Henryk Jankowski | Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań (original) (raw)
Papers by Henryk Jankowski
Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Türkoloji Dergisi 17, 2 (2010) 131-142., 2010
This paper examines common features in lexicon and grammar of five Turkic languages of Central A... more This paper examines common features in lexicon and grammar of five Turkic languages of Central Asia. The languages that are subject of study are Turkmen, Kirghiz, Kazakh, Özbek, and Uighur. Turkmen is a south-western or Oghuz, Kirghiz a Kipchakized Altai, Kazakh a north-western or Kipchak, while Özbek and Uighur are south-eastern languages. Although these languages belong to different genealogical and geographical groups, due to language contacts and some extralinguistic factors they developed a lot of common features. Among these factors there are historical, religious, geographic, political, climatic and ecological forces. Another important factor is the impact of a common literary Eastern Turkic language called Chaghatai. Direct inheritors of Chaghatai are Özbek and Uighur, but Chaghatai influence is present in the lexicon of all other languages surveyed here. Naturally, common features are not equal in these languages. The features inherited from Common Turkic which manifest themselves in these and many other Turkic languages fall beyond the scope of research.
OTTOMANS -CRIMEA -JOCHIDS Studies in Honour of Mária Ivanics, 2020
The aim of this paper is to provide names of professions evidenced in the historical Turkic langu... more The aim of this paper is to provide names of professions evidenced in the historical Turkic languages of the Crimea such as Kuman, Crimean Tatar, Karaim, Urum, Krymchak and Turkic loanwords in Nor-Nakhichevan Armenian. The material discussed is excerpted from direct sources which provide the names of professions in their social context and from indirect sources such as dictionaries, glossaries and lists of surnames and nicknames. The profession names do not include titles and names of services at the Khan court and local rulers, military ranks, and religious services. The article focuses on the social and cultural background of professions rather than on linguistic questions of the formation of profession names.
Doğumunun 60. Yılında Zühal Ölmez Armağanı. Esengü Bitig. Ankara: Kesit, 385–404 ., 2021
The goal of this article is to discuss various approaches to the rendering of vowels in Arabo-Per... more The goal of this article is to discuss various approaches to the rendering of vowels in Arabo-Persian loanwords in Karakhanid, Khwarezmian Turkic and Chaghatay. There are two major schools. One is based on the Turkish tradition of a nonharmonic, phonetic reading of Arabic and Persian words well established in high-status Ottoman, the other is based on the Western tradition of phonemic rendering of vowels which in most cases does not make difference between a and ä (e). The Turkish way of rendering is practised by the overwhelming majority of Turkish researchers and some researchers in the West, while the Western approach is followed by European, American and some Russian scholars. The Western tradition is only seemingly harmonic, since – especially in Chaghatay – most suffixes have back vowels. There are also local Turkic schools of reading Chaghatay, such as Uzbek, Tatar, Uyghur, Kazakh and Kirghiz. Of these, it is Kazakh and Kirghiz that are most harmonic, while Tatar resembles Turkish, and present-day Uzbek is based on the current Cyrillic and Roman alphabets which in the rendering of vowels are principally identical and like the Western system do not distinguish the allophones of /a/.
The aim of this paper is to present the ideas about language of Aqımet Baytursınulı, the founder ... more The aim of this paper is to present the ideas about language of Aqımet Baytursınulı, the founder of Kazakh linguistics, first Kazakh author of Kazakh grammar. Attempt was made to present and discuss the grammatical categories and linguistic terms as well as to assess his methods and identify possible sources of linguistic description.
This article presents a short collection of Crimean Karaim proverbs and sayings written down in C... more This article presents a short collection of Crimean Karaim proverbs and sayings written down in Cyrillic and Hebrew scripts by Bikenesh Bakkal. Attempt was made to correct some mistakes and provide relevant Turkic parallels as much as possible. Although a minor corpus of written text may not give the final answer to the question of the sound system of Crimean Karaim, the notation of a text in two graphic systems gives a unique opportunity to solve some problems.
Kazakh, beside Yakut, is one of the most dispersed Turkic languages. The territory of Kazakhstan ... more Kazakh, beside Yakut, is one of the most dispersed Turkic languages. The territory of Kazakhstan stretches over 2.7 million km2 and substantial Kazakh minorities inhabit China and Mongolia. Although large lands in Kazakhstan lie uninhabited, the distances between extreme territories are very large. Quite surprisingly most researchers insist that Kazakh is a relatively homogeneous language with few dialect differences.
Addition of h is a well-known phonological process in Turkic languages. It mostly occurs in the i... more Addition of h is a well-known phonological process in Turkic languages. It mostly occurs in the initial. In some languages it is supposed to go back to hypothetical PT *h-, whereas in the others it is regarded as prothesis. In Crimean Karaim affected by Turkish h appears in all positions of the word, i.e. in the initial, medial and final. However, its nature and origin has not been yet thoroughly examined.
Almanach Karaimski 8, 2019
This article is a critical edition of the Karaim Haggadah in the Troki or the North-West Karaim d... more This article is a critical edition of the Karaim Haggadah in the Troki or the North-West Karaim dialect based on an undated, probably 19th-century manuscript and a text published by Feliks/ Pinahas Malecki in 1900, which was most likely based on a another, albeit very similar manuscript. The manuscript was selected as the basic text for the edition, because it is older. In addition, Malecki, a renowned Karaim scholar and spiritual leader, made a number of editorial adaptations in his publication. Occasionally, reference is made to Firkovičius’s (1999) modern edition. In some instances, we also noted the Crimean Karaim versions of the Haggadah, although a comparison with Crimean Karaim is not our goal. Since the Karaim Haggadah is mostly composed of biblical verses, all such verses have been identified and noted. At the same time, the non-biblical portions have also been presented. The introduction discusses the state of the art and all important issues relating to East European Karaim Haggadah whilst also referencing the Egyptian Karaite branch. The edition is composed of the transcribed text with footnotes, a Polish translation, a glossary and facsimiles. The paper is in Polish.
This paper presents the names and surnames of Karaites mentioned in two manuscripts of the 19th-2... more This paper presents the names and surnames of Karaites mentioned in two manuscripts of the 19th-20th centuries, one Qılcı’s, the other Qatıq’s mejuma. Most of them are Crimean inhabitants, including some representatives of western congregations such as the Lucki and Sultanski families from Luck who moved to the Crimea, but some are reported to be residents of a few Ukrainian and Russian cities and towns.
A visitor to Kazakhstan is struck by the dominance of Russian everywhere. A general impression is... more A visitor to Kazakhstan is struck by the dominance of Russian everywhere. A general impression is that both the official language and the first spoken language of non-Kazakhs and the majority of Kazakhs is Russian. Kazakh appears to play the role of a secondary language in all major cities and regions dominated by Russians. A specialist in Turkic languages who before visiting Kazakhstan worked with some Kazakh literary or folklore texts but does not know the real situation of language is astonished that instead of genuine Kazakh words he read in these texts he hears Russian words and phrases in almost every utterance. Naturally there also exists a high standard variety of Kazakh, free of code-mixing and code-switching, but in most cases it functions in strictly limited situations. The attempt of this paper is to show linguistic behaviours of Kazakhs in Kazakh-Russian language contacts and to show the state of Kazakh in modern Kazakhstan.
The aim of this article is to present the development of the Kazakh language study in Kazakhstan ... more The aim of this article is to present the development of the Kazakh language study in Kazakhstan with its background in Russia and the Soviet Union. The outline is selective; it cannot be comprehensive. An attempt was made to show both strengths and weaknesses.
The outline starts with text editions and goes through lexicography, grammar, lexicology and semantics, historical grammar and history of language, dialect studies and new trends. The article seeks to demonstrate the impact of Russian linguistics on Kazakh scholars, and
also to indicate endeavours to find original approaches. However, multiple contrastive studies, especially Kazakh–Russian, as well as general linguistics fall outside the scope of this overview.
Kerlevüt ~ Kirlevüt is the name of six villages known from the pre-Russian Crimea. This oikonym i... more Kerlevüt ~ Kirlevüt is the name of six villages known from the pre-Russian Crimea. This oikonym is certainly of ethnic origin. So far a similar ethnonym has only been attested in two historical documents, Rašīd ad-Dīn’s chronicle and Abulghazi Bahadur Khan’s Genealogy of Turks, where the Kürlevüt are mentioned among Mongol tribes. In this paper, an attempt is made to identify the Crimean Kerlevüt ~ Kirlevüt with the historical Kürlevüt ~ Kürlü’üt from outside the Crimea. For this purpose all the extant documentary attestation is presented and an etymology of the name Kürlü’üt and Kerlevüt is proposed.
There are some traces of the opposition Inclusive/Exclusive in Turkic languages which presumably ... more There are some traces of the opposition Inclusive/Exclusive in Turkic languages which presumably appeared under the influence of neighbouring languages. Inclusive/Exclusive has not developed into a productive, paradigmatic set. In the other languages of the area, it seems to be a retreating feature.
The aim of this paper is to present another copy of Ramstedt’s Noghai texts which were found in K... more The aim of this paper is to present another copy of Ramstedt’s Noghai texts which were found in Kotwicz’s collection in Cracow in addition to a master copy edited by Harry Halén in Finland. Some phonetic features and phonological processes typical of Noghay are also discussed on the basis of both copies.
This paper presents and discusses three Purim songs and a poem of war found among the pages of a ... more This paper presents and discusses three Purim songs and a poem of war found among the pages of a Crimean Karaim mejuma. Two Purim songs, called Ağavat No 1 and Ağavat No 2, are composed in Crimean Karaim and one, Ağavat No 3, is in Russian. They are written on a loose sheet of paper. In addition, there are a few notes on both sides of this sheet, including a verse in the form of Turkish mani, called Üç qaranfil ‘three cloves’. Except for a line in a typical Crimean Hebrew semi-cursive, which writes the title of a poem not provided on this sheet, all are written in Cyrillic script in pencil. The poem of war is written on a few leaves folded as in a notebook, in the same Hebrew semi-cursive, also in pencil. Some lines are hardly legible, and therefore some readings are tentative.
Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Türkoloji Dergisi 17, 2 (2010) 131-142., 2010
This paper examines common features in lexicon and grammar of five Turkic languages of Central A... more This paper examines common features in lexicon and grammar of five Turkic languages of Central Asia. The languages that are subject of study are Turkmen, Kirghiz, Kazakh, Özbek, and Uighur. Turkmen is a south-western or Oghuz, Kirghiz a Kipchakized Altai, Kazakh a north-western or Kipchak, while Özbek and Uighur are south-eastern languages. Although these languages belong to different genealogical and geographical groups, due to language contacts and some extralinguistic factors they developed a lot of common features. Among these factors there are historical, religious, geographic, political, climatic and ecological forces. Another important factor is the impact of a common literary Eastern Turkic language called Chaghatai. Direct inheritors of Chaghatai are Özbek and Uighur, but Chaghatai influence is present in the lexicon of all other languages surveyed here. Naturally, common features are not equal in these languages. The features inherited from Common Turkic which manifest themselves in these and many other Turkic languages fall beyond the scope of research.
OTTOMANS -CRIMEA -JOCHIDS Studies in Honour of Mária Ivanics, 2020
The aim of this paper is to provide names of professions evidenced in the historical Turkic langu... more The aim of this paper is to provide names of professions evidenced in the historical Turkic languages of the Crimea such as Kuman, Crimean Tatar, Karaim, Urum, Krymchak and Turkic loanwords in Nor-Nakhichevan Armenian. The material discussed is excerpted from direct sources which provide the names of professions in their social context and from indirect sources such as dictionaries, glossaries and lists of surnames and nicknames. The profession names do not include titles and names of services at the Khan court and local rulers, military ranks, and religious services. The article focuses on the social and cultural background of professions rather than on linguistic questions of the formation of profession names.
Doğumunun 60. Yılında Zühal Ölmez Armağanı. Esengü Bitig. Ankara: Kesit, 385–404 ., 2021
The goal of this article is to discuss various approaches to the rendering of vowels in Arabo-Per... more The goal of this article is to discuss various approaches to the rendering of vowels in Arabo-Persian loanwords in Karakhanid, Khwarezmian Turkic and Chaghatay. There are two major schools. One is based on the Turkish tradition of a nonharmonic, phonetic reading of Arabic and Persian words well established in high-status Ottoman, the other is based on the Western tradition of phonemic rendering of vowels which in most cases does not make difference between a and ä (e). The Turkish way of rendering is practised by the overwhelming majority of Turkish researchers and some researchers in the West, while the Western approach is followed by European, American and some Russian scholars. The Western tradition is only seemingly harmonic, since – especially in Chaghatay – most suffixes have back vowels. There are also local Turkic schools of reading Chaghatay, such as Uzbek, Tatar, Uyghur, Kazakh and Kirghiz. Of these, it is Kazakh and Kirghiz that are most harmonic, while Tatar resembles Turkish, and present-day Uzbek is based on the current Cyrillic and Roman alphabets which in the rendering of vowels are principally identical and like the Western system do not distinguish the allophones of /a/.
The aim of this paper is to present the ideas about language of Aqımet Baytursınulı, the founder ... more The aim of this paper is to present the ideas about language of Aqımet Baytursınulı, the founder of Kazakh linguistics, first Kazakh author of Kazakh grammar. Attempt was made to present and discuss the grammatical categories and linguistic terms as well as to assess his methods and identify possible sources of linguistic description.
This article presents a short collection of Crimean Karaim proverbs and sayings written down in C... more This article presents a short collection of Crimean Karaim proverbs and sayings written down in Cyrillic and Hebrew scripts by Bikenesh Bakkal. Attempt was made to correct some mistakes and provide relevant Turkic parallels as much as possible. Although a minor corpus of written text may not give the final answer to the question of the sound system of Crimean Karaim, the notation of a text in two graphic systems gives a unique opportunity to solve some problems.
Kazakh, beside Yakut, is one of the most dispersed Turkic languages. The territory of Kazakhstan ... more Kazakh, beside Yakut, is one of the most dispersed Turkic languages. The territory of Kazakhstan stretches over 2.7 million km2 and substantial Kazakh minorities inhabit China and Mongolia. Although large lands in Kazakhstan lie uninhabited, the distances between extreme territories are very large. Quite surprisingly most researchers insist that Kazakh is a relatively homogeneous language with few dialect differences.
Addition of h is a well-known phonological process in Turkic languages. It mostly occurs in the i... more Addition of h is a well-known phonological process in Turkic languages. It mostly occurs in the initial. In some languages it is supposed to go back to hypothetical PT *h-, whereas in the others it is regarded as prothesis. In Crimean Karaim affected by Turkish h appears in all positions of the word, i.e. in the initial, medial and final. However, its nature and origin has not been yet thoroughly examined.
Almanach Karaimski 8, 2019
This article is a critical edition of the Karaim Haggadah in the Troki or the North-West Karaim d... more This article is a critical edition of the Karaim Haggadah in the Troki or the North-West Karaim dialect based on an undated, probably 19th-century manuscript and a text published by Feliks/ Pinahas Malecki in 1900, which was most likely based on a another, albeit very similar manuscript. The manuscript was selected as the basic text for the edition, because it is older. In addition, Malecki, a renowned Karaim scholar and spiritual leader, made a number of editorial adaptations in his publication. Occasionally, reference is made to Firkovičius’s (1999) modern edition. In some instances, we also noted the Crimean Karaim versions of the Haggadah, although a comparison with Crimean Karaim is not our goal. Since the Karaim Haggadah is mostly composed of biblical verses, all such verses have been identified and noted. At the same time, the non-biblical portions have also been presented. The introduction discusses the state of the art and all important issues relating to East European Karaim Haggadah whilst also referencing the Egyptian Karaite branch. The edition is composed of the transcribed text with footnotes, a Polish translation, a glossary and facsimiles. The paper is in Polish.
This paper presents the names and surnames of Karaites mentioned in two manuscripts of the 19th-2... more This paper presents the names and surnames of Karaites mentioned in two manuscripts of the 19th-20th centuries, one Qılcı’s, the other Qatıq’s mejuma. Most of them are Crimean inhabitants, including some representatives of western congregations such as the Lucki and Sultanski families from Luck who moved to the Crimea, but some are reported to be residents of a few Ukrainian and Russian cities and towns.
A visitor to Kazakhstan is struck by the dominance of Russian everywhere. A general impression is... more A visitor to Kazakhstan is struck by the dominance of Russian everywhere. A general impression is that both the official language and the first spoken language of non-Kazakhs and the majority of Kazakhs is Russian. Kazakh appears to play the role of a secondary language in all major cities and regions dominated by Russians. A specialist in Turkic languages who before visiting Kazakhstan worked with some Kazakh literary or folklore texts but does not know the real situation of language is astonished that instead of genuine Kazakh words he read in these texts he hears Russian words and phrases in almost every utterance. Naturally there also exists a high standard variety of Kazakh, free of code-mixing and code-switching, but in most cases it functions in strictly limited situations. The attempt of this paper is to show linguistic behaviours of Kazakhs in Kazakh-Russian language contacts and to show the state of Kazakh in modern Kazakhstan.
The aim of this article is to present the development of the Kazakh language study in Kazakhstan ... more The aim of this article is to present the development of the Kazakh language study in Kazakhstan with its background in Russia and the Soviet Union. The outline is selective; it cannot be comprehensive. An attempt was made to show both strengths and weaknesses.
The outline starts with text editions and goes through lexicography, grammar, lexicology and semantics, historical grammar and history of language, dialect studies and new trends. The article seeks to demonstrate the impact of Russian linguistics on Kazakh scholars, and
also to indicate endeavours to find original approaches. However, multiple contrastive studies, especially Kazakh–Russian, as well as general linguistics fall outside the scope of this overview.
Kerlevüt ~ Kirlevüt is the name of six villages known from the pre-Russian Crimea. This oikonym i... more Kerlevüt ~ Kirlevüt is the name of six villages known from the pre-Russian Crimea. This oikonym is certainly of ethnic origin. So far a similar ethnonym has only been attested in two historical documents, Rašīd ad-Dīn’s chronicle and Abulghazi Bahadur Khan’s Genealogy of Turks, where the Kürlevüt are mentioned among Mongol tribes. In this paper, an attempt is made to identify the Crimean Kerlevüt ~ Kirlevüt with the historical Kürlevüt ~ Kürlü’üt from outside the Crimea. For this purpose all the extant documentary attestation is presented and an etymology of the name Kürlü’üt and Kerlevüt is proposed.
There are some traces of the opposition Inclusive/Exclusive in Turkic languages which presumably ... more There are some traces of the opposition Inclusive/Exclusive in Turkic languages which presumably appeared under the influence of neighbouring languages. Inclusive/Exclusive has not developed into a productive, paradigmatic set. In the other languages of the area, it seems to be a retreating feature.
The aim of this paper is to present another copy of Ramstedt’s Noghai texts which were found in K... more The aim of this paper is to present another copy of Ramstedt’s Noghai texts which were found in Kotwicz’s collection in Cracow in addition to a master copy edited by Harry Halén in Finland. Some phonetic features and phonological processes typical of Noghay are also discussed on the basis of both copies.
This paper presents and discusses three Purim songs and a poem of war found among the pages of a ... more This paper presents and discusses three Purim songs and a poem of war found among the pages of a Crimean Karaim mejuma. Two Purim songs, called Ağavat No 1 and Ağavat No 2, are composed in Crimean Karaim and one, Ağavat No 3, is in Russian. They are written on a loose sheet of paper. In addition, there are a few notes on both sides of this sheet, including a verse in the form of Turkish mani, called Üç qaranfil ‘three cloves’. Except for a line in a typical Crimean Hebrew semi-cursive, which writes the title of a poem not provided on this sheet, all are written in Cyrillic script in pencil. The poem of war is written on a few leaves folded as in a notebook, in the same Hebrew semi-cursive, also in pencil. Some lines are hardly legible, and therefore some readings are tentative.
![Research paper thumbnail of [co-author with: Henryk Jankowski, Gulayhan Aqtay, Dorota Cegiołka, Tülay Çulha]. The Crimean Karaim Bible. Vol. 1: Critical edition of the Pentateuch, Five Scrolls, Psalms, Proverbs, Job, Daniel, Ezra and Nehemiah. Vol. 2: Translation](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/58629019/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](Turcologica 119, 2019
The Bible was the most important canonical book of the Karaites, but only short fragments or indi... more The Bible was the most important canonical book of the Karaites, but only short fragments or individual books have been published. The present two-volume publication is a critical edition of approximately a half of Crimean Karaim Bible. Volume I contains the transcription of sixteen biblical books, the Pentateuch, i.e., Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy; the Five Scrolls, i.e., the Song of Songs, Ruth, Lamentations, and Ecclesiastes; as well as six books of the Writings, i.e., the Psalms, Proverbs, Job, Daniel, Ezra, and Nehemiah. Volume II contains the English translation of all biblical books provided in volume I. The transcription is based on the most complete manuscript from Cambridge and a few other manuscripts, including the earliest ones. Therefore, this is the first publication that makes large portions of the Bible accessible to the reader. Although the oldest known datable manuscripts go back to the seventeenth century, the language of Karaim translation is more archaic. This edition is an important source for the study of Middle Karaim and Middle Turkic languages. The edited text is provided with numerous comments and the introduction traces the history of research. All this is important for the study on the Crimean Karaim Bible since Ebenezer Henderson’s seminal study of 1828.
Description taken from https://www.harrassowitz-verlag.de/The_Crimean_Karaim_Bible/titel_5820.ahtml.
This book is a grammar of Crimean Tatar, written in Polish. All principal components of language ... more This book is a grammar of Crimean Tatar, written in Polish. All principal components of language structure, i.e. phonetics and phonology, morphology and syntax have been presented. In the introduction, there are sections on the history of research, sociolinguistics features of the language, and a new look on the Crimean Tatar dialects. Short samples of the basic dialects and the standard language have also been shown.
The present bibliography is a selection of studies on the Kazakh language, linguistics and some c... more The present bibliography is a selection of studies on the Kazakh language, linguistics and some closely related topics from the first authoritative work by Il’minskij (1861) onwards. Attempt was made to include as many impor-tant studies as possible, but also some publications of second and further importance. The bibliography does not claim to be all-inclusive. The earlier items were selected by a subjective impact factor, i.e. how often a given stu-dy is referred to or cited in Kazakh linguistics, but in the case of new publica-tions it was intended to include all publications relevant to the field. How-ever, among multiple textbooks and other practical aids only those were in-cluded which were assessed as the most important. In addition, the biblio-graphy also lists some important texts editions.
The Crimean Karaim–English Dictionary contains approximately 10,000 entries. All words, phrases a... more The Crimean Karaim–English Dictionary contains approximately 10,000 entries. All words, phrases and sayings are excerpted from Crimean Karaim written documents, including two dictionaries, one handwritten, another printed. Words quoted from edited sources were critically evaluated.
Crimean Karaim is an extinct language, and this dictionary is addressed to those who are interested in Turkic and Hebrew studies or the historical languages of the Crimea.
The Crimean Karaim–English Dictionary was created pursuant to the grant Cross-cultural dialogue as the base of civil society from the European Social Fund.
Kazakh for beginners in 15 units is an elementary course for the students of Kazakh. It is design... more Kazakh for beginners in 15 units is an elementary course for the students of Kazakh. It is designed for both university courses and self-study.
Each unit features:
– dialogues with useful words and phrases
– vocabulary after each dialogue
– interactive tasks
– grammar points.
In addition:
– beginning in unit 4, there are also short texts which develop the student’s vocabulary and comprehension skills
– there is an appendix with more advanced texts
– the grammatical explanations included in each unit are repeated at the end of the coursebook for the student’s convenience
The coorsebook was performed pursuant to the grant Cross-cultural dialogue as the base of civil society from the European Social Fund.