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Papers by Cavine O Oguta
The bottleneck of most inland freshwater aquaculture enterprises is in obtaining an adequate numb... more The bottleneck of most inland freshwater aquaculture enterprises is in obtaining an adequate number of fingerlings, due to their high mortality at early life stages. Their successful production is hindered by many factors including an adequate supply of food at early larval stages. A study on the mass culture of freshwater rotifer species was conducted at the freshwater rotifers’ laboratory in Cần Thơ University’s College of Fisheries and Aquaculture. Brachionus rubens Ehrenberg 1838 were identified and inoculated in 30 identical Falcon cups of 50 ml at 5 female rotifers cup− in order to obtain cultures with sufficient rotifer density for the subsequent culture experiments. A feeding experiment to identify the algae diet that conferred the best culture performance was conducted. Four different feeding treatments involving monodiets of Nannochloropsis oculata, Chaetoceros calcitrans and Chlorella vulgaris algae species and additionally a mixture of the three algal species were run in...
The Mass Culture of the Freshwater Rotifers Brachionus Rubens Ehrenberg 1838 Using Different Algal Species Diets, 2019
All rights are reserved by UIJRT.COM. Abstract-The bottleneck of most inland freshwater aquacultu... more All rights are reserved by UIJRT.COM. Abstract-The bottleneck of most inland freshwater aquaculture enterprises is in obtaining an adequate number of fingerlings, due to their high mortality at early life stages. Their successful production is hindered by many factors including an adequate supply of food at early larval stages. A study on the mass culture of freshwater rotifer species was conducted at the freshwater rotifers' laboratory in Cần Thơ University's College of Fisheries and Aquaculture. Brachionus rubens Ehrenberg 1838 were identified and inoculated in 30 identical Falcon cups of 50 ml at 5 female rotifers cup⁻ 1 in order to obtain cultures with sufficient rotifer density for the subsequent culture experiments. A feeding experiment to identify the algae diet that conferred the best culture performance was conducted. Four different feeding treatments involving monodiets of Nannochloropsis oculata, Chaetoceros calcitrans and Chlorella vulgaris algae species and additionally a mixture of the three algal species were run in a 7-day experiment period. 1.5 l of identical, transparent plastic bottles filled with 1 l of mineral bottle water were stocked at an initial density of 20 individual rotifers ml ⁻1 were used in three triplicates. Water temperature and water pH were 26 ± 1 °C and 7.5 ± 1.5 respectively. The diet containing mixed algal species had significantly higher rotifer density and egg ratio on the 7 th day. Blending microalgae species can enhance the culture performance of the freshwater rotifers B. rubens when compared to monospecific microalgae diets.
The effect of crude extracts of Azadirachta indica leaves on inducing sterility on fertility of m... more The effect of crude extracts of Azadirachta indica leaves on inducing sterility on fertility of male and female Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) was investigated. To find out if dried Azadirachta indica leaves can induce sterility in male Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Mature male and female tilapia of mean weight 30.9 g were treated for 60 days with a low dose (0.5 g/kg/day) and a high dose (2.0 g/ kg/day) of ground Azadirachta indica leaves incorporated into their feed. Fish of similar sizes in the control experiment were fed feed that did not contain Azadirachta indica leaves. The overall growth response was obtained in fish fed with the basal diet, while weight gain, % weight gain and average weekly growth (AWG) were poorer in fish fed with the NLM diets at 2.0 %. A similar trend was observed with the specific growth rate (SGR) as the values decreased with increasing dietary NLM levels while the Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) values showed an inverse relationship. Female fish exhibited higher gonadosomatic index (GSI) values compared to the males with the highest value obtained from fish fed on 0% NLM while the least value was obtained from fish fed on 2% NLM. Histological sections of the testes showed that neem leaves produced swollen nuclei in eggs in the low dose treatment (0.5%) and disintegrated cells in the high dose treatment (2%). No spawning occurred in any of the aquaria during the 60-day experimental period. After the 30 days period of re-introduction to the pond, no spawning was reported in the hapa nets where fish had been fed on 0.5% and 2% NLM. However, spawning was observed in the control experiment two weeks after introduction into the pond. Spawning recurred in the fourth week into the experiment in the control group. In the control experiment, 59 and 44fries were counted in the second and the fourth week respectively after the fish were introduced into pond. The study showed that neem leaves, can be incorporated into sh feeds and used by farmers to control prolic breeding of Nile tilapia. There were no fry in experimental neem treated groups after 60 days while in the control, fry were observed in the second week. There was evidence of hydropic degeneration, ruptured follicle, granulomatous inflammation in the insterstitium and necrosis. From these results, it is concluded that A. indica can be used effectively to inhibit reproduction in tilapia by acting as sterility-inducing agents as they were destructive to tissues of testes and ovaries inhibiting reproduction. Further research is needed on the application of neem for better production of tilapia in aquaculture facilities especially.
This is the final Constitution of HOCUSA. It contains all the latest amendments to the First, Sec... more This is the final Constitution of HOCUSA. It contains all the latest amendments to the First, Second and Third Drafts. This is the Order of arrangement of articles:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT III
CHAPTER I- NAME, MISSION, VISION AND FUNCTIONS 1
1. NAME 1
2. MISSION STATEMENT 1
3. TRUSTEES 3
4. STATEMENT OF OBJECT AND FUNCTIONS 4
5. PRINCIPAL PLACE OF ADMINISTRATION 8
CHAPTER II MEMBERSHIP 10
6. CATEGORY OF MEMBERS 10
7. MEMBERSHIP FEES 13
8. MEMBERS RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS 15
9. REGISTER OF MEMBERS AND OFFICIALS 16
CHAPTER III OFFICERS 20
10. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR ALL OFFICERS 20
11. OFFICERS OF THE ASSOCIATION 21
12. PRINCIPLES OF LEADERSHIP 29
13. FUNCTIONS, ROLES AND DUTIES OF THE OFFICERS 29
14. THE ASSOCIATION CHAIRPERSON 30
15. THE DEPUTY CHAIRPERSON 31
16. THE SECRETARY GENERAL (SG) 32
17. THE FINANCE MANAGER 33
18. THE PROJECT MANAGER 34
19. THE ORGANIZING SECRETARY 35
20. THE PUBLIC RELATIONS OFFICER 35
21. DEPUTY SECRETARY GENERAL (DSG) 36
22. THE CASE OF ABSEENTISM BY AN OFFICIAL 37
CHAPTER IV THE ADVISORY BOARD 39
23. COMPOSITION OF THE ADVISORY BOARD 39
CHAPTER V ELECTIONS AND APPOINTMENTS OF OFFICIALS, TERM OF OFFICE BEARERS AND CASUAL VACANCY 40
24. ELECTION AND APPOINTMENT OF OFFICIALS 40
25. THE ELECTORAL BODY 44
26. ELECTORAL PROCEDURES 45
27. TERM OF OFFICE HOLDERS 46
28. CASUAL VACANCIES 47
29. CONDITIONS FOR CASUAL VACANCY 47
CHAPTER VI FUNCTIONS OF VARIOUS ORGANS OF HOCUSA 50
30. FUNCTIONS OF THE COUNCIL AND THE SECRETARIAT 50
31. FUNCTIONS OF THE CHAIRPERSON TO THE COUNCIL 53
32. FUNCTIONS OF THE ADVISORY BOARD 53
33. FUNCTIONS OF THE BOARD’S CHAIRPERSON 54
34. TERM OF OFFICE OF THE MEMBERS OF THE BOARD 55
CHAPTER VII MEETINGS OF THE COUNCIL, POWERS AND REMOVAL FROM OFFICE 56
35. MEETINGS OF THE COUNCIL 56
36. CHAIRING AND VOTING AT THE COUNCIL MEETING 56
37. VALIDITY OF A RESOLUTION BY THE OFFICIALS 57
38. RESPONSIBILITIES OF OFFICIALS AND OFFICERS 58
39. REMOVAL OF OFFICIALS 58
40. COMMITTEES OF HOCUSA 60
41. COMPOSITIONS AND FUNCTIONS OF COMMITTEES 63
CHAPTER VIII MEETINGS OF MEMBERS 74
42. MEETING OF THE ADVISORY BOARD 74
43. TYPES AND FREQUENCY OF MEETINGS 74
44. PROCEDURES AT THE MEETINGS 76
45. POWERS OF AGM/SGM MEETINGS 76
CHAPTER IX FINANCIAL MATTERS 78
46. FINANCIAL YEAR 78
47. FUNDS 78
48. BANK ACCOUNT 79
49. ANNUAL REPORT 82
50. COMMON STAMP 83
51. THE AUTHORITY OF THE COUNCIL 84
52. CUSTODY OF DOCUMENTATION AND MATERIALS 84
CHAPTER X DISPUTES AND DISCIPLINE 86
53. DISPUTES 86
54. DISCIPLINARY MATTERS AND PROCESSES 87
CHAPTER XI MISCELLANEOUS 90
55. PATRON AND VICE PATRONS 90
56. THE MATRON 92
57. APPLICATION OF INCOME 92
58. ALTERATIONS TO THIS CONSTITUTION 94
59. BY-LAWS 95
60. WINDING UP 96
61. INDEMNITY 98
62. COLOURS 98
63. SCHEDULE ONE DEFINITION i
64. SCHEDULE TWO RESPONSIBILITIES OF OFFICIALS AND OFFICERS i
65. THE COLOURS, LOGO AND FEATURES OF HOCUSA v
66. SCHEDULE THREE- FIRST ELECTION vi
67. SCHEDULE FOUR- ix
68. DECLARATION x
A contest paper produced by HOCUESA Academic Committee and administered on the 31st January 2015.... more A contest paper produced by HOCUESA Academic Committee and administered on the 31st January 2015.
Four schools attended the Contest.
Thesis Chapters by Cavine O Oguta
The effect of crude extracts of Azadirachta indica leaves on inducing sterility on fertility of m... more The effect of crude extracts of Azadirachta indica leaves on inducing sterility on fertility of male and female Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) was investigated. To find out if dried Azadirachta indica leaves can induce sterility in male Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Mature male and female tilapia of mean weight 30.9 g were treated for 60 days with a low dose (0.5 g/kg/day) and a high dose (2.0 g/ kg/day) of ground Azadirachta indica leaves incorporated into their feed. Fish of similar sizes in the control experiment were fed feed that did not contain Azadirachta indica leaves. The overall growth response was obtained in fish fed with the basal diet, while weight gain, % weight gain and average weekly growth (AWG) were poorer in fish fed with the NLM diets at 2.0 %. A similar trend was observed with the specific growth rate (SGR) as the values decreased with increasing dietary NLM levels while the Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) values showed an inverse relationship. Female fish exhibited higher gonadosomatic index (GSI) values compared to the males with the highest value obtained from fish fed on 0% NLM while the least value was obtained from fish fed on 2% NLM. Histological sections of the testes showed that neem leaves produced swollen nuclei in eggs in the low dose treatment (0.5%) and disintegrated cells in the high dose treatment (2%). No spawning occurred in any of the aquaria during the 60-day experimental period. After the 30 days period of re-introduction to the pond, no spawning was reported in the hapa nets where fish had been fed on 0.5% and 2% NLM. However, spawning was observed in the control experiment two weeks after introduction into the pond. Spawning recurred in the fourth week into the experiment in the control group. In the control experiment, 59 and 44fries were counted in the second and the fourth week respectively after the fish were introduced into pond. The study showed that neem leaves, can be incorporated into sh feeds and used by farmers to control prolic breeding of Nile tilapia. There were no fry in experimental neem treated groups after 60 days while in the control, fry were observed in the second week. There was evidence of hydropic degeneration, ruptured follicle, granulomatous inflammation in the insterstitium and necrosis. From these results, it is concluded that A. indica can be used effectively to inhibit reproduction in tilapia by acting as sterility-inducing agents as they were destructive to tissues of testes and ovaries inhibiting reproduction. Further research is needed on the application of neem for better production of tilapia in aquaculture facilities especially.
Books by Cavine O Oguta
AUTHORHOUSE, 2018
Over 55 years if independence and self-rule, African countries continue to suffer from the pre-co... more Over 55 years if independence and self-rule, African countries continue
to suffer from the pre-colonial challenges and confusions which formed
the major driving agenda of the first African leaders caucus. The
major monsters of hunger, disease, illiteracy and imperialism remain
severe nightmares lingering in the minds of every African. Notably,
the African dream has been abandoned and the pursuits of which
has been kidnapped by a gang of destiny robbers hopping about and
filled with ‘messiah complex mentality’, without direct appointment
by the African people. These group of opportunistic and materially
possessed mis-leaders claiming to be leaders of Africa have defiled all
odds and continues to enjoy the top cream at the expense of starving
population and assigned themselves the power to embezzle and steal
resources with an ever increasing level of output; a constant insatiable
appetite to get rich by these misleaders. Yet the African people are
squarely responsible for every dint they are suffering from. For so many
years, Africans have been offered opportunity to elect leadership based
on the quality and the content of their brains, but a majority of them prefer to go for other qualities, a factor that has contributed to the mass
breeding of ineffective and insensible cadre of mis-leaders and leadership deficiency the continent continues to suffer from. The African continent is featured as a wealthy continent with numerous natural resources. The irony is that to date, it is Africa that enjoys being described as developing continent that never actually develops. The numerous resources from the bellies of Africa are not utilized for the benefit of the African people, despite benefiting many other continents outside of Africa. Africans are implored in this book to wake up and re-position themselves in the rightful places before the world. The writer utilizes rare evidences within the African context to narrate the story of the unfortunate perpetual underdevelopment of the African continent, which has depended on acts of charity and generosity by other civilizations despite being in a position to acquire the best.
This book can be downloaded at:
https://www.cavineonyangooguta.com
The bottleneck of most inland freshwater aquaculture enterprises is in obtaining an adequate numb... more The bottleneck of most inland freshwater aquaculture enterprises is in obtaining an adequate number of fingerlings, due to their high mortality at early life stages. Their successful production is hindered by many factors including an adequate supply of food at early larval stages. A study on the mass culture of freshwater rotifer species was conducted at the freshwater rotifers’ laboratory in Cần Thơ University’s College of Fisheries and Aquaculture. Brachionus rubens Ehrenberg 1838 were identified and inoculated in 30 identical Falcon cups of 50 ml at 5 female rotifers cup− in order to obtain cultures with sufficient rotifer density for the subsequent culture experiments. A feeding experiment to identify the algae diet that conferred the best culture performance was conducted. Four different feeding treatments involving monodiets of Nannochloropsis oculata, Chaetoceros calcitrans and Chlorella vulgaris algae species and additionally a mixture of the three algal species were run in...
The Mass Culture of the Freshwater Rotifers Brachionus Rubens Ehrenberg 1838 Using Different Algal Species Diets, 2019
All rights are reserved by UIJRT.COM. Abstract-The bottleneck of most inland freshwater aquacultu... more All rights are reserved by UIJRT.COM. Abstract-The bottleneck of most inland freshwater aquaculture enterprises is in obtaining an adequate number of fingerlings, due to their high mortality at early life stages. Their successful production is hindered by many factors including an adequate supply of food at early larval stages. A study on the mass culture of freshwater rotifer species was conducted at the freshwater rotifers' laboratory in Cần Thơ University's College of Fisheries and Aquaculture. Brachionus rubens Ehrenberg 1838 were identified and inoculated in 30 identical Falcon cups of 50 ml at 5 female rotifers cup⁻ 1 in order to obtain cultures with sufficient rotifer density for the subsequent culture experiments. A feeding experiment to identify the algae diet that conferred the best culture performance was conducted. Four different feeding treatments involving monodiets of Nannochloropsis oculata, Chaetoceros calcitrans and Chlorella vulgaris algae species and additionally a mixture of the three algal species were run in a 7-day experiment period. 1.5 l of identical, transparent plastic bottles filled with 1 l of mineral bottle water were stocked at an initial density of 20 individual rotifers ml ⁻1 were used in three triplicates. Water temperature and water pH were 26 ± 1 °C and 7.5 ± 1.5 respectively. The diet containing mixed algal species had significantly higher rotifer density and egg ratio on the 7 th day. Blending microalgae species can enhance the culture performance of the freshwater rotifers B. rubens when compared to monospecific microalgae diets.
The effect of crude extracts of Azadirachta indica leaves on inducing sterility on fertility of m... more The effect of crude extracts of Azadirachta indica leaves on inducing sterility on fertility of male and female Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) was investigated. To find out if dried Azadirachta indica leaves can induce sterility in male Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Mature male and female tilapia of mean weight 30.9 g were treated for 60 days with a low dose (0.5 g/kg/day) and a high dose (2.0 g/ kg/day) of ground Azadirachta indica leaves incorporated into their feed. Fish of similar sizes in the control experiment were fed feed that did not contain Azadirachta indica leaves. The overall growth response was obtained in fish fed with the basal diet, while weight gain, % weight gain and average weekly growth (AWG) were poorer in fish fed with the NLM diets at 2.0 %. A similar trend was observed with the specific growth rate (SGR) as the values decreased with increasing dietary NLM levels while the Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) values showed an inverse relationship. Female fish exhibited higher gonadosomatic index (GSI) values compared to the males with the highest value obtained from fish fed on 0% NLM while the least value was obtained from fish fed on 2% NLM. Histological sections of the testes showed that neem leaves produced swollen nuclei in eggs in the low dose treatment (0.5%) and disintegrated cells in the high dose treatment (2%). No spawning occurred in any of the aquaria during the 60-day experimental period. After the 30 days period of re-introduction to the pond, no spawning was reported in the hapa nets where fish had been fed on 0.5% and 2% NLM. However, spawning was observed in the control experiment two weeks after introduction into the pond. Spawning recurred in the fourth week into the experiment in the control group. In the control experiment, 59 and 44fries were counted in the second and the fourth week respectively after the fish were introduced into pond. The study showed that neem leaves, can be incorporated into sh feeds and used by farmers to control prolic breeding of Nile tilapia. There were no fry in experimental neem treated groups after 60 days while in the control, fry were observed in the second week. There was evidence of hydropic degeneration, ruptured follicle, granulomatous inflammation in the insterstitium and necrosis. From these results, it is concluded that A. indica can be used effectively to inhibit reproduction in tilapia by acting as sterility-inducing agents as they were destructive to tissues of testes and ovaries inhibiting reproduction. Further research is needed on the application of neem for better production of tilapia in aquaculture facilities especially.
This is the final Constitution of HOCUSA. It contains all the latest amendments to the First, Sec... more This is the final Constitution of HOCUSA. It contains all the latest amendments to the First, Second and Third Drafts. This is the Order of arrangement of articles:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT III
CHAPTER I- NAME, MISSION, VISION AND FUNCTIONS 1
1. NAME 1
2. MISSION STATEMENT 1
3. TRUSTEES 3
4. STATEMENT OF OBJECT AND FUNCTIONS 4
5. PRINCIPAL PLACE OF ADMINISTRATION 8
CHAPTER II MEMBERSHIP 10
6. CATEGORY OF MEMBERS 10
7. MEMBERSHIP FEES 13
8. MEMBERS RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS 15
9. REGISTER OF MEMBERS AND OFFICIALS 16
CHAPTER III OFFICERS 20
10. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR ALL OFFICERS 20
11. OFFICERS OF THE ASSOCIATION 21
12. PRINCIPLES OF LEADERSHIP 29
13. FUNCTIONS, ROLES AND DUTIES OF THE OFFICERS 29
14. THE ASSOCIATION CHAIRPERSON 30
15. THE DEPUTY CHAIRPERSON 31
16. THE SECRETARY GENERAL (SG) 32
17. THE FINANCE MANAGER 33
18. THE PROJECT MANAGER 34
19. THE ORGANIZING SECRETARY 35
20. THE PUBLIC RELATIONS OFFICER 35
21. DEPUTY SECRETARY GENERAL (DSG) 36
22. THE CASE OF ABSEENTISM BY AN OFFICIAL 37
CHAPTER IV THE ADVISORY BOARD 39
23. COMPOSITION OF THE ADVISORY BOARD 39
CHAPTER V ELECTIONS AND APPOINTMENTS OF OFFICIALS, TERM OF OFFICE BEARERS AND CASUAL VACANCY 40
24. ELECTION AND APPOINTMENT OF OFFICIALS 40
25. THE ELECTORAL BODY 44
26. ELECTORAL PROCEDURES 45
27. TERM OF OFFICE HOLDERS 46
28. CASUAL VACANCIES 47
29. CONDITIONS FOR CASUAL VACANCY 47
CHAPTER VI FUNCTIONS OF VARIOUS ORGANS OF HOCUSA 50
30. FUNCTIONS OF THE COUNCIL AND THE SECRETARIAT 50
31. FUNCTIONS OF THE CHAIRPERSON TO THE COUNCIL 53
32. FUNCTIONS OF THE ADVISORY BOARD 53
33. FUNCTIONS OF THE BOARD’S CHAIRPERSON 54
34. TERM OF OFFICE OF THE MEMBERS OF THE BOARD 55
CHAPTER VII MEETINGS OF THE COUNCIL, POWERS AND REMOVAL FROM OFFICE 56
35. MEETINGS OF THE COUNCIL 56
36. CHAIRING AND VOTING AT THE COUNCIL MEETING 56
37. VALIDITY OF A RESOLUTION BY THE OFFICIALS 57
38. RESPONSIBILITIES OF OFFICIALS AND OFFICERS 58
39. REMOVAL OF OFFICIALS 58
40. COMMITTEES OF HOCUSA 60
41. COMPOSITIONS AND FUNCTIONS OF COMMITTEES 63
CHAPTER VIII MEETINGS OF MEMBERS 74
42. MEETING OF THE ADVISORY BOARD 74
43. TYPES AND FREQUENCY OF MEETINGS 74
44. PROCEDURES AT THE MEETINGS 76
45. POWERS OF AGM/SGM MEETINGS 76
CHAPTER IX FINANCIAL MATTERS 78
46. FINANCIAL YEAR 78
47. FUNDS 78
48. BANK ACCOUNT 79
49. ANNUAL REPORT 82
50. COMMON STAMP 83
51. THE AUTHORITY OF THE COUNCIL 84
52. CUSTODY OF DOCUMENTATION AND MATERIALS 84
CHAPTER X DISPUTES AND DISCIPLINE 86
53. DISPUTES 86
54. DISCIPLINARY MATTERS AND PROCESSES 87
CHAPTER XI MISCELLANEOUS 90
55. PATRON AND VICE PATRONS 90
56. THE MATRON 92
57. APPLICATION OF INCOME 92
58. ALTERATIONS TO THIS CONSTITUTION 94
59. BY-LAWS 95
60. WINDING UP 96
61. INDEMNITY 98
62. COLOURS 98
63. SCHEDULE ONE DEFINITION i
64. SCHEDULE TWO RESPONSIBILITIES OF OFFICIALS AND OFFICERS i
65. THE COLOURS, LOGO AND FEATURES OF HOCUSA v
66. SCHEDULE THREE- FIRST ELECTION vi
67. SCHEDULE FOUR- ix
68. DECLARATION x
A contest paper produced by HOCUESA Academic Committee and administered on the 31st January 2015.... more A contest paper produced by HOCUESA Academic Committee and administered on the 31st January 2015.
Four schools attended the Contest.
The effect of crude extracts of Azadirachta indica leaves on inducing sterility on fertility of m... more The effect of crude extracts of Azadirachta indica leaves on inducing sterility on fertility of male and female Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) was investigated. To find out if dried Azadirachta indica leaves can induce sterility in male Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Mature male and female tilapia of mean weight 30.9 g were treated for 60 days with a low dose (0.5 g/kg/day) and a high dose (2.0 g/ kg/day) of ground Azadirachta indica leaves incorporated into their feed. Fish of similar sizes in the control experiment were fed feed that did not contain Azadirachta indica leaves. The overall growth response was obtained in fish fed with the basal diet, while weight gain, % weight gain and average weekly growth (AWG) were poorer in fish fed with the NLM diets at 2.0 %. A similar trend was observed with the specific growth rate (SGR) as the values decreased with increasing dietary NLM levels while the Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) values showed an inverse relationship. Female fish exhibited higher gonadosomatic index (GSI) values compared to the males with the highest value obtained from fish fed on 0% NLM while the least value was obtained from fish fed on 2% NLM. Histological sections of the testes showed that neem leaves produced swollen nuclei in eggs in the low dose treatment (0.5%) and disintegrated cells in the high dose treatment (2%). No spawning occurred in any of the aquaria during the 60-day experimental period. After the 30 days period of re-introduction to the pond, no spawning was reported in the hapa nets where fish had been fed on 0.5% and 2% NLM. However, spawning was observed in the control experiment two weeks after introduction into the pond. Spawning recurred in the fourth week into the experiment in the control group. In the control experiment, 59 and 44fries were counted in the second and the fourth week respectively after the fish were introduced into pond. The study showed that neem leaves, can be incorporated into sh feeds and used by farmers to control prolic breeding of Nile tilapia. There were no fry in experimental neem treated groups after 60 days while in the control, fry were observed in the second week. There was evidence of hydropic degeneration, ruptured follicle, granulomatous inflammation in the insterstitium and necrosis. From these results, it is concluded that A. indica can be used effectively to inhibit reproduction in tilapia by acting as sterility-inducing agents as they were destructive to tissues of testes and ovaries inhibiting reproduction. Further research is needed on the application of neem for better production of tilapia in aquaculture facilities especially.
AUTHORHOUSE, 2018
Over 55 years if independence and self-rule, African countries continue to suffer from the pre-co... more Over 55 years if independence and self-rule, African countries continue
to suffer from the pre-colonial challenges and confusions which formed
the major driving agenda of the first African leaders caucus. The
major monsters of hunger, disease, illiteracy and imperialism remain
severe nightmares lingering in the minds of every African. Notably,
the African dream has been abandoned and the pursuits of which
has been kidnapped by a gang of destiny robbers hopping about and
filled with ‘messiah complex mentality’, without direct appointment
by the African people. These group of opportunistic and materially
possessed mis-leaders claiming to be leaders of Africa have defiled all
odds and continues to enjoy the top cream at the expense of starving
population and assigned themselves the power to embezzle and steal
resources with an ever increasing level of output; a constant insatiable
appetite to get rich by these misleaders. Yet the African people are
squarely responsible for every dint they are suffering from. For so many
years, Africans have been offered opportunity to elect leadership based
on the quality and the content of their brains, but a majority of them prefer to go for other qualities, a factor that has contributed to the mass
breeding of ineffective and insensible cadre of mis-leaders and leadership deficiency the continent continues to suffer from. The African continent is featured as a wealthy continent with numerous natural resources. The irony is that to date, it is Africa that enjoys being described as developing continent that never actually develops. The numerous resources from the bellies of Africa are not utilized for the benefit of the African people, despite benefiting many other continents outside of Africa. Africans are implored in this book to wake up and re-position themselves in the rightful places before the world. The writer utilizes rare evidences within the African context to narrate the story of the unfortunate perpetual underdevelopment of the African continent, which has depended on acts of charity and generosity by other civilizations despite being in a position to acquire the best.
This book can be downloaded at:
https://www.cavineonyangooguta.com