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A Bölcsészet-, Nyelv-és Történettudományi Szakosztály konferenciájára november 22-én került sor: ... more A Bölcsészet-, Nyelv-és Történettudományi Szakosztály konferenciájára november 22-én került sor: az EME kutatóintézetének munkatársai mutatkoztak be. A kutatóintézetet dr. Kovács András igazgató mutatta be. Ezt követően Biró Annamária, Bogdándi Zsolt, Fejér Tamás, Hegyi Géza, Ilyés Szilárd-Zoltán, Nagy Mihály Zoltán, Szász Anikó, W. Kovács András tartottak előadást. Az előadásokat élénk érdeklődés és vita követte. A rendezvényt 30–35 fős hallgatóság kísérte figyelemmel. A programot dr. Keszeg Vilmos és dr. Egyed ...

Materials Science Forum, 2013

This paper wants to find one of the solutions to control the coated surface properties. The surfa... more This paper wants to find one of the solutions to control the coated surface properties. The surface layers control is not easy. We have a very simple test like hardness test to get some important information of the surface, but in case of the coatings we need to do this test very circumspectly. The hardness test results always depend on the surface roughness, the coating microstructure, the layer thickness and the type and load of the hardness test. The chose method was the nanohardness test which gave the penetration depth us function of the very small load.

Óbuda University e‐Bulletin, 2011

The surface technologies are increasingly used to improve the hardness of structural materials. T... more The surface technologies are increasingly used to improve the hardness of structural materials. To the surface coatings and the surface modification is very common technology in case of the tools and the piece of the manufactury. In case of every sample the surface stucture is different, because it has a many effect (plastic deformation, effect of ambience, etc.). To analyse this very thin layer needa a special measurement technique who can give us usable result, that mean we need to use the microharness test.

Materials science forum, 2010

A method for the structural classification of fullerenes via graph invariants is presented. These... more A method for the structural classification of fullerenes via graph invariants is presented. These graph invariants (called edge-parameters) represent the 9 different types of bonds existing in fullerenes between two neighbouring carbon atoms and they are also applicable to classify the fullerene isomers into equivalence classes. Discriminating performance of edge-parameters has been tested on the sets of C40 and C66 fullerene isomers. It is shown that the stability of C40 and C66 isomers can be efficiently predicted using a novel topological descriptor (Ω) defined as a function of four appropriately selected edge parameters.

Materials Science Forum, 2010

In case of traditional surface-hardening processes (e.g. carburization), the wear resistance usua... more In case of traditional surface-hardening processes (e.g. carburization), the wear resistance usually correlates with hardness, which means optimising these technologies could be based on testing the achieved hardness. In case of modern laser treatment technologies however – e.g. surface melting combined with surface alloys or laser scanning surface treatment followed by nitridation – it is unlikely to conclude wear resistance from the value of hardness. The reasons are the following: the hardness of surface melting combined with surface alloys (especially if alloyage is made using high hardness compound powders) depends on the remelting of the material and the particle size and distribution of the dispersed alloy. These same properties define wear resistance, but the values don’t necessarily correlate. In case of a compound phase dispersion in a softer base material, we can have outstanding wear resistance with moderate hardness. (e.g. bearing metals) The case is similar with scanning treatment combined with nitridation, which results in complicated structures. Due to the above, it is possible that in order to optimise these aforementioned technologies, we have to rely on examining wear resistance. In order to back this statement, we show the results of two typical experiments concerning these technologies.

Materials Science Forum, 2008

In several fields of materials science space-filling polyhedral systems are generally used for mo... more In several fields of materials science space-filling polyhedral systems are generally used for modeling and characterizing the microstructure of polycrystalline and cellular materials. In this paper a simple quantitative method designated to classify 3D triply periodic, space-filling, cellular systems is outlined. The concept of the proposed method is based on the known analogy between the combinatorial structure of 3D space-filling polyhedral systems and of 4D polytopes. For classification purposes various topological shape indices are defined and tested. It is demonstrated that using two appropriately selected shape factors (asymmetry and compactness coefficients) a global combinatorial classification of cellular systems can be performed.

Materials Science Forum, 2007

In recent years, several attempts have been made to characterize the geometric structure of fulle... more In recent years, several attempts have been made to characterize the geometric structure of fullerenes by means of topological shape factors in order to predict their physical properties and stability. In this paper, we present a simple method to estimate the stability of fullerenes on the basis of quantitative topological criteria. This approach is based on the concept of the generalized combinatorial curvatures defined on the set of simple graphs embedded on a closed surface without boundary (sphere, torus, projective plane, Klein bottle). It is shown that starting with the computed generalized combinatorial curvatures several novel topological indices can be generated. From computations performed on a set of C40 and C60 fullerenes, we concluded that the four topological shape factors tested (Λ(-1), (-1), Λ(1) and (1)) could be successfully used to preselect the most stable fullerene isomers.

Materials Science Forum, 2006

The present work aims to analyze the dispersion process (path) of the solid particles by moving a... more The present work aims to analyze the dispersion process (path) of the solid particles by moving a spherical particle from the feeding-nozzle outlet till the penetration of the melted surface (by the laser beam) and then its path in the metal bath. In laser surface treatment technologies with injection of hard particles in the melting bath it is necessary for the particles to work against the surface stress to penetrate through the surface of the bath into the melt. The theory shown was used in precalculations for the experiments carried out dispersing carbide particles (WC, TaC, NbC). Powder of particles of all three types were dispersed by means of the Ar carrying gas into an C15 steel melt by CO2 laser. Evaluating the results of this process taking into consideration different specific technological parameters (speed of the beam, powder feeding speed) one can conclude that all three carbide types can penetrate into the melt.

Materials Science Forum, 2006

The laser surface-treatment methods have been quickly developed by appearing of lasers with high ... more The laser surface-treatment methods have been quickly developed by appearing of lasers with high power beam and can increase the hardness, of the surface. A very hard, wear-resisting layer can be produced by the dispersing of ceramic grains. The essence of the technology is, that such a material (compound-phase, e.g.: metal-oxide, carbide, nitride, etc.) is added to the surface layer melted by laser, which does not solve or solves only partly in the metal-melt. This work studies the effect of the different technological parameter (such as, power of the laserbeam, motion speed, amount of the ceramic particles etc.) on the different microstructure accrued during the laser surface alloying. The desired microstructure has homogeneous carbide distribution in the matrix. But it is embarrassed by several conditions. The aim of this present work is to find out the reasons for the inhomogeneous ceramic particle distribution inside the matrix and to discover these embarrassing conditions.

Acta Polytechnica Hungarica, 2005

The purpose of this article is to introduce a refinement of DeVos-Mohar conjecture in which the n... more The purpose of this article is to introduce a refinement of DeVos-Mohar conjecture in which the number of vertices of polyhedral graphs with positive combinatorial curvature, which are neither prisms, nor antiprisms, (PCC graphs) plays a significant role. According to the conjecture proposed by DeVos and Mohar, for the maximal vertex number Vmax of a PCC graph, the inequality VLB=120 ≤ Vmax ≤ VUB=3444 is fulfilled. In this paper we show that the lower bound VLB can be improved.
The improved lower bound is VLB =138. It is also verified that there are no regular, vertex-homogenous PCC graphs with vertex number greater than 120. We conjecture that for PCC graphs the minimum value of combinatorial curvatures is not less than 1/380. If the conjecture is true this implies that the upper bound VUB is not greater than 760.
Moreover, it is also conjectured that there are no PCC graphs having faces with sidenumber greater than 19, except two trivalent polyhedral graphs containing 20- and 22- sided faces, respectively.

dpkomarno.wz.cz, 2006

The paper provides the basic characteristics of the e-learning methods as well as themanagement ... more The paper provides the basic characteristics of the e-learning methods as well as themanagement of those training courses that can be applied in mechanical engineering.The authors determine the basic requirements of a successful training course, state the criteriafor selecting the most proper means by drafting the content of the courses and indicate thenecessity of searching for new means of e-learning by the education and further training of mechanical engineers.

This multimédia encyclopedia, presents musical instruments without the intention to be exhaustive... more This multimédia encyclopedia, presents musical instruments without the intention to be exhaustive, thus restricted to the classical orchestra's instruments, suitable for individual use, or for students in primary or high schools. It presents the history, development, technical description of the instruments with pictures, texts and sound examples. A quiz game tests that the information is acquisitioned.

Ez a multimédiás enciklopédia a teljesség igénye nélkül, a klasszikus zenekarban szereplő hangszereket mutatja be. Használható az oktatásban általános- és középiskolákban, vagy egyénileg. A hangszerek kialakulása, fejlődése, műszaki leírása képeken, leírásokon és zenei példákon át jut el a felhasználóhoz.

A dolgozat leírást ad a Sapientia – Erdélyi Magyar Tudományegyetem (EMTE) anyagtudomány-laboratór... more A dolgozat leírást ad a Sapientia – Erdélyi Magyar Tudományegyetem (EMTE) anyagtudomány-laboratóriumában található dilatométer modernizálásáról. Bemutatja a készülék felhasználását és méréseinek javítása érdekében történő, egyik újítást, amely a fűtésrendszer analóg PID-szabályozóval való irányításáról szól. Szóba kerülnek az effajta szabályozás előnyei, típusa és használata. This article gives a description of the modernization of the dilatometer in one of the labs at Sapientia EMTE . It presents the capabilities of said machine, and points out the shortcomings in with it’s measuring accuracy, which is planned to be overhauled with an analogue PID controller. Furthermore it discusses the nature of the controller and it’s application.

Materials Science Forum, 2013

Óbuda University e‐Bulletin, 2011

Materials science forum, 2010

Materials Science Forum, 2010

Materials Science Forum, 2008

Materials Science Forum, 2007

Materials Science Forum, 2006

Acta Polytechnica Hungarica, 2005

dpkomarno.wz.cz, 2006

Elektronikus egyetemi jegyzet. University Tutorial E-book., 2013

A hegesztés az iparban a fémes anyagok legfontosabb kötési technológiája, amit jól kifejez az ige... more A hegesztés az iparban a fémes anyagok legfontosabb kötési technológiája, amit jól kifejez az igen nagy számú eljárásváltozat megjelenése, a hozzájuk kifejlesztett hegesztőanyagok széles köre és a gépes, automatizálás sokféle lehetősége. Ez a kis könyvecske azt a célt szolgálja, hogy a hegesztés alapvető folyamatainak megismertetésével elősegítse a Fémek technológiája ismeretanyagának elsajátítását, és kedvet teremtsen az abban való alaposabb elmélyüléshez, anyagtechnológiai mérnökséghez, amely a gépészmérnöki szakmai pálya egyik legizgalmasabb szakiránya.

Tudomány- és Technikatörténeti Füzetek, 2016

Debreczeni Márton (1802–1851), mine engineer and inventor, was the rejuvenator and the road-opene... more Debreczeni Márton (1802–1851), mine engineer and inventor, was the rejuvenator and the road-opener of Hungarian mining and metallurgy science in the 19th century Transylvania, leading personality of his contemporary Transylvanian intelligentsia. His activity encompassed the reformation on scientific principles of Transylvanian mining, the reorganization of its financial administration, doubled by a rich literary activity. Through his technical creations, Debreczeni Márton revived and reformed on modern principles the Transylvanian mining and metallurgy. He envisaged the importance of scientific progress, and, through experiments and calculus, found technical solutions to make the mining and metallurgical industry of Transylvania more economical. His abilities – the extension of the knowledge he accumulated in various positions, the leadership role he undertook due to his management abilities – had a determinant effect on the development of the technical field in the 19th century. His innovations were also been implemented in other countries, ensuring his international acclaim. Nevertheless, even with all these accomplishments, Debreczeni Márton was to die in the same dire misery he was born. The present volume illustrates the technical legacy this illustrious personality left behind: his inventions, his written contributions and technical dictionaries. The first chapter shows the life of Debreczeni Márton and his studies at Mănăstireni, Cluj and at the Mineralogy Academy in Selmecbánya (Banská Štiavnica). He started his mining apprenticeship in 1825. After a short time, he becomes a Smelting Deputy Foreman at Rodna mine, there after working in almost every mining basin in Transylvania. Meanwhile he marries Láhner Teréz, whose family he met at Selmecbánya. They had a harmonious relationship, raising their eight children. He later worked at Certej, Hunedoara County as Forge Deputy Inspector, then, starting with 1829, they move to Zlatna where he becomes Forge Chief Inspector, Mine Judge and, at age 36, director of all the mines and forges in Zlatna. The last part of the chapter contains a series of testimonials his contemporaries wrote about him, after his death, that were sent afterwards to Mikó Imre. The second chapter presents his engineering accomplishments, his technical innovations and inventions, together with his miscellaneous technical notes. The chapter also features the structure, function and use of the “spiral blower”. In addition, Debreczeni attempted to find a solution to re-use the slag material resulted from the mining/smelting processing. The third chapter attempts to reassemble a broader image on the building of the Hungarian technical language, showing the part Debreczeni played in its inception. The start and the evolution of the Hungarian technical language were influenced by 3 factors: 1. The introduction of technical specialized education and foundation of technical-specific institutions; 2. the founding and dissemination of technical-focused scientific publications in Hungarian; 3. Editing and publication of technical dictionaries. Debreczeni’s name and contributions appear in all these three areas of technical sciences’ development. The chapter presents his contribution in the struggle for starting the professional training for mining and metallurgy in Hungarian, together with his scientific papers and dictionaries, all of which have unfortunately remained in a manuscript form. The fourth chapter defines position and contribution of Debreczeni Márton’s technical legacy in the digital database Erdélyi Digitális Adattár maintained by Transylvanian Museum Society. The book’s Annex contains the description and illustration of Debreczeni Márton technical patrimony.
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A kalotaszegi Magyargyerőmonostoron nevezetes fazekascsalád sarjaként 1802-ben született Debreczeni Márton a reformkori Erdély ipartörténetének kimagasló személyisége: mérnök, feltaláló, iparszervező, szakíró és szótárszerkesztő, aki szerteágazó tevékenységével az erdélyi bányászat korszerűsítése és a fémkohászat fejlesztése terén egyaránt maradandót alkotott, de kora divatjának engedve gazdag irodalmi örökséget is hagyott maga után. Érdekes, hogy míg szépirodalmi tevékenysége viszonylag ismertebb, műszaki hagyatékának teljes körű feldolgozásával adós maradt az utókor. Ebből az adósságból kíván valamennyit törleszteni könyvünk Debreczeni életpályájának fölvázolásával és a kéziratos hagyaték ismertetésével, a tragikusan rövidre szabott életútba ágyazott életmű bemutatásával. A kéziratos dokumentumok feldolgozása során elsődlegesen a műszaki újításokra terjedt ki a szerző figyelme, ennek a jegyében bontja ki Debreczeni Márton műszaki-tudományos tevékenységét, amelynek eredményei (mindenekelőtt az akkori vaskohászatba bevezetett legkorszerűbb levegőfúvója, a Debreczeni-csigafúvó) nemcsak itthon, hanem külföldön is elismerést szereztek számára. Egyszersmind megannyi szakközlemény szerzőjeként, fontos bányászati szakszótárak szerkesztőjeként úttörő szerepet játszott a magyar műszaki nyelv megteremtésében és további fejlődésében. A könyv háttértörténetéhez tartozik az Erdélyi Múzeum-Egyesület kezdeményezésére indított nagyszabású program, melynek keretében Debreczeni életművének fellelhető dokumentumait digitalizálták és folyamatosan közreadták. E munka folyományaként született meg sorozatunknak ez a legújabb kötete is.

Műszaki Tudományos Füzetek, 2010

Although procedures of fusion and press welding may be classified according to various aspects, t... more Although procedures of fusion and press welding may be classified according to various aspects, the most typical one may be the energy source. According with this, different groups of welding procedures are to be distinguished on the basis of the use of electric arch or resistance heat, thermochemical reaction heat, mechanical (deformation and/or friction) energy as well as particle or electromagnetic radiation energy. The international standard classification of fusion and press welding procedures is correlated with the principle above. The first digit of the identity code of particular procedures and their variants (in case of the most widespread and important procedures) indicates the source of energy applied, the second refers to the technical endowment (the infrastructural arrangement), whereas the third serves to further differentiation between similar variants. Considering as criteria the source of the used energy, the most widespread fusion welding procedure is the arch welding, as well as the most significant press welding procedure is that using electrical resistance, The significance of the type of energy source is also indicated by the first digit of the code as follows: 1 for arch welding procedures and 2 for resistance welding procedures. Both goups of welding procedures are based on electrical phenomemons (more exactly, appartening to electricity, electrotechnics and electronics) and are realized as effect of heat produced by electricity. The basic infrastructural condition for all welding procedures is considered the welding equipment. As follows, cognition of the principle of functionning, of the build up and actioning of these equipments is essential. In order to perform the best exploitation of the performances of the welding equipment the technologist must have a continuous interest on the technical characteristics, the limits of parameters, the control of the system and the effects of this focusing on the work environment. Welding process parameters measurements and control solutions will be permanently taken in consideration. Focusing primarily on arch and resistance welding, the present book describes the theoretical and practical background, the technical characteristics and the related measurement, followed by the aspects of control and labour safety. It attempts to provide a survey of the particular fields of welding procedures mentioned above, which may support or expand the background knowledge of everyone interested in welding. It’s purpose consists in supplying the Reader information at a glance on some essential areas of welding like applications and measurement, control, and labour safety aspects).
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Az elektromos hegesztőberendezések alapfeltételét képezik a hozzájuk kapcsolódó hegesztési eljárásoknak, ezért fontossá válik alapelvük, felépítésük, működésük ismerete. Továbbá ahhoz, hogy hatékonyan kihasználhatók legyenek a bennük rejlő lehetőségek, célszerű foglalkozni alkalmazástechnikai jellemzőikkel: beállítási, illetve beavatkozási lehetőségeikkel, határértékeikkel, munkakörnyezeti hatásaikkal. Ennek szellemében a kapcsolódó mérésekre, irányítástechnikai megoldásokra is figyelmet kell szentelni. Természetesen nem szabad megfeledkezni az elektromosság veszélyeiről és azok elhárításáról sem. Ez a könyv elsősorban az ív- és az ellenállás-hegesztésre koncentrálva foglalkozik az alkalmazható berendezések, eszközök elvi és gyakorlati hátterével, üzemeltetési sajátosságaival, a kapcsolódó mérés-, irányítás- és biztonságtechnikai szempontokkal. Természetesen csak a teljesség igénye nélkül vállalkozik (vállalkozhat) a hegesztéstechnika felsorolt részterületeinek áttekintésére, amelyek alátámaszt(hat)ják, illetve bővít(het)ik a hegesztéssel kapcsolatba kerülők háttérismereteit. Viszonylag tömör, lényegre törekvő formában igyekszik információkat nyújtani Olvasóinak a hegesztés azon részterületeiről – a hegesztőberendezésekről, illetve azok mérés-, irányítás- és biztonságtechnikai vetületeiről –, amelyeket egyszerűen a hegesztéstechnikai háttérhez sorolhatunk.

Műszaki Tudományos Füzetek, 2010

Welding is the most important joining technology, which is well expressed by the appearance of a ... more Welding is the most important joining technology, which is well expressed by the appearance of a very large number of process-variations corresponding developed filler and auxiliary materials, and in a wide range of corresponding automation.
These are a combination of a welding base upon which the designer, technologist and manager can also build. To make this "construction" well substantiated, the present book intends to contribute by a systematic and concise overview of the units listed. The aim is a theoretical and practical summary which may support and
expand the background knowledge of those in contact with welding. It wishes to provide information in a compact and encyclopedic form to the readers of the welding part-area – the welding and allied processes, respectively the possibilities of mechanization – which simply be described as a technical background.
From a substantive point of view this book regards as allied technologies of welding the following:
- brazing and other joining technologies, such as the bonding and mechanical bonding;
- preparation of the workpiece (eg. cutting, chamfering) by thermal and other (erosion, shearing, chipping) form of cutting as a forming technology;
- and often the after bandage surface treatment, as a technology modifying the structure of matter, and thus adjusting quality.
This book presents the standardized marking systems and classification of welding and allied processes. This is the internationally accepted numerical sort of “common language" that all professionals understand independently of their ethnic background, and it represents the solid-script of reference in various fields.
Due to their characteristics of application, flexibly programmable industrial robots cooperating with peripheries are distinguished within the mechanization toolbar.
Their use increases productivity, reduces the cycle time of manufacturing, improves quality and reproduction, increases the flexibility of the production system, makes it possible to reduce monotonous and heavy physical work and substitutes human activity in areas harmful to health. The mechanization of welding conditions is usually determined by application of device-parts, as well as simple and complex devices, and auxiliary plants. These may also reduce welders physical wear and the welding side-time. The book also deals with these sub-divisions of welding.
A hegesztés a legfontosabb kötőtechnológia, amit jól kifejez az igen nagy számú eljárásváltozat megjelenése, a hozzájuk kifejlesztett hozag- és segédanyagok széles köre, a gépesítésük többféle lehetősége. Ezek együttese olyan hegesztés-technikai bázist jelent, amelyre egyaránt építhet konstruktőr, technológus és menedzser. Hogy ez az „építkezés” megalapozott lehessen, ahhoz a jelen könyv is hozzá kíván járulni a felsorolt témaegységek rendszerező, tömör szemléletű áttekintésével. Célja olyan elméleti és gyakorlati ismeretek összefoglalása, amelyek alátámaszt(hat)ják, illetve bővít(het)ik a hegesztéssel kapcsolatba kerülők háttérismereteit. Kompakt formában, enciklopédikusan igyekszik információkat nyújtani olvasóinak a hegesztés azon részterületeiről – a hegesztési és rokon eljárásokról, illetve a gépesítés lehetőségeiről – amelyeket egyszerűen technikai háttérnek is nevezhetünk.

Műszaki Tudományos Füzetek, 2009

Material and energy- saving more environmental friendly technologies have an in-creasingly import... more Material and energy- saving more environmental friendly technologies have an in-creasingly important role in industrial practice. Machining, work load and special requirements have to be related to the product mass at the lowest acceptable vol-ume. This concept is generally met by the surface engineering processes as these enhance the use of cheaper materials with better machinability where the surface damage may be prevented applying wear, corrosion, fatigue resistant surface lay-ers. If no other specific requirements or norms have to be applied, these layers may also improve the surface aspect. Local, tailor-made surface properties may also be covered without a major modification of structure and properties of the substrate material. The book gives an overview of the Surface Technologies, but it is not exhaustive. It focuses on applications in mechanical engineering. It presents not only the heat treatment procedures (surface hardening, thermo-mechanical and thermo-chemical treatments, PVD, CVD, surface remelting), but also on processes con-nected to deformation (surface solidification with cold deformation), fusion welding (surface remelting, surface alloying, remelting welding), physical-chemical proc-esses (surface coating) and their combinations, known as Duplex process. The book also presents the various forms of surface damage leading to specific treatments, covering also important characteristics of the material surfaces. Sur-face preparation methods are described as well as the material testing for assess-ing the quality of surface layers. The aim of this book is to offer theoretical and practical knowledge for planning, designing and material selection for engineering components and structures, or tools. The book also offers information for production planning, maintenance and repair work, considering the dedicated education in mechanical engineering.
Felületkezeléssel a károsodásállóság (kopás-, megeresztés-, korrózió-, reve- és fáradásáIlóság) javítását célzó felületi kérgek, rétegek hozhatók létre az egyébként - más követelmény vagy előírás hiányában - olcsóbb, könnyebben megmunkálható, szívósabb alapanyagon (munkadarabon). A helyi (lokális) igénybevételekhez, követelményekhez igazítható(k) a munkadarabok arra kijelölt tartománya(i), általában térfogatuk nagyobb hányadának jelentős szerkezet- és tulajdonságváltoztatása nélkül. A különböző elvű felületkezelő eljárások bemutatása mellett a könyv foglalkozik továbbá azokkal a károsodási formákkal, amelyek a kezelést indokolttá teszik, az anyagfelületek néhány fontos jellemzőjével, a felületelőkészítés módszereivel, valamint a rétegminősítést szolgáló anyagvizsgálatokkal is.

Tudomány- és Technikatörténeti Füzetek, 2015

The present book is a result of intensive research conducted by the members of the section of tec... more The present book is a result of intensive research conducted by the members of the section of technical sciences of the Transylvanian Museum Society. It is the 8th volume of a series, which focuses on the technical history of a small settlement, Chidea. With a history of more than 800 years, Chidea is one of the places where the number of inhabitants is continuously decreasing. The number of people living there used to be close to 800, nowadays there are not more than 140 inhabitants who have permanent residence in the village. Chidea is located in Cluj county, in the valley of the Chidea creek, one of the branches of the Borsa stream. The origin of the name of the village is unknown, it might come from one of the noble men once ruling in the Dabaca region. The first written document mentioning the name of the village, spelled Kyde dates back to 1332, it is a certificate that proves ownership. In the 13th century, the years of the tartar invasion, the fortress of Dabaca and the settlement of Chidea were partially destroyed and the population that couldn't take refuge, was killed. After the withdrawal of the tartars, life went on its course, and the village was trying to recover. To overcome the severe lack of population following the tartars' atrocities, a few dozens of families were brought to the village from the Eastern Region of Transylvania (Hungarian people called Székely) and they took over the defence of the fortress of Dabaca. In Chidea and in its region people have developed a specific craft of shaping the local volcanic (tuff) rock. This rock is relatively easy to work with, and it can be used as building material. Almost everything in Chidea - houses, side buildings (barns, store rooms, warehouses, stables) and even fences have been built of this carved stone. The diverse usage of the stone brought a good name to the local builders and masons who were esteemed even outside the borders of the settlement, throughout Transylvania. Education in the village dates back to the 18th century. Schools were run and supervised either by the state or by the church. Today, after more than 200 years of continuous activity, there isn't any school in the village, owing to the lack of children. The state owned school building was gradually deteriorating, which led to its demolition in the end. In terms of religion, the people from Chidea belong to five denominations. The majority of the population are Reformed, followed by Roman Catholics, Orthodox, Unitarians and Neo-protestants. There are very few parishioners, however each denomination has its own church, or a house of worship. The oldest is the Reformed church, first used by Catholics, then in the 16th century, the period of Reformation - by different protestant denominations. The church was built by the Roman Catholics, as it used to be the religion of the inhabitants in the period. The church was built after 1241, the first tartar invasion, when the previous building was destroyed. The first church of the village was supposedly built about a century before the tartars came. Throughout the years, the church was renovated, repaired and extended several times; the present steeple was raised in the 19th century. Due to some architectural components it is categorized as a medieval church, built in late Gothic style with some Romanesque elements. It is the oldest church in the area. The Orthodox, former Greek Catholic church is built of wood and could be seen as a gem of popular architecture. The church was initially built in a different location, and was pulled on sled to its present place. The church was built at the end of the 18th century. The Unitarian church was built in the 18th century, and the Roman Catholic in the 19th century. The four churches have two bells each, located in the steeples. The oldest of the eight bells is the one in the Reformed church, the so-called Polish bell. According to its inscription, this bell was cast in a town in Poland in 1560 and it was brought (for reasons unknown) to Chidea by Polish refugees, probably after Poland was divided in the 18th and 19th centuries. In the steeple of the Reformed church one can also see a clock, built in 1896 by Szabó József, the mechanic of the Baron Bánffy Ernő from Borsa. The clocks in Borsa and Cristorel - in the valley of Borsa - are also his works. Each clock was engraved with his name and the year of manufacturing. Out of these three, only the one in Chidea is still functional. The mechanic, who made these clocks used innovational techniques in the procedure. Thus he used a pinwheel escapement instead of the Clements regulator, which has a series of advantages in the assembly process. Another peculiarity of the clock is that it uses a snail wheel in the kinematic chain of the clock in order to reduce the number of the cylindrical gearwheels. Another name, the name of the stone carving master Sipos Dávid should also be mentioned. He worked here in Chidea, thus contributing to the fame of the village. He was a true artist with a peculiar choice of ornamental elements, unique in the art of stone carving in Transylvania. Even if his works are singular, they belong to the late Transylvanian Renaissance. His works are found in two of the churches in Chidea, namely a stone carved pulpit in the Roman Catholic church, and a liturgical table in the Orthodox church. There are also stone pulpits presumably from his workshop or disciples in the Unitarian and Reformed churches. This master has carved more than 20 pulpits throughout Transylvania, and also noble coats of arms, emblems, tombstones, door and window arch-ornaments in Cluj, Gherla, etc. In the present book one can read a description of the mill that probably belonged to the writer Nyírő József, a Catholic priest, who - assigned to Chidea - suspended his ministry and worked as the miller of the community for a short while. In the same chapter, one can also read about the manual grounding machines used by the locals for grinding the grains for their animals. It is an important detail that these grinders are handcrafted here in the village, from a rougher type of the same tuff stone, found also nearby. According to its subject the present book could be classified as a work of technical history. In result of the research conducted in the field, the exploration of archive material, and the study of the specific literature we have a more complex image of the village than historians, archaeologists, art historians have formed so far. One could get a full picture of the culture and civilisation of the region only by analysing its diverse complexity.
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A Borsa-patak egyik mellékvölgyében fekvő Kide történelme régmúlt időkbe vezet vissza, lakói várszolgálatot teljesítettek a közeli Doboka váránál, amely az azonos nevű vármegye központja volt több évszázadon át. Kide kőépítészetéről lett híres. A szinte korlátlan mennyiségben található jó minőségű építkezési anyag, a dácittufa kiváló lehetőséget biztosított a kőépítészet, a kőfaragás tökéletesítéséhez. Kidén szinte minden kőből épült. A profilozott dácittufából emelt kőfalak, kerítések különös látványt nyújtanak a településre látogató számára. Kide, bár mindig a kis települések sorát gyarapította, hírességei ismertek voltak Erdély-szerte. Itt élt a XVIII. század jeles kőfaragómestere, Sipos Dávid, az erdélyi késő reneszánsz stílus irányt szabóegyénisége. A kidei ember igényességéről tesz bizonyságot a közel százhúsz éve működő toronyóra is, mely a szakirodalomban eddig ismeretlen Szabó József, báró Bánffy Ernő gépészének első alkotása. Szaktekintélyét dicsérik a későbbi ördögkeresztúri és a borsai toronyórák. Négy templom, nyolc harang: ezek Kide szakrális értékei. Az Árpád-kori román és gótikus építészeti elemeket is tartalmazó református templom, az ortodox (egykori görög katolikus) fatemplom a település látnivalói között is a legfontosabbak. A hírmondóként megőrzött, kőből épült szalmafedelű lakóház az erdélyi népi építészet gyöngyszeme, mára egyedi látvány a szamosháti kistérségben.

Műszaki Tudományos Füzetek, 2007

Often the development of the structural materials and the connected technologies is based on empi... more Often the development of the structural materials and the connected technologies is based on empirical experiences more than theoretical considerations. In the near future it will be possible to specify the structure of the material with the technological parameters to reach the desired properties without expensive and tedious experiments. In the first part of this book the theoretical background of the (laser) surface treatment is introduced and the experimental results of the laser surface treatment are analysed from the physical metallurgy point of view; the modelling of the same laser treatment is carried out and the results are compared. The mathematical base of the laser surface treatment is also introduced. Finally, in the last chapter an example is shown to proof the advantage and efficiency of the modelling in all phase of the laser surface treatment technology to reduce the cost, improve the properties of the product and avoid the expensive and numerous experiments.

A szerkezeti anyagok és az anyagtechnológiák fejlesztése a legutóbbi időkben is az eddigi elméleti és gyakorlati ismeretekre alapozva, de jobbára próbálkozással történt. A nem túl távoli jövő feladata olyan eljárások (szimulációs technikák) kidolgozása, amelyekkel képesek leszünk valamely anyag szerkezetét (ezáltal a kívánt tulajdonságát is) egy technológiai eljárás paramétereinek beállításával (pl. lézeres felületkezelésnél) meghatározni, anélkül hogy nagy volumenű és költséges kísérleteket végeznénk. Jelen kötet, amely a korszerű lézeres felületkezelési technológia elméleti és gyakorlati oldalát s ennek szimulációs technikáját, komplex matematikáját mutatja be, ehhez kíván hozzájárulni.

Műszaki Tudományos Füzetek, 2007

A mérnöki tervezőmunka során a konstrukciós méretezés, illetve a dizájn mellett alapvető feladat ... more A mérnöki tervezőmunka során a konstrukciós méretezés, illetve a dizájn mellett alapvető feladat az anyagkiválasztás és a hozzá kapcsolódó technológiai tervezés. Ma már ezek sem nélkülözhetik a számítógépes adatbázisok és szoftverek igénybevételét. Ahhoz, hogy ezeket helyesen értelmezzük és hatékonyan alkalmazzuk, szükség van olyan anyagtechnológiai háttérismeretekre, amelyek az anyagok szóba jöhető választékára, tulajdonságaira, illetve azokat számszerűsítő vizsgálatokra és numerikus módszerekre, valamint a gyártási eljárások, folyamatok jellemzőire, leírására vonatkoznak. Ez a könyv a felsorolt témakörök informatikai szempontú áttekintésével és feldolgozásával foglalkozik.

Műszaki Tudományos Füzetek, 2011

Knowledge of Material Science constitutes a significant part of any BSc-level technical education... more Knowledge of Material Science constitutes a significant part of any BSc-level technical education program. Practical activities in the laboratory, or even experiments realized by courses contribute to a better understanding of material properties.
The efficiency of the laboratory work is simulated by involving workgroups having a small number of students. Practical applications are based on frequent phenome-non that appear in industrial production. These lead to instantaneous clarifying of theoretical notions. Moreover, these allow the presentation of the newest scientific results or some interesting peculiar cases, especially industrial applications that are not included in the program of the discipline.
It is important and also necessary to present the constituents, the structure and different assortments of material. Knowledge of physical properties is useful in the designing process, while technological properties determine the machineability. It is also important to know the resistance of corrosion in different industrial applica-tions. This book focuses of the most prevalent testing procedures when quality is described using quantitative attributes that could be measured or/and verified.
First of all are studied properties and corresponding testing procedures that are relavant for the choosing of material type. These properties allow the comparison between different materials having the same field of applicability-unavoidable in the designing phase. The properties and afferent tests accord with standards that describe chemical structure, physical and mechanical properties.
In some cases adequate investigation equipment is missing, or the time and cost level of some test is not justified. Here is to appeal to simplified investigation procedures.
Complex wear resistance of a material can be investigated by inducing cumula-tive wear processes based experiments. Complex wear resisance can be described by a large set of influence factor values. Based on this factors indications regarding the designing, manufacturing and exploitation criteria can be established.
A műszaki felsőoktatás fontos részterülete az anyagtudomány oktatása. Az előadásokon bemutatott szerkezeti anyagok jobb megismerését szolgálják a tantermi és a laboratóriumi gyakorlati foglalkozások.
A gyakorlatokon célszerű, illetve szükséges foglalkozni az anyagok összetevőivel, szerkezetével, választékával, konstrukciós tervezéshez alapot adó fizikai tulajdonságaival, technológiai szempontú megmunkálhatóságával, valamint üzemeltetés közbeni károsodásállóságával és ezek mérhetőségét, számszerűsíthetőségét, ellenőrizhetőségét – azaz az anyagminősítést – lehetővé tevő fontosabb vizsgálati módszerekkel.
Ez az oktatási irányultságú könyv – az anyagtudományi laboratórium sorozat első köteteként – a szerkezeti anyagok tulajdonságminősítő vizsgálataival, illetve az azokhoz kapcsolódó számítási feladatokkal foglalkozik. Kiemelt szerepet kapnak a szabványos anyagjellemzők – szilárdság, keménység, ütőmunka – meghatározási módszerei, a törésmechanika alapjai, valamint a kúszás és a kifáradás számítással történő elemezése. Ezen részterületek kiegészülnek még az anyagazonosítás egyszerű megoldásaival.

Tudomány- és Technikatörténeti Füzetek, 2009

In the history of a settlement the aspects linked to technical history are of major importance, a... more In the history of a settlement the aspects linked to technical history are of major importance, as they are part of the course of culture and civilization. Research work, the insertion of findings in the complex of historical sciences is up-to-date in present historiography.
This book contains the results of research in the field of technical history, research done in Văleni-Călata. The settlement appears for the first time in the written documents of the XIII-th century (in 1213) under the name of Vulchoi villa. As the years passed the settlement became also known as Wolcov (1291), Walko (1297), Wolko (1372), and Walko again (1468). In the year 1291 the settlement was among those ones that were paying taxes to the bishop of Oradea.
The name of the settlement is most likely linked to the name of the noble Valkay family, onwer of lands, whose last representative disappeared in the year 1730.
From the point of view of the settlement's history the XVIth and XVIIth centuries brought about great changes. Reformation, the invasion of Tartars, the multiple fires - all had benefic consequences. The devastated church was rebuilt and a fortress was erected around it. The tower was built and it got the function of a watchtower as well, in the fortified defence system of the settlement.
The church is placed in a lovely region, under the protection of a forest arch. The building is architecturally well balanced, its tower has an unmatched robustness and it can be regarded as one of the most beautiful churches belonging to the Reformed Episcopate of Transsylvania.
The general architectural characteristic of the church belongs to the Gothic style, although it also has a series of elements of the Roman styleand Gothic, respectively.
A special feature, unique to this church in the whole region is that, the space under the tower is part of the pro–nave, augmenting its dimensions.
From the point of view of technical history the counter–fortress walls of the church are made of adzed rectangular stones, this being a real demonstration of the skill of the carvers of the time. As a binding element mortar with lime was used and this gave the building enough resistence. The church is entirely covered with shingle. This refers to the church tower and also to the four small towers with cellular ceilings painted by the renowned carpenter and church ceiling painter Lőrinc Umling. This adds to the architectural and artistic value of the church.
The monumental aspect is better underlined owing to some elements of building in Roman style originating from the previous building. These elements were organically incorporated in the present architecture of the
church.
The church tower gives home to three liturgy bells and a small bell to presignal the stroke of the horologe. Two of the bells, the biggest in dimension, were casted in Cugir in 1924 by the bell founder Oszkar Klein. The third bell originates from the bell foundry of the Andraschovski family in Cluj. For over a century the family had been known as famous for casting bells, a tradition passed on from father to son. The bell from Văleni wascasted in 1855 by János Andraschovski. The three bells are beautifully decorated in Baroque and Gothic style. They are placed on a wooden rack made from oak wood carved with a poleaxe. The wood of the rack is the very casing of the bell bail axes.
Keeping company to the bells is the horologe built to the special order of the parish in the year 1839. As to where, and in which workshop of the time it was built, one doesn't yet have an answer. It is believed that the building took place in Oradea because this is the place of origin for several other horologes of the churches in the neighbourhood. This particular horologe is made up of three functional modules. The first module is the one that makes the horologe work and it rules the other two. The second module is responsible for the strokes of the quarters, while the third module makes the pre–signal bell work.
The pre–signal bell marks the hours and it is located at the extremity of the tower, above the southern part of the porch. This porch surrounds the tower and it is used as an observation turret. The horologe worked till the mid–seventies of last century. At the moment it is incomplete, as its cinematic chain of movement transmission to the clock hands and the pre–signalling bell is missing.
A chapter of the book deals with the presentation of the folk architecture development in the settlement. The evolution of the wooden constructions specific to the region is shown: the system of scaffolding and covering, the ornamentation of the facades.
The development of the living space is dealt with in a sub–chapter of the book. Here one can come across examples ranging from the most simple living spaces with one room to the more sophisticated ones, set in an order characteristic not only to Văleni but to the entire region of Călata.
Among the specific aspects of regional folk architecture one can put into evidence the widespread use of carved or uncarved spruce masonry, daubed either on one or on both sides.The structure of scaffoldings is detailed and so is the shingle covering that replaced in a relatively short while the prevalent straw covering of Călata.
Owing to its position in the vicinity of the forest, the settlement came to be noticed as a center for the folk handicraft of shingle fabrication. Shingle was traded outside the settlement too. Handicrafts specific to mountainous regions can be found here woodwork and carpentery. The Văleni dwellers were nicknamed "the resinous ones" because of the spruce resin on the clothes of the people who processed it.
Another business specific to the settlement, with a technical side to it, was the carving of spindles and of the nicely decorated, washer shaped spindle weights. These washers have a central orifice corresponding in dimension with the lower diameter of the spindle. This gives stability and inertia to the spinning during the process of spinning the hemp or woolen yarn.
The yarn was at the core of another handicraft - the weaving of textiles for husehold needs. The spindle makers used an arch - like device. The string wrapped around the carved, semi-fabricated body of the would - be spindle and the movement generated by the bow gave the semi-fabricated item a bi directed rotation move. The semifabricate body was fixed between two heads and the whole assembly formed a primitive lathe that rounded the spindles. A similar device, used to round off and perforate pieces can be found in the Roman epoch too.
Shingle fabrication and spindle making survived in Văleni till mid-XXth century. From that point on industrial products in building material and textiles have gradually replaced the famous products of the Văleni craftsmen.
The findings presented in this book are the result of field investigation and registry document study. They demonstrate the fact that although a certain region has been "exhaustively" studied so far, new research and investigation can reveal other characteristic aspects of that region, unnoticed so far.
Considering this, the book has the value of pioneering and of a model to be followed for those who wish to study a settlement from the point of view of technical and technological history.
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Napjainkban, amikor a műszaki csúcsteljesítmények, mondhatni életünk részévé véltak, csodálattal és elismeréssel adózunk az egykori mestereknek, akik szaktudásukkal, alkotásaikkal a kor általános műszaki színvonalát évszázadokkal megelőzték. Műveik láttán kérdések fogalmazodnak meg, választ keresünk például arra, hogyan tudott több harangból álló, összhangban csengő harangegyütest készíteni a harangöntő mester, hiszen ma, számítógépes világunkban sem egyszerű feladat ez. Hogyan számította ki az egykori lakatosmester azt a bonyolult, több tucat fogaskerékből kialakított szerkezetet, amely összekapcsolva a hangokkal, évszázadokon át jelezte a múló időt, de mindig jelenben? Hogyan épültek, milyen szaktudás kellett ahhoz, hogy a középkor pallérja, kőműves mestere olyan csodálatos templomokat emeljenek, amelyek jellegzetessé, egyedivé tették Erdély templomépítészetét?

Tudomány- és Technikatörténeti Füzetek, 2010

In the history of a settlement the aspects linked to technical history are of major importance, a... more In the history of a settlement the aspects linked to technical history are of major importance, as they are part of the course of culture and civilization. Research work, the insertion of findings in the context of historical sciences is up-to-date in the present historiography.
This book contains the results of a research in the field of technical history, done at Mãnãstireni-Cãlata. The settlement was recorded by the documents in the XIII-th century, more exactly in the year 1291, with the name of villa Monostor, then in 1446 it is known under the name of Gyerewmonostor, in 1572 as Gerõmonostor and in 1586 as Magyar Gerõ Monostor.
In the year 1291 the settlement was among the ones that were paying taxes to the bishop of Oradea.
The name of the settlement is most likely linked to the name of the noble Gyerõffy family, owner of lands.
From the point view of the settlement’s history the XVI-th and XVII-th centuries brought about great changes. Reformation, the invasion of Tartars, the multiple fires – all had benefic consequences. The devastated church was rebuilt and a fortress was erected around it. The church tower was built and used as a watchtower as well, in the fortified defense system of the settlement.
Situated in a beautiful location, through the balance of its proportions and the harmony of its tower, the church can be considered one of the most beautiful places for workmanship belonging to the Reformed Episcopacy of Transylvania. This is the oldest church in the Cãlata region.
From the print of view of the general architectural current the church belongs to the Gothic style, although it also has a series of elements of the Roman style.
From the point of view of technical history the counter-fortress walls of the church are made of adzed rectangular stones, this being a real demonstration of the skill the carvers of the time had. Mortar with lime was used as a binding element and this gave the building enough resistance. The church is entirely covered with single.
This refers to the church tower and also to the four small towers with cellular ceilings painted by the renowned carpenter and church ceiling painter Lõrinc Umling. This adds to the present architecture value of the church.
The church tower hosts two liturgical bells. The big one was cast at Târgu Mureș, in 1988 as an exact copy of the old bell, which cracked in 1987. The old bell was cast by the famous bell caster János Andrásofszki from Cluj, in 1778. The smaller bell is the work of Emil Anca from Cluj, and it was cast in 1923.
Accompanying the bells is the horologe, built at the special order of the parish in the year 1834, 5 years before the horologe of Vãleni was built (Vãleni is a village neighbouring Mãnãstireni). The name of the builder is unknown, but the place where it was built is Oradea. The horologe is made up of three functional modules.
One of the modules is the one that makes the horologe work and it rules the other two. The second module is responsible for the strokes of the quarters, while the third module marks the hours. The horologe worked till the mid-seventies of the last century.
At the moment, the horologe is disassembled and it can be found in the church vestibule.
A chapter of the book deals with the presentation of folk architecture’s development in the settlement. The evolution of the wooden constructions specific to the region is shown: the system of scaffolding and covering, the ornamentation of the facades.
The development of the living space is dealt with in a sub-chapter of the book.
Here we can come across examples ranging from the simplest living spaces with one room to the more sophisticated ones, organized in an order, specific not only at Mãnãstireni, but also to in the entire region of Cãlata.
Among the specific aspects of regional folk architecture one can put into evidence the widespread use of carved or un-carved spruce masonry, daubed either on one or on both sides. The structure of scaffoldings is detailed and so is the shingle covering that replaced, in a relatively short time, the prevalent straw covering of Cãlata.
Due to its position, in the vicinity of the forest, the settlement was known as a center for the folk handicraft of shingle fabrication. Shingle was traded outside the settlement, too.
Another occupation with a technical character and specific in the region was the pottery and the fabrication of glazed tiles for heating stoves. Master Debreczeni Márton becomes famous in this trade in the XIX-th century, with his beautifully decorated glazed tiles.
The ironmongers and wheelwrights of the place were famous all over the Cãlata region and they were active until the 70.-s of the last century.
Due to the favourable natural resources for building and using watermills (there are fast brooks passing through the settlement, with a constant flow all year round) many mills, saw mills, reeds and pivas have been built that were both necessary and useful in everyday life. The book describes the structure and operation of watermills which have disappeared perhaps forever.
The findings presented in this book are the result of field investigation and document registry study. They demonstrate the fact that although a certain region has been exhaustively studied so far, new research and investigation can reveal other characteristic aspects of that region, unnoticed so far. The book has the value of pioneering and is a model to be followed for those who wish to study a settlement from the point of view of technical and technological history.
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Kalotaszeg településeiről, néprajzáról, népköltészetéről számos írás látott napvilágot. Ez a kötet egy olyan területet mutat be, amelyről kevesebbet hallott az olvasó: a tájegység egyik fontos települése, Magyargyerőmonos- tor műszaki történeti múltjába kalauzol el e múlt beszédes relikviáinak bemutatásával s a rájuk vonatkozó levéltári adatok feltárásával. Megismerteti a község harangjait, toronyóráját, hajdani vízimalmait s szinte napjainkig működő gőzmalmát, működési elvüket, felépítését, a letűnt korokban virágzó népi mesterségeket, a kovács, a kerekes, a favillakészítő szaktudását, szakmai fortélyait, s a kalotaszegi népi építészet technikatörténeti sajátosságait is az érdeklődő figyelmébe ajánlja. Az erdélyi késő gótikus építészet egyik remekéről, a település szimbólumává lett gyönyörű templomról alkotott képünk a fából ácsolt tető és a torony szerkezeti elemeinek szakszerű leírásával teljesedik ki, de ugyanúgy az itt élő emberek alkotókedvét, rátermettségét, mesterségbeli jártasságát dicséri a község egykori román fatemploma is. A kötet témaköréhez szorosan kapcsolódik a helység jeles szülöttje, a költőként is számon tartott bányamérnök Debreczeni Márton munkásságát bemutató fejezet.

Tudomány- és Technikatörténeti Füzetek, 2011

Călata, an area with particular history and folklore, generated a specific, unmistakable architec... more Călata, an area with particular history and folklore, generated a specific, unmistakable architectural style, used especially in the construction of churches. Combining in harmony the Transylvanian tradition of the style and techniques used in the construction of the fortified Saxon churches, those of the Orthodox churches made of wood and of folk architecture in the area, the Călata style refers to churches with slim towers and shingle roofs. Most of these religious buildings, characterized by a perfect harmony of their proportions, most of them built in the Romanesque style and located on the most visible sites of the settlements, represent, even today, the attachment of the inhabitants to spiritual continuity and their homeland in the area of Călata.
Five churches, built during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, stand out among the complex of such buildings in Călata through the fact that they share a series of architectural elements typical for the late Gothic style, with elements characteristic for the Transylvanian Gothic, with roots leading towards a beginning called the Cârța Context. It was a puritan Gothic style created in the thirteenth century at the foot of the Southern Carpathians, in the settlement of Cârța, in Sibiu County. The first Gothic church was built there. The style had been brought by the Cistercian monks in their expansion towards Eastern Europe. The first churches in the south and center of Transylvania were built following the style and building technique employed in the erection of the monastic architectural complex in Cârța. Prejmer, Hărman, Brașov, Bistrița and Cluj were the settlements adopting these rules in the building of their own churches.
Abandoning the specificities of the Romanesque style, with its robust semicircular arcades, and employing a well-known, traditional building technology, people promoted the newdaring style,with tallwindows, full of light, ending in ogees, decorated with sculpted stone rails. It had ogee-shaped inner vaults, supported by profiled ribs ending in sculpted stone corbels embedded in the church walls and rows of slender pillars.
The new style reached Călata later, towards the middle of the fifteenth century.
Elements of this style were used in some churches, adapted to the architectural conditions and dimensions of the existing churches in the area. Five such buildings were extended according to the Gothic architectural style, namely those in Huedin, Mănăstireni, Văleni, Căpușu Mic, and Dorolțu.
The first part of the present book consists of a comparative analysis of these five churches, focusing on the presence of Gothic elements and their preponderance in the complex of the respective edifices. The windows, gates, consolidations with buttresses, ogee vaults, and other stylistic elements are compared, aiming at determining, as much as possible, the motivation of those who promoted the new architectural style in this region.
The second part of the book continues the research, from the point of view of the history of technology, with the other three Gothic churches, the ones in Văleni and Mănăstireni being presented in detail in two individual volumes recently published.
Archive research and investigations have been performed, but on site measurements predominate. The construction, employed techniques, and stylistic elements of the three churches, in Huedin, Căpușu Mic, and Dorolțu were the aim of repeated field trips, measurements, and analyses.
The bells in the towers of these three churches are another topic of interest in the present research. The history of these bells and of those preceding them, the circumstances leading to the disappearance of some medieval bells from these towers offer, not only to the authors but also to the reader, a true foray in the past of a craft considered up to the present day a top profession.
The nineteenth century clocks placed in three of the five churches under discussion, have been, at the time they were bought, peak accomplishments of technology.
The fact that these settlements managed to own clocks indicates that there was a social demand for their installation and there were significant financial resources at hand.
The research includes the analysis of the kinematical scheme of these clock mechanisms and a comparison of their stylistic, technical, and technological elements in order to establish their origin.
Three churches are thus analyzed in more detail in the present book, but the Gothic elements of the churches in Mănăstireni and Văleni are also presented succinctly for those readers who do not possess the first two volumes of the series which detail the history of technology researches related to the above mentioned settlements.
The present volume ends a series of researches in the region of Călata. The three volumes related to the history of technology can be considered as opening new lines of research in the field and for other geographical areas.
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Kötetünk a kalotaszegi gótikus templomok, Magyargyerőmonostor, Magyarvalkó, Bánffyhunyad, Magyarkiskapus, Nádasdaróc refor-mátus templomainak technikatörténeti vonatkozásait mutatja be. Zárófejezete annak a feltáró munkának, amely levéltári források kutatásának, de főleg a helyszíneken végzett felmérések eredményeit foglalja össze. A kötet öt templom sajátos jegyeit mutatja be, besorolva azokba az általános összefüggésekbe, amelyek az erdélyi csúcsíves építészetet az európai késő gótika vonulatába helyezik. Egyszerű, dísztelen, nem hivalkodó gótikus épületek vagy épület-részek, amelyek a XV–XVI. századi templombővítések eredményei, és amelyeknek jellegzetes közös elemei a csúcsíves ajtók és ablakok, profilozott keresztbordás mennyezetek, ívtartó gyámkövek, támpillérek. Technikatörténeti szempontból a kalotaszegi gótikus templomok egyik megkülönböztető jegye a századokon át megőrzött, zsindelyes tető. Mindehhez számos technikatörténeti kérdés is fűződik, amelyeknek feltárása és bemutatása okán könyvünk úttörő, hiánypótló vállalkozás, egyben ösztönző is lehet fiatal kutatók számára.

THE XIV.-TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF TECHNICAL SCIENCES, Nov 23, 2013

Jelen kiadványban közzétesszük A Magyar Tudomány Napja Erdélyben központi fórumán elhangzott műsz... more Jelen kiadványban közzétesszük A Magyar Tudomány Napja Erdélyben központi fórumán elhangzott műszaki plenáris előadás, illetve a XIV. MTÜ-n elhangzott előadások írott változatát.