 1767 - 22 Dec 1768 Josua Rissler (3rd time) (s.a.)
22 Dec 1768 - 21 Dec 1769 Friedrich Cornetz (1st time) (b. 1706 - d. 1780)
21 Dec 1769 - 20 Dec 1770 Johannes Hofer "der J�ngere" (s.a.)
(7th time)
20 Dec 1770 - 19 Dec 1771 Josua Rissler (4th time) (s.a.)
19 Dec 1771 - 17 Dec 1772 Friedrich Cornetz (2nd time) (s.a.)
17 Dec 1772 - 23 Dec 1773 Johannes Hofer "die Junger" (s.a.)
(8th time)
23 Dec 1773 - 22 Dec 1774 Josua Rissler (5th time) (s.a.)
22 Dec 1774 - 21 Dec 1775 Friedrich Cornetz (3rd time) (s.a.)
21 Dec 1775 - 19 Dec 1776 Johannes Hofer "die Junger" (s.a.)
(9th time)
19 Dec 1776 - 18 Dec 1777 Josua Rissler (6th time) (s.a.)
18 Dec 1777 - 17 Dec 1778 Friedrich Cornetz (4th time) (s.a.)
17 Dec 1778 - 23 Dec 1779 Johannes Hofer "der J�ngere" (s.a.)
(10th time)
23 Dec 1779 - 21 Dec 1780 Johannes Heinrich Dollfuss (b. 1731 - d. 1804)
(1st time)
21 Dec 1780 - 20 Dec 1781 Johannes Michael Sp�rlein (b. 1713 - d. 1797)
(1st time)
20 Dec 1781 - 19 Dec 1782 Johannes Dollfuss (1st time) (b. 1729 - d. 1800)
19 Dec 1782 - 18 Dec 1783 Johannes Heinrich Dollfuss (s.a.)
(2nd time)
18 Dec 1783 - 23 Dec 1784 Johannes Michael Sp�rlein (s.a.)
(2nd time)
23 Dec 1784 - 23 Dec 1785 Johannes Dollfuss (2nd time) (s.a.)
23 Dec 1785 - 21 Dec 1786 Johannes Heinrich Dollfuss (s.a.)
(3rd time)
21 Dec 1786 - 20 Dec 1787 Johannes Michael Sp�rlein (s.a.)
(3rd time)
20 Dec 1787 - 18 Dec 1788 Johannes Dollfuss (3rd time) (s.a.)
18 Dec 1788 - 17 Dec 1789 Johannes Heinrich Dollfuss (s.a.)
(4th time)
17 Dec 1789 - 23 Dec 1790 Johannes Michael Sp�rlein (s.a.)
(4th time)
23 Dec 1790 - 22 Dec 1791 Johannes Dollfuss (4th time) (s.a.)
22 Dec 1791 - 20 Dec 1792 Johannes Heinrich Dollfuss (s.a.)
(5th time)
20 Dec 1792 - 19 Dec 1793 Paulus Blech (1st time) (b. 1728 - d. 1796)
19 Dec 1793 - 18 Dec 1794 Johannes Dollfuss (5th time) (s.a.)
18 Dec 1794 - 17 Dec 1795 Johannes Heinrich Dollfuss (s.a.)
(6th time)
17 Dec 1795 - 22 Dec 1796 Paulus Blech (2nd time) (s.a.)
22 Dec 1796 - 21 Dec 1797 Johannes Dollfuss (6th time) (s.a.)
21 Dec 1797 - 15 Mar 1798 Johannes Heinrich Dollfuss (s.a.)
(7th time)
- 2nd Line -
18 Dec 1699 - 19 Dec 1700 Hans Ge�rg H�ssler (2nd time) (s.a.)
19 Dec 1700 - 17 Dec 1701 Josua F�rstenberger (2nd time) (s.a.)
17 Dec 1701 - 21 Dec 1702 Gottfridt Engelman (5th time) (s.a.)
21 Dec 1702 - 20 Dec 1703 Hans Ge�rg H�ssler (3rd time) (s.a.)
20 Dec 1703 - 18 Dec 1704 Josua F�rstenberger (3rd time) (s.a.)
18 Dec 1704 - 17 Dec 1705 Gottfridt Engelman (6th time) (s.a.)
17 Dec 1705 - 23 Dec 1706 Niclaus Rissler (1st time)
23 Dec 1706 - 22 Dec 1707 Josua F�rstenberger (4th time) (s.a.)
22 Dec 1707 - 20 Dec 1708 Gottfridt Engelman (7th time) (s.a.)
22 Dec 1707 - 20 Dec 1708 Niclaus Rissler (2nd time)
20 Dec 1708 - 19 Dec 1709 Josua F�rstenberger (5th time) (s.a.)
18 Dec 1710 - 17 Dec 1711 Gottfridt Engelman (8th time) (s.a.)
17 Dec 1711 - 22 Dec 1712 Johannes Dollfus (1st time) (s.a.)
22 Dec 1712 - 21 Dec 1713 Josua F�rstenberger (6th time) (s.a.)
21 Dec 1713 - 20 Dec 1714 Gottfridt Engelman (9th time) (s.a.)
20 Dec 1714 - 19 Dec 1715 Johannes Dollfus (2nd time) (s.a.)
19 Dec 1715 - 17 Dec 1716 Josua F�rstenberger (7th time) (s.a.)
17 Dec 1716 - 23 Dec 1717 Gottfridt Engelman (10th time) (s.a.)
23 Dec 1717 - 22 Dec 1718 Johannes Hofer (1st time) (s.a.)
22 Dec 1718 - 21 Dec 1719 Josua F�rstenberger (8th time) (s.a.)
21 Dec 1719 - 18 Dec 1721 Johannes Hofer (2nd time) (s.a.)
18 Dec 1721 - 17 Dec 1722 Josua F�rstenberger (9th time) (s.a.)
17 Dec 1722 - 23 Dec 1723 Hans Thiebold Schmerber (1st time) (s.a.)
23 Dec 1723 - 21 Dec 1724 Johannes Hofer (3rd time) (s.a.)
21 Dec 1724 - 20 Dec 1725 Josua F�rstenberger (10th time) (s.a.)
20 Dec 1725 - 19 Dec 1726 Hans Thiebold Schmerber (2nd time) (s.a.)
19 Dec 1726 - 18 Dec 1727 Johannes Hofer (4th time) (s.a.)
18 Dec 1727 - 23 Dec 1728 Josua F�rstenberger (11th time) (s.a.)
23 Dec 1728 - 22 Dec 1729 Wolf Friedrich Cornetz (1st time) (s.a.)
22 Dec 1729 - 21 Dec 1730 Johannes Hofer (5th time) (s.a.)
21 Dec 1730 - 21 Dec 1731 Josua F�rstenberger (12th time) (s.a.)
20 Dec 1731 - 18 Dec 1732 Wolf Friedrich Cornetz (2nd time) (s.a.)
18 Dec 1732 - 17 Dec 1733 Johannes Hofer (6th time) (s.a.)
17 Dec 1733 - 23 Dec 1734 Paulus Schwartz (1st time)
23 Dec 1734 - 22 Dec 1735 Wolf Friedrich Cornetz (3rd time) (s.a.)
22 Dec 1735 - 20 Dec 1736 Johannes Hofer (7th time) (s.a.)
20 Dec 1736 - 19 Dec 1737 Paulus Schwartz (2nd time)
19 Dec 1737 - 18 Dec 1738 Wolf Friedrich Cornetz (4th time) (s.a.)
18 Dec 1738 - 17 Dec 1739 Johannes Hofer (8th time) (s.a.)
17 Dec 1739 - 22 Dec 1740 Hans Heinrich Dolfuss (1st time) (s.a.)
22 Dec 1740 - 21 Dec 1741 Wolf Friedrich Cornetz (5th time) (s.a.)
21 Dec 1741 - 20 Dec 1742 Johannes Hofer (9th time) (s.a.)
20 Dec 1742 - 20 Dec 1742 Hans Heinrich Dolfuss (2nd time) (s.a.)
19 Dec 1743 - 17 Dec 1744 Philip Jacob Freiss (s.a.)
17 Dec 1744 - 14 Dec 1745 Johannes Hofer (10th time) (s.a.)
14 Dec 1745 - 22 Dec 1746 Hans Heinrich Dolfuss (3rd time) (s.a.)
22 Dec 1746 - 21 Dec 1747 Hans Michel Hartmann (1st time) (s.a.)
21 Dec 1747 - 19 Dec 1748 Johannes Hofer (11th time) (s.a.)
19 Dec 1748 - 18 Dec 1749 Sebastian Sp�rlin (1st time) (s.a.)
18 Dec 1749 - 17 Dec 1750 Hans Michel Hartmann (2nd time) (s.a.)
17 Dec 1750 - 23 Dec 1751 Johannes Hofer (12th time) (s.a.)
23 Dec 1751 - 21 Dec 1752 Sebastian Sp�rlin (2nd time) (s.a.)
21 Dec 1752 - 20 Dec 1753 Hans Michel Hartmann (3rd time) (s.a.)
20 Dec 1753 - 19 Dec 1754 Johannes Hofer "der J�ngere" (s.a.)
(1st time)
19 Dec 1754 - 18 Dec 1755 Sebastian Sp�rlin (3rd time) (s.a.)
18 Dec 1755 - 23 Dec 1756 Niclaus Heylmann zum Engel (s.a.)
(1st time)
23 Dec 1756 - 22 Dec 1757 Johannes Hofer "der J�ngere" (s.a.)
(2nd time)
22 Dec 1757 - 21 Dec 1758 Sebastian Sp�rlin (4th time) (s.a.)
21 Dec 1758 - 20 Dec 1759 Niclaus Heilmann zum Engel (s.a.)
(2nd time)
20 Dec 1759 - 18 Dec 1760 Johannes Hofer "der J�ngere" (s.a.)
(3rd time)
18 Dec 1760 - 17 Dec 1761 Josua Rissler (1st time) (s.a.)
17 Dec 1761 - 23 Dec 1762 Niclaus Heilmann zum Engel (s.a.)
(3rd time)
23 Dec 1762 - 22 Dec 1763 Johannes Hofer "der J�ngere" (s.a.)
(4th time)
22 Dec 1763 - 20 Dec 1764 Josua Rissler (2nd time) (s.a.)
20 Dec 1764 - 19 Dec 1765 Niclaus Heilmann zum Engel (s.a.)
(4th time)
19 Dec 1765 - 18 Dec 1766 Johannes Hofer "der J�ngere" (s.a.)
(5th time)
18 Dec 1766 - 17 Dec 1767 Josua Rissler (3rd time) (s.a.)
17 Dec 1767 - 22 Dec 1768 Friedrich Cornetz (1st time) (s.a.)
22 Dec 1768 - 21 Dec 1769 Johannes Hofer "der J�ngere" (s.a.)
(6th time)
21 Dec 1769 - 20 Dec 1770 Josua Rissler (4th time) (s.a.)
20 Dec 1770 - 19 Dec 1771 Friedrich Cornetz (2nd time) (s.a.)
19 Dec 1771 - 17 Dec 1772 Johannes Hofer "der J�ngere" (s.a.)
(7th time)
17 Dec 1772 - 23 Dec 1773 Josua Rissler (5th time) (s.a.)
23 Dec 1773 - 22 Dec 1774 Friedrich Cornetz (3rd time) (s.a.)
22 Dec 1774 - 21 Dec 1775 Johannes Hofer "der J�ngere" (s.a.)
(8th time)
21 Dec 1775 - 19 Dec 1776 Josua Rissler (6th time) (s.a.)
19 Dec 1776 - 18 Dec 1777 Friedrich Cornetz (4th time) (s.a.)
18 Dec 1777 - 17 Dec 1778 Johannes Hofer "der J�ngere" (s.a.)
(9th time)
17 Dec 1778 - 23 Dec 1779 Johannes Heinrich Dollfuss (s.a.)
(1st time)
23 Dec 1779 - 21 Dec 1780 Friedrich Cornetz (5th time) (s.a.)
21 Dec 1780 - 30 Oct 1781 Johannes Hofer "der J�ngere" (s.a.)
(10th time)
30 Oct 1781 - 20 Dec 1781 .... (acting)
20 Dec 1781 - 19 Dec 1782 Johannes Heinrich Dollfuss (s.a.)
(2nd time)
19 Dec 1782 - 18 Dec 1783 Johannes Michael Sp�rlein (s.a.)
(1st time)
18 Dec 1783 - 23 Dec 1784 Johannes Dollfuss (1st time) (s.a.)
23 Dec 1784 - 23 Dec 1785 Johannes Heinrich Dollfuss (s.a.)
(3rd time)
23 Dec 1785 - 20 Dec 1787 Johannes Dollfuss (2nd time) (s.a.)
20 Dec 1787 - 18 Dec 1788 Johannes Heinrich Dollfuss (s.a.)
(4th time)
18 Dec 1788 - 17 Dec 1789 Johannes Michael Sp�rlein (s.a.)
(2nd time)
17 Dec 1789 - 23 Dec 1790 Johannes Dollfuss (3rd time) (s.a.)
23 Dec 1790 - 22 Dec 1791 Johannes Heinrich Dollfuss (s.a.)
(5th time)
22 Dec 1791 - 20 Dec 1792 Paulus Blech (1st time) (s.a.)
20 Dec 1792 - 19 Dec 1793 Johannes Dollfuss (4th time) (s.a.)
19 Dec 1793 - 18 Dec 1794 Johannes Heinrich Dollfuss (s.a.)
(6th time)
18 Dec 1794 - 17 Dec 1795 Paulus Blech (2nd time) (s.a.)
17 Dec 1795 - 22 Dec 1796 Johannes Dollfuss (5th time) (s.a.)
22 Dec 1796 - 21 Dec 1797 Johannes Heinrich Dollfuss (s.a.)
(7th time)
21 Dec 1797 - 15 Mar 1798 Johannes Dollfuss (6th time) (s.a.)
- 3rd Line -
18 Dec 1699 - 19 Dec 1700 Josua F�rstenberger (1st time) (s.a.)
19 Dec 1700 - 17 Dec 1701 Gottfridt Engelman (2nd time) (s.a.)
17 Dec 1701 - 21 Dec 1702 Hans Ge�rg H�ssler (3rd time) (s.a.)
21 Dec 1702 - 20 Dec 1703 Josua F�rstenberger (2nd time) (s.a.)
20 Dec 1703 - 18 Dec 1704 Gottfridt Engelman (3rd time) (s.a.)
18 Dec 1704 - 17 Dec 1705 Niclaus Rissler (1st time)
17 Dec 1705 - 23 Dec 1706 Josua F�rstenberger (3rd time) (s.a.)
23 Dec 1706 - 22 Dec 1707 Gottfridt Engelman (4th time) (s.a.)
22 Dec 1707 - 20 Dec 1708 Niclaus Rissler (2nd time)
22 Dec 1707 - 20 Dec 1708 Josua F�rstenberger (4th time) (s.a.)
20 Dec 1708 - 19 Dec 1709 Gottfridt Engelman (5th time) (s.a.)
18 Dec 1710 - 17 Dec 1711 Johannes Dollfus (1st time) (s.a.)
17 Dec 1711 - 22 Dec 1712 Josua F�rstenberger (5th time) (s.a.)
22 Dec 1712 - 21 Dec 1713 Gottfridt Engelman (6th time) (s.a.)
21 Dec 1713 - 20 Dec 1714 Johannes Dollfus (2nd time) (s.a.)
20 Dec 1714 - 19 Dec 1715 Josua F�rstenberger (6th time) (s.a.)
19 Dec 1715 - 17 Dec 1716 Gottfridt Engelman (7th time) (s.a.)
17 Dec 1716 - 23 Dec 1717 Johannes Hofer (1st time) (s.a.)
23 Dec 1717 - 22 Dec 1718 Josua F�rstenberger (7th time) (s.a.)
22 Dec 1718 - 21 Dec 1719 Gottfridt Engelman (8th time) (s.a.)
21 Dec 1719 - 19 Dec 1720 Hans Thiebold Schmerber (1st time) (s.a.)
19 Dec 1720 - 18 Dec 1721 Josua F�rstenberger (8th time) (s.a.)
18 Dec 1721 - 17 Dec 1722 Hans Thiebold Schmerber (2nd time) (s.a.)
17 Dec 1722 - 23 Dec 1723 Johannes Hofer (2nd time) (s.a.)
23 Dec 1723 - 21 Dec 1724 Josua F�rstenberger (9th time) (s.a.)
21 Dec 1724 - 20 Dec 1725 Hans Thiebold Schmerber (3rd time) (s.a.)
20 Dec 1725 - 19 Dec 1726 Johannes Hofer (3rd time) (s.a.)
19 Dec 1726 - 18 Dec 1727 Josua F�rstenberger (10th time) (s.a.)
18 Dec 1727 - 23 Dec 1728 Wolf Friedrich Cornetz (1st time) (s.a.)
23 Dec 1728 - 22 Dec 1729 Johannes Hofer (4th time) (s.a.)
22 Dec 1729 - 21 Dec 1730 Josua F�rstenberger (11th time) (s.a.)
21 Dec 1730 - 21 Dec 1731 Wolf Friedrich Cornetz (1st time) (s.a.)
20 Dec 1731 - 18 Dec 1732 Johannes Hofer (5th time) (s.a.)
18 Dec 1732 - 17 Dec 1733 Paulus Schwartz (1st time)
17 Dec 1733 - 23 Dec 1734 Wolf Friedrich Cornetz (2nd time) (s.a.)
23 Dec 1734 - 22 Dec 1735 Johannes Hofer (6th time) (s.a.)
22 Dec 1735 - 20 Dec 1736 Paulus Schwartz (2nd time)
20 Dec 1736 - 19 Dec 1737 Wolf Friedrich Cornetz (3rd time) (s.a.)
19 Dec 1737 - 18 Dec 1738 Johannes Hofer (7th time) (s.a.)
18 Dec 1738 - 17 Dec 1739 Hans Heinrich Dolfuss (1st time) (s.a.)
17 Dec 1739 - 22 Dec 1740 Wolf Friedrich Cornetz (4th time) (s.a.)
22 Dec 1740 - 21 Dec 1741 Johannes Hofer (8th time) (s.a.)
21 Dec 1741 - 20 Dec 1742 Hans Heinrich Dolfuss (2nd time) (s.a.)
20 Dec 1742 - 20 Dec 1742 Philip Jacob Friess (1st time) (s.a.)
19 Dec 1743 - 17 Dec 1744 Johannes Hofer (9th time) (s.a.)
17 Dec 1744 - 14 Dec 1745 Hans Heinrich Dolfuss (3rd time) (s.a.)
14 Dec 1745 - 22 Dec 1746 Philip Jacob Friess (2nd time) (s.a.)
22 Dec 1746 - 21 Dec 1747 Johannes Hofer (10th time) (s.a.)
21 Dec 1747 - 19 Dec 1748 Sebastian Sp�rlin (1st time) (s.a.)
19 Dec 1748 - 18 Dec 1749 Hans Michel Hartmann (1st time) (s.a.)
18 Dec 1749 - 17 Dec 1750 Johannes Hofer "der J�ngere" (s.a.)
(1st time)
17 Dec 1750 - 23 Dec 1751 Sebastian Sp�rlin (2nd time) (s.a.)
23 Dec 1751 - 21 Dec 1752 Hans Michel Hartmann (2nd time) (s.a.)
21 Dec 1752 - 20 Dec 1753 Johannes Hofer "der J�ngere" (s.a.)
(2nd time)
20 Dec 1753 - 19 Dec 1754 Sebastian Sp�rlin (3rd time) (s.a.)
19 Dec 1754 - 18 Dec 1755 Niclaus Heilmann zum Engel (s.a.)
(1st time)
18 Dec 1755 - 23 Dec 1756 Johannes Hofer "der J�ngere" (s.a.)
(3rd time)
23 Dec 1756 - 22 Dec 1757 Sebastian Sp�rlin (4th time) (s.a.)
22 Dec 1757 - 21 Dec 1758 Niclaus Heilmann zum Engel (s.a.)
(2nd time)
21 Dec 1758 - 20 Dec 1759 Johannes Hofer "der J�ngere" (s.a.)
(4th time)
20 Dec 1759 - 18 Dec 1760 Sebastian Sp�rlin (5th time) (s.a.)
18 Dec 1760 - 17 Dec 1761 Niclaus Heilmann zum Engel (s.a.)
(3rd time)
17 Dec 1761 - 23 Dec 1762 Johannes Hofer "der J�ngere" (s.a.)
(5th time)
23 Dec 1762 - 22 Dec 1763 Jacob Rissler (1st time) (s.a.)
22 Dec 1763 - 20 Dec 1764 Niclaus Heilmann zum Engel (s.a.)
(4th time)
20 Dec 1764 - 19 Dec 1765 Johannes Hofer "der J�ngere" (s.a.)
(6th time)
19 Dec 1765 - 18 Dec 1766 Jacob Rissler (2nd time) (s.a.)
18 Dec 1766 - 17 Dec 1767 Friedrich Cornetz (1st time) (s.a.)
17 Dec 1767 - 22 Dec 1768 Johannes Hofer "der J�ngere" (s.a.)
(7th time)
22 Dec 1768 - 21 Dec 1769 Jacob Rissler (3rd time) (s.a.)
21 Dec 1769 - 20 Dec 1770 Friedrich Cornetz (2nd time) (s.a.)
20 Dec 1770 - 19 Dec 1771 Johannes Hofer "der J�ngere" (s.a.)
(8th time)
19 Dec 1771 - 17 Dec 1772 Jacob Rissler (4th time) (s.a.)
17 Dec 1772 - 23 Dec 1773 Friedrich Cornetz (3rd time) (s.a.)
23 Dec 1773 - 22 Dec 1774 Johannes Hofer "der J�ngere" (s.a.)
(9th time)
22 Dec 1774 - 21 Dec 1775 Jacob Rissler (5th time) (s.a.)
21 Dec 1775 - 19 Dec 1776 Friedrich Cornetz (4th time) (s.a.)
19 Dec 1776 - 18 Dec 1777 Johannes Hofer "der J�ngere" (s.a.)
(10th time)
18 Dec 1777 - 17 Dec 1778 Jacob Rissler (6th time) (s.a.)
17 Dec 1778 - 23 Dec 1779 Friedrich Cornetz (5th time) (s.a.)
23 Dec 1779 - 30 Oct 1780 Johannes Hofer "der J�ngere" (s.a.)
(11th time)
30 Oct 1780 - 21 Dec 1780 .... (acting)
21 Dec 1780 - 20 Dec 1781 Johannes Heinrich Dollfuss (s.a.)
(1st time)
20 Dec 1781 - 19 Dec 1782 Johannes Michael Sp�rlein (s.a.)
(1st time)
19 Dec 1782 - 18 Dec 1783 Johannes Dollfuss (1st time) (s.a.)
18 Dec 1783 - 23 Dec 1784 Johannes Heinrich Dollfuss (s.a.)
(2nd time)
23 Dec 1784 - 21 Dec 1786 Johannes Michael Sp�rlein (s.a.)
(2nd time)
21 Dec 1786 - 20 Dec 1787 Johannes Heinrich Dollfuss (s.a.)
(3rd time)
20 Dec 1787 - 18 Dec 1788 Johannes Michael Sp�rlein (s.a.)
(3rd time)
18 Dec 1788 - 17 Dec 1789 Johannes Dollfuss (2nd time) (s.a.)
17 Dec 1789 - 23 Dec 1790 Johannes Heinrich Dollfuss (s.a.)
(4th time)
23 Dec 1790 - 22 Dec 1791 Johannes Michael Sp�rlein (s.a.)
(4th time)
22 Dec 1791 - 20 Dec 1792 Johannes Dollfuss (3rd time) (s.a.)
20 Dec 1792 - 19 Dec 1793 Johannes Heinrich Dollfuss (s.a.)
(5th time)
19 Dec 1793 - 18 Dec 1794 Paulus Blech (1st time) (s.a.)
18 Dec 1794 - 17 Dec 1795 Johannes Dollfuss (4th time) (s.a.)
17 Dec 1795 - 22 Dec 1796 Johannes Heinrich Dollfuss (s.a.)
(6th time)
22 Dec 1796 - 15 Mar 1798 Johannes (Jean) Hofer (b. 1746 - d. 1810)
President of the Municipality
15 Mar 1798 - 21 Dec 1800 Pierre Thierry (b. 1743 - d. 1807)
Mayor
21 Dec 1800 - 9 Feb 1801 Jean-Michel Hofer (b. 1747 - d. 1808)
(continues to 1807)

Navarre: see B�arn et Navarre under Provinces of France to 1791

Orange: see under Provinces of France to 1791

Communes of 1870-1871Note: The insurrectionary communes in France in 1870�1871 were communes distinguished by their refusal to accept to two significant events: first, France's capitulation in the Franco-Prussian War, and second, the submission to the authority of the Versailles government. In their place, these communes supported a new organization of the French Republic based on direct democracy, otherwise known as communism. While the initial uprisings were led by the Commune of Lyon and the Marseille Commune, the most important was the Commune of Paris. There were attempts to establish Communes in other cities- Saint-�tienne Commune (Mar 24-28 1871), the Narbonne Commune (Mar 24-31 1871), the Commune of Le Creusot (26-28 Mar 1871), and the Commune of Toulouse (Mar 24-27 1871). Uprisings also attempted in Bordeaux, Cuers, Foix, Grenoble, Limoges, N�mes, Le Havre**,** P�rigueux, and Rouen**.**

Paris Commune

29 Mar 1871 - 28 May 1871

18 Mar 1871 Commune of Paris (in rebellion against French government).
18 Mar 1871 Departure of all government ministries for Versailles ordered by
acting President Adolphe Thiers.
7 Apr 1871 French army captures the Seine River crossing at Neuilly.
3 May 1871 French government begins conquest of Communard areas.
9 May 1871 Fort Issay captured by the French army.
28 May 1871 Commune extinguished.

Presidents of the Commune (in rebellion)
18 Mar 1871 - 28 Mar 1871 Central Committee of the Republican
Federation of the National Guard
28 Mar 1871 Charles Victor Beslay (acting) (b. 1795 - d. 1878) Int
29 Mar 1871 Gustave Adolphe Lefran�ais (b. 1826 - d. 1901) SR
29 Mar 1871 - 20 Apr 1871 Executive Commission
- �mile D�sir� Fran�ois Eudes (b. 1843 - d. 1888) Bla
(to 3 Apr 1871)
- �mile Victor Duval (b. 1841 - d. 1871) Bla/Int
(to 4 Apr 1871)
- Jules Henri Marius Bergeret (b. 1830 - d. 1905) Mil
(to 3 Apr 1871)
- Edm� Marie Gustave Tridon (b. 1841 - d. 1871) Bla
- Gustave Adolphe Lefran�ais (s.a.) SR
(to 3 Apr 1871)
- F�lix Pyat (b. 1810 - d. 1889) Int
- Marie �douard Vaillant (b. 1840 - d. 1915) SR/Int
- Fr�d�ric �tienne Cournet (b. 1839 - d. 1885) Mil
(from 3 Apr 1871)
- Charles Delescluze (b. 1809 - d. 1871) Jac
(from 4 Apr 1871)
- Augustin Germain Avrial (b. 1840 - d. 1904) SR
(from 10 Apr 1871)
- Auguste Jean Marie Vermorel (b. 1841 - d. 1871) SR
(from Apr 1871)
20 Apr 1871 - 1 May 1871 Executive Commission
- Gustave Paul Cluseret (b. 1823 - d. 1900) Int
- Fran�ois Jourde (b. 1843 - d. 1893) Non-party?
- Auguste Vincent Pomp�e Viard (b. 1836 - d. 1892) Mil
- Jean-Fran�ois Paschal Grousset (b. 1844 - d. 1909) SR
- Le� Fr�nkel (b. 1844 - d. 1896) SR/Int
- Eug�ne Protot (b. 1839 - d. 1921) Bla
- Jules Louis Andrieu (b. 1820 - d. 1884) Int
- Marie �douard Vaillant (s.a.) SR/Int
- Raoul Adolphe Georges Rigault (b. 1846 - d. 1871) Bla
(to 24 Apr 1871)
- Fr�d�ric �tienne Cournet (s.a.) Mil
(from 24 Apr 1871)
1 May 1871 - 25 May 1871 Committee of Public Welfare
- Gabriel Ranvier (b. 1828 - d. 1879) Bla
- Armand Antoine Jules Arnault (b. 1831 - d. 1885) Int
- L�on Meillet (b. 1843 - d. 1909) SR/Int
(to 9 May 1871 and from 17 May 1871)
- F�lix Pyat (s.a.) Int
(to 9 May 1871)
- Charles Hypolite Louis G�rardin (b. 1843 - d. 1921) Mil
(to 9 May 1871)
- Louis Charles Delescluze (s.a.) Jac
(9-12 May 1871)
- Charles Ferdinand Gambon (b. 1820 - d. 1887) SR
(from 9 May 1871)
- �mile D�sir� Fran�ois Eudes (s.a.) Bla
(from 9 May 1871)
- Alfred �douard Billioray (b. 1841 - d. 1876) Mil
(from 12 May 1871)
- Simon Dereure (b. 1838 - d. 1900) Int
(from 17 May 1871)
- Jules Johannard (b. 1843 - d. 1892) Int
(from 17 May 1871)
25 May 1871 - 28 May 1871 Louis Eug�ne Varlin (b. 1839 - d. 1871) Mil
(head of the Central Committee of National Guard)

Party/faction abbreviations: Bla = Blanquistes (partisans of Louis-Auguste Blanqui [b. 1805 - d. 1881], extreme-left); Int = Internationale ([first] International, Karl Marx's socialist organization, 1864-1876); Jac = Jacobins (leftist republican); SR = Socialistes R�volutionnaires (Revolutionary Socialists)

Lyon Commune

28 Sep 1870 - 29 Sep 1870 Attempt to create a revolutionary commune in Lyon.
23 Mar 1871 - 24 Mar 1871 Attempt to create a revolutionary commune in Lyon.

Chairman of the Central Committee of Salvation of France (in rebellion)
28 Sep 1870 - 29 Sep 1870 Mikhail Aleksandrovich Bakunin (b. 1814 - d. 1876)
23 Mar 1871 - 24 Mar 1871 Communal Commission (in rebellion)
- Bouvatier
- Crestin
- Durand
- Perret
- Velay

Marseille Commune

1 Nov 1870 - 7 Nov 1870 Attempt to create a revolutionary commune in Marseille.
23 Mar 1871 - 4 Apr 1871 Attempt to create a revolutionary commune in Marseille.
President of the Revolutionary Commune (in rebellion)
1 Nov 1870 - 7 Nov 1870 Joseph Vidal Adolphe Carcassonne (b. 1826 - d. 1894)
President of the Departmental Commission (in rebellion)
23 Mar 1871 - 4 Apr 1871 Gaston Cr�mieux (b. 1836 - d. 1871)

� Ben Cahoon