Tapio Levä | Aalto University (original) (raw)

Papers by Tapio Levä

Heikki HÄMMÄINENa, 1, Alan FORDb, Alexandros KOSTOPOULOSc, Bernd HEINRICHd, Tapio LEVÄa, Ralf WID... more Heikki HÄMMÄINENa, 1, Alan FORDb, Alexandros KOSTOPOULOSc, Bernd HEINRICHd, Tapio LEVÄa, Ralf WIDERAd and Costas COURCOUBETISc a Helsinki University of Technology, Finland heikki. hammainen@ tkk. fi b Roke Manor Research, United Kingdom c Athens University of Economics and Business, Department of Informatics, Greece d T–Systems Enterprise Services GmbH, Germany Keywords. Future Internet, multipath TCP, resource pooling, business models, use cases, incentives

Page 1. SCALABLE & ADAPTIVE INTERNET SOLUTIONS Internet content delivery as a two-sided market Fu... more Page 1. SCALABLE & ADAPTIVE INTERNET SOLUTIONS Internet content delivery as a two-sided market Future Networks concertation meeting, Socio-Economics of the Network of the Future Workshop, 18 October 2010 SAIL Project Tapio Levä (tapio.leva@aalto.fi) Department of Communications and Networking Aalto University 2010-11-03 1 Page 2.

Abstract Current Future Internet (FI) research brings out the trend of designing information-orie... more Abstract Current Future Internet (FI) research brings out the trend of designing information-oriented networks, in contrast to the current host-centric Internet. Information-centric Networking (ICN) focuses on finding and transmitting information to end-users, instead of connecting end hosts that exchange data. The key concepts of ICN are expected to have significant impact on the FI, and to create new challenges for all associated stakeholders.

This report is a collection of best student papers from a postgraduate level seminar, "Techno-Eco... more This report is a collection of best student papers from a postgraduate level seminar, "Techno-Economic Analysis of Internet Architecture Evolution", held at the Helsinki University of Technology. The idea for the topic came up from discussions driven by Dr. Pekka Nikander with Professors Heikki Hämmäinen and Jörg Ott. The key observation was that the fundamental price ratio trends in the context of Internet are poorly studied and published. Still the slow changes in fundamental price ratios are working indisputably, and gradually influencing the power positions of competing architectures and players. Therefore it seems that demand exists for this kind of studies while their supply is low.

… , Media and Internet Techno- …, 2011

The amount and importance of content is increasing in the Internet whereas the current Internet's... more The amount and importance of content is increasing in the Internet whereas the current Internet's ability to scale to the growing demand of transport capacity is unclear. Information networking featuring in-network caching has been suggested as a future networking paradigm but its market potential has not been widely studied. This paper evaluates market prospects of information networking by analyzing the current and future Internet content delivery models: the clientserver model, content delivery network model, and information networking model. Value networks and two-sided markets of these content delivery models are identified in the process. The results suggest that content providers may be willing to invest in information networking due to their high willingness to pay for better than best effort content delivery. In addition, if information networking reduces off-net costs for Internet access providers significantly, they may consider investing in information networking deployment. The results are valuable in recognizing the need for further research on information networking's business models and feasibility.

The future internet, 2011

Many, if not most, well-designed Future Internet protocols fail, and some badly-designed protocol... more Many, if not most, well-designed Future Internet protocols fail, and some badly-designed protocols are very successful. This somewhat depressing statement illustrates starkly the critical importance of a protocol's deployability. We present a framework for considering deployment and adoption issues, and apply it to two protocols, Multipath TCP and Congestion Exposure, which we are developing in the Trilogy project. Careful consideration of such issues can increase the chances that a future Internet protocol is widely adopted.

During the last decade the Internet has faced an architectural stagnation due to lack of wide sca... more During the last decade the Internet has faced an architectural stagnation due to lack of wide scale adoption of new communication protocols. A significant reason for non-adoption is that the conflicting interests of networked stakeholders involved in the diffusion process are not understood or taken into account during the protocol development. This paper increases understanding of the dynamics of communication protocol diffusion and provides feedback to protocol development by studying the case of Multipath TCP (MPTCP). Firstly, we introduce a protocol development process which builds on the existing diffusion of innovation theories. Secondly, a quantitative analysis using system dynamics is provided to evaluate the criticality of the factors affecting the MPTCP diffusion. The diffusion of communication protocols is found to follow three adoption models differentiated by the basis of adoption decision.

… Overlays, and Economic …, 2010

Multipath TCP (MPTCP) is an extension to regular TCP that exploits the idea of resource pooling b... more Multipath TCP (MPTCP) is an extension to regular TCP that exploits the idea of resource pooling by transmitting the data of a single TCP connection simultaneously across multiple Internet paths between two end hosts. Operating system vendors are traditionally in the key position to facilitate the deployment of new functionality, such as MPTCP, to user devices, but their motivation to invest in such enhancements is not self-evident. A scenario in which one party has the capability to deploy software changes on both the mobile devices and on the content servers helps to understand the potential first-mover advantages associated with the deployment of a new IETF standard protocol. In this study, we have built a quantitative techno-economic model to estimate the implementation costs for a content provider selling application downloads who is also able to implement MPTCP on both ends and compare them against the revenue MPTCP generates. The results suggest that even a relatively small increase in the number of downloads could make the business case profitable within five years.

Future Internet Assembly (FIA) Book (April …, 2010

The network research community is actively working on the design of the Future Internet, aiming a... more The network research community is actively working on the design of the Future Internet, aiming at solving scalability issues that the current Internet is facing. It is widely recognized that the Locator/ID Split paradigm fits well the requirements for the new, more scalable, Future Internet architecture. Both the academy and the industry have already produced several technical proposals, with their own peculiarities and merits. However, despite such an effort, it is still unclear, how the Locator/ID Split will be deployed, what are the drivers of its adoption, who will adopt it, and how the adoption process will most likely evolve in time. In this paper, we answer to these questions by presenting an adoption model for the Locator/ID Split paradigm.

Successful deployment of new network protocols on the Future Internet is not a trivial task. Depl... more Successful deployment of new network protocols on the Future Internet is not a trivial task. Deployable protocol design is necessary but not sufficient condition for protocol's success, unless it takes all stakeholders involved in the deployment process into account. This paper investigates the challenges of deploying a new transport protocol on the Internet, using Multipath TCP -a TCP variant that transmits along several network paths at the same time -as an example and proposes a framework for its adoption process based on diffusion theory. The paper distinguishes the roles of adopters and other stakeholders in the deployment process, and presents scenarios that enhance Multipath TCP deployment and adoption. One key finding is that the role of end users is not of significant importance for Multipath TCP deployment, because they are not necessarily in a position to make a conscious adoption decision.

Evolving Internet, 2009. …, 2009

Future Internet …, 2010

Multipath TCP (MPTCP) is a resource pooling mechanism which splits data across multiple subflows ... more Multipath TCP (MPTCP) is a resource pooling mechanism which splits data across multiple subflows (paths) and ensures reliable data delivery. Although Multipath TCP is a relatively small technical change to the TCP protocol providing improved resilience, throughput and session continuity, it will have considerable impact on the value networks and business models of Internet access provisioning. In this paper, we evaluate the viability of different MPTCP deployment scenarios and present what new ISP business models might be enabled by the new flexibility that MPTCP brings. This allows the research community to focus on the most promising deployment scenarios.

… , Media and Internet Techno- …, 2011

The amount and importance of content is increasing in the Internet whereas the current Internet's... more The amount and importance of content is increasing in the Internet whereas the current Internet's ability to scale to the growing demand of transport capacity is unclear. Information networking featuring in-network caching has been suggested as a future networking paradigm but its market potential has not been widely studied. This paper evaluates market prospects of information networking by analyzing the current and future Internet content delivery models: the clientserver model, content delivery network model, and information networking model. Value networks and two-sided markets of these content delivery models are identified in the process. The results suggest that content providers may be willing to invest in information networking due to their high willingness to pay for better than best effort content delivery. In addition, if information networking reduces off-net costs for Internet access providers significantly, they may consider investing in information networking deployment. The results are valuable in recognizing the need for further research on information networking's business models and feasibility.

The future internet, 2011

Many, if not most, well-designed Future Internet protocols fail, and some badly-designed protocol... more Many, if not most, well-designed Future Internet protocols fail, and some badly-designed protocols are very successful. This somewhat depressing statement illustrates starkly the critical importance of a protocol's deployability. We present a framework for considering deployment and adoption issues, and apply it to two protocols, Multipath TCP and Congestion Exposure, which we are developing in the Trilogy project. Careful consideration of such issues can increase the chances that a future Internet protocol is widely adopted.

During the last decade the Internet has faced an architectural stagnation due to lack of wide sca... more During the last decade the Internet has faced an architectural stagnation due to lack of wide scale adoption of new communication protocols. A significant reason for non-adoption is that the conflicting interests of networked stakeholders involved in the diffusion process are not understood or taken into account during the protocol development. This paper increases understanding of the dynamics of communication protocol diffusion and provides feedback to protocol development by studying the case of Multipath TCP (MPTCP). Firstly, we introduce a protocol development process which builds on the existing diffusion of innovation theories. Secondly, a quantitative analysis using system dynamics is provided to evaluate the criticality of the factors affecting the MPTCP diffusion. The diffusion of communication protocols is found to follow three adoption models differentiated by the basis of adoption decision.

… Overlays, and Economic …, 2010

Multipath TCP (MPTCP) is an extension to regular TCP that exploits the idea of resource pooling b... more Multipath TCP (MPTCP) is an extension to regular TCP that exploits the idea of resource pooling by transmitting the data of a single TCP connection simultaneously across multiple Internet paths between two end hosts. Operating system vendors are traditionally in the key position to facilitate the deployment of new functionality, such as MPTCP, to user devices, but their motivation to invest in such enhancements is not self-evident. A scenario in which one party has the capability to deploy software changes on both the mobile devices and on the content servers helps to understand the potential first-mover advantages associated with the deployment of a new IETF standard protocol. In this study, we have built a quantitative techno-economic model to estimate the implementation costs for a content provider selling application downloads who is also able to implement MPTCP on both ends and compare them against the revenue MPTCP generates. The results suggest that even a relatively small increase in the number of downloads could make the business case profitable within five years.

Heikki HÄMMÄINENa, 1, Alan FORDb, Alexandros KOSTOPOULOSc, Bernd HEINRICHd, Tapio LEVÄa, Ralf WID... more Heikki HÄMMÄINENa, 1, Alan FORDb, Alexandros KOSTOPOULOSc, Bernd HEINRICHd, Tapio LEVÄa, Ralf WIDERAd and Costas COURCOUBETISc a Helsinki University of Technology, Finland heikki. hammainen@ tkk. fi b Roke Manor Research, United Kingdom c Athens University of Economics and Business, Department of Informatics, Greece d T–Systems Enterprise Services GmbH, Germany Keywords. Future Internet, multipath TCP, resource pooling, business models, use cases, incentives

Page 1. SCALABLE & ADAPTIVE INTERNET SOLUTIONS Internet content delivery as a two-sided market Fu... more Page 1. SCALABLE & ADAPTIVE INTERNET SOLUTIONS Internet content delivery as a two-sided market Future Networks concertation meeting, Socio-Economics of the Network of the Future Workshop, 18 October 2010 SAIL Project Tapio Levä (tapio.leva@aalto.fi) Department of Communications and Networking Aalto University 2010-11-03 1 Page 2.

Abstract Current Future Internet (FI) research brings out the trend of designing information-orie... more Abstract Current Future Internet (FI) research brings out the trend of designing information-oriented networks, in contrast to the current host-centric Internet. Information-centric Networking (ICN) focuses on finding and transmitting information to end-users, instead of connecting end hosts that exchange data. The key concepts of ICN are expected to have significant impact on the FI, and to create new challenges for all associated stakeholders.

This report is a collection of best student papers from a postgraduate level seminar, "Techno-Eco... more This report is a collection of best student papers from a postgraduate level seminar, "Techno-Economic Analysis of Internet Architecture Evolution", held at the Helsinki University of Technology. The idea for the topic came up from discussions driven by Dr. Pekka Nikander with Professors Heikki Hämmäinen and Jörg Ott. The key observation was that the fundamental price ratio trends in the context of Internet are poorly studied and published. Still the slow changes in fundamental price ratios are working indisputably, and gradually influencing the power positions of competing architectures and players. Therefore it seems that demand exists for this kind of studies while their supply is low.

… , Media and Internet Techno- …, 2011

The amount and importance of content is increasing in the Internet whereas the current Internet's... more The amount and importance of content is increasing in the Internet whereas the current Internet's ability to scale to the growing demand of transport capacity is unclear. Information networking featuring in-network caching has been suggested as a future networking paradigm but its market potential has not been widely studied. This paper evaluates market prospects of information networking by analyzing the current and future Internet content delivery models: the clientserver model, content delivery network model, and information networking model. Value networks and two-sided markets of these content delivery models are identified in the process. The results suggest that content providers may be willing to invest in information networking due to their high willingness to pay for better than best effort content delivery. In addition, if information networking reduces off-net costs for Internet access providers significantly, they may consider investing in information networking deployment. The results are valuable in recognizing the need for further research on information networking's business models and feasibility.

The future internet, 2011

Many, if not most, well-designed Future Internet protocols fail, and some badly-designed protocol... more Many, if not most, well-designed Future Internet protocols fail, and some badly-designed protocols are very successful. This somewhat depressing statement illustrates starkly the critical importance of a protocol's deployability. We present a framework for considering deployment and adoption issues, and apply it to two protocols, Multipath TCP and Congestion Exposure, which we are developing in the Trilogy project. Careful consideration of such issues can increase the chances that a future Internet protocol is widely adopted.

During the last decade the Internet has faced an architectural stagnation due to lack of wide sca... more During the last decade the Internet has faced an architectural stagnation due to lack of wide scale adoption of new communication protocols. A significant reason for non-adoption is that the conflicting interests of networked stakeholders involved in the diffusion process are not understood or taken into account during the protocol development. This paper increases understanding of the dynamics of communication protocol diffusion and provides feedback to protocol development by studying the case of Multipath TCP (MPTCP). Firstly, we introduce a protocol development process which builds on the existing diffusion of innovation theories. Secondly, a quantitative analysis using system dynamics is provided to evaluate the criticality of the factors affecting the MPTCP diffusion. The diffusion of communication protocols is found to follow three adoption models differentiated by the basis of adoption decision.

… Overlays, and Economic …, 2010

Multipath TCP (MPTCP) is an extension to regular TCP that exploits the idea of resource pooling b... more Multipath TCP (MPTCP) is an extension to regular TCP that exploits the idea of resource pooling by transmitting the data of a single TCP connection simultaneously across multiple Internet paths between two end hosts. Operating system vendors are traditionally in the key position to facilitate the deployment of new functionality, such as MPTCP, to user devices, but their motivation to invest in such enhancements is not self-evident. A scenario in which one party has the capability to deploy software changes on both the mobile devices and on the content servers helps to understand the potential first-mover advantages associated with the deployment of a new IETF standard protocol. In this study, we have built a quantitative techno-economic model to estimate the implementation costs for a content provider selling application downloads who is also able to implement MPTCP on both ends and compare them against the revenue MPTCP generates. The results suggest that even a relatively small increase in the number of downloads could make the business case profitable within five years.

Future Internet Assembly (FIA) Book (April …, 2010

The network research community is actively working on the design of the Future Internet, aiming a... more The network research community is actively working on the design of the Future Internet, aiming at solving scalability issues that the current Internet is facing. It is widely recognized that the Locator/ID Split paradigm fits well the requirements for the new, more scalable, Future Internet architecture. Both the academy and the industry have already produced several technical proposals, with their own peculiarities and merits. However, despite such an effort, it is still unclear, how the Locator/ID Split will be deployed, what are the drivers of its adoption, who will adopt it, and how the adoption process will most likely evolve in time. In this paper, we answer to these questions by presenting an adoption model for the Locator/ID Split paradigm.

Successful deployment of new network protocols on the Future Internet is not a trivial task. Depl... more Successful deployment of new network protocols on the Future Internet is not a trivial task. Deployable protocol design is necessary but not sufficient condition for protocol's success, unless it takes all stakeholders involved in the deployment process into account. This paper investigates the challenges of deploying a new transport protocol on the Internet, using Multipath TCP -a TCP variant that transmits along several network paths at the same time -as an example and proposes a framework for its adoption process based on diffusion theory. The paper distinguishes the roles of adopters and other stakeholders in the deployment process, and presents scenarios that enhance Multipath TCP deployment and adoption. One key finding is that the role of end users is not of significant importance for Multipath TCP deployment, because they are not necessarily in a position to make a conscious adoption decision.

Evolving Internet, 2009. …, 2009

Future Internet …, 2010

Multipath TCP (MPTCP) is a resource pooling mechanism which splits data across multiple subflows ... more Multipath TCP (MPTCP) is a resource pooling mechanism which splits data across multiple subflows (paths) and ensures reliable data delivery. Although Multipath TCP is a relatively small technical change to the TCP protocol providing improved resilience, throughput and session continuity, it will have considerable impact on the value networks and business models of Internet access provisioning. In this paper, we evaluate the viability of different MPTCP deployment scenarios and present what new ISP business models might be enabled by the new flexibility that MPTCP brings. This allows the research community to focus on the most promising deployment scenarios.

… , Media and Internet Techno- …, 2011

The amount and importance of content is increasing in the Internet whereas the current Internet's... more The amount and importance of content is increasing in the Internet whereas the current Internet's ability to scale to the growing demand of transport capacity is unclear. Information networking featuring in-network caching has been suggested as a future networking paradigm but its market potential has not been widely studied. This paper evaluates market prospects of information networking by analyzing the current and future Internet content delivery models: the clientserver model, content delivery network model, and information networking model. Value networks and two-sided markets of these content delivery models are identified in the process. The results suggest that content providers may be willing to invest in information networking due to their high willingness to pay for better than best effort content delivery. In addition, if information networking reduces off-net costs for Internet access providers significantly, they may consider investing in information networking deployment. The results are valuable in recognizing the need for further research on information networking's business models and feasibility.

The future internet, 2011

Many, if not most, well-designed Future Internet protocols fail, and some badly-designed protocol... more Many, if not most, well-designed Future Internet protocols fail, and some badly-designed protocols are very successful. This somewhat depressing statement illustrates starkly the critical importance of a protocol's deployability. We present a framework for considering deployment and adoption issues, and apply it to two protocols, Multipath TCP and Congestion Exposure, which we are developing in the Trilogy project. Careful consideration of such issues can increase the chances that a future Internet protocol is widely adopted.

During the last decade the Internet has faced an architectural stagnation due to lack of wide sca... more During the last decade the Internet has faced an architectural stagnation due to lack of wide scale adoption of new communication protocols. A significant reason for non-adoption is that the conflicting interests of networked stakeholders involved in the diffusion process are not understood or taken into account during the protocol development. This paper increases understanding of the dynamics of communication protocol diffusion and provides feedback to protocol development by studying the case of Multipath TCP (MPTCP). Firstly, we introduce a protocol development process which builds on the existing diffusion of innovation theories. Secondly, a quantitative analysis using system dynamics is provided to evaluate the criticality of the factors affecting the MPTCP diffusion. The diffusion of communication protocols is found to follow three adoption models differentiated by the basis of adoption decision.

… Overlays, and Economic …, 2010

Multipath TCP (MPTCP) is an extension to regular TCP that exploits the idea of resource pooling b... more Multipath TCP (MPTCP) is an extension to regular TCP that exploits the idea of resource pooling by transmitting the data of a single TCP connection simultaneously across multiple Internet paths between two end hosts. Operating system vendors are traditionally in the key position to facilitate the deployment of new functionality, such as MPTCP, to user devices, but their motivation to invest in such enhancements is not self-evident. A scenario in which one party has the capability to deploy software changes on both the mobile devices and on the content servers helps to understand the potential first-mover advantages associated with the deployment of a new IETF standard protocol. In this study, we have built a quantitative techno-economic model to estimate the implementation costs for a content provider selling application downloads who is also able to implement MPTCP on both ends and compare them against the revenue MPTCP generates. The results suggest that even a relatively small increase in the number of downloads could make the business case profitable within five years.