Piotr Alexandrowicz | Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań (original) (raw)
Books by Piotr Alexandrowicz
![Research paper thumbnail of Kanonistyczne uzasadnienie swobody umów w zachodniej tradycji prawnej [Canonistic Justification of Freedom of Contract in the Western Legal Tradition]](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/65777519/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](This monograph provides a historical overview of the justifications for freedom of contract, whic... more This monograph provides a historical overview of the justifications for freedom of contract, which was developed in the Medieval study of canon law, its impact in the modern era and its relevance for present-day discussions on the freedom of contract. Canonists were the first in the Western legal tradition to put forward solutions for private law that reflect the contemporary model of freedom of contract. To support their concept they used three arguments: the first was rooted in the authority of the sources of law available to them at the time; the second imposed an obligation to abide by the rules of the contract stemming from the concept of a sin of breaking one’s promise; the third was related to the importance of the concluded agreements for strengthening social order. The argumentation used in the Medieval teaching of canon law has met with various receptions in the modern era. Some movements took it on board (the canonists, the second scholasticism), some others rejected it (legal humanism), while for others it served merely as a useful example (Dutch jurisprudence, usus modernus Pandectarum), and ultimately it was functionally similar to some (the school of natural law). As a result of the establishment of a general theory of contracts at the turn of the eighteenth and the nineteenth centuries, which presumed the freedom of contracting, the question of the binding power of the concluded agreements lost its relevance. The answers to this question can be found by referring to the forgotten Medieval canonist tradition or the English theory of contract. Both these sources provide similar arguments, which can be useful in the discussion on the limits of the freedom of contracts alongside legal dogmatics.
![Research paper thumbnail of Znaczenie dekretału Intelleximus (X 5.32.1) w procesie recepcji prawa rzymskiego w XIII-wiecznej kanonistyce [The Significance of the Decretal Intelleximus (X 5.32.1) in the Course of Roman Law Reception in the 13th Century Canon Law Jurisprudence]](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/56001919/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](W roku 1185 papież Lucjusz III w skierowanym do biskupa Padwy dekretale Intelleximus (X 5.32.1) w... more W roku 1185 papież Lucjusz III w skierowanym do biskupa Padwy dekretale Intelleximus (X 5.32.1) wskazał adresatowi sposób postępowania w sprawie dotyczącej nowej kaplicy budowanej na szkodę pobliskiego kościoła. Dokument papieski został wydany w celu uzupełnienia luki prawnej, bowiem prawo kanoniczne nie dysponowało wówczas normą odpowiednią do rozwiązania takiej sprawy. Biskup Rzymu nakazał skorzystać z prawa rzymskiego w celu wydania rozstrzygnięcia, formułując przy tym ogólną zasadę, według której tak jak ustawy świeckie nie wzbraniały się podążać za wzorem kanonów, tak i kanony były wspierane postanowieniami ustaw świeckich. W tym przypadku uzupełnienie luki mogło dokonać się przez zastosowanie rzymskiej novi operis nuntiatio. Wyrażona przez papieża w dekretale Intelleximus otwartość prawa kanonicznego na prawo rzymskie otworzyła pole dla szerokiej recepcji prawa świeckiego w Kościele. Celem niniejszego opracowania było zbadanie faktycznego znaczenia tego dekretału dla recepcji prawa rzymskiego w prawie kanonicznym na podstawie analizy i interpretacji XIII-wiecznych glos i komentarzy do tego listu papieskiego. W ten sposób został wykazany zakres wpływu kanonu Intelleximus na recepcję prawa rzymskiego w Kościele oraz scharakteryzowany stosunek XIII-wiecznych kanonistów do relacji między obojgiem praw.
Pope Lucius III in his decretal Intelleximus (X 5.32.1) to the bishop of Padua gave the addressee guidelines how to solve the dispute concerned with the construction of a new chapel with the damage to the nearby church. An important factor of the case solution was the lack of applicable rules in canon law of that time, that is the lacuna. Therefore, the pope ordered the bishop to make use of Roman law because as the human laws do not refrain from imitating the sacred canons, the sacred statutes are assisted by the rulers’ constitutions. The help provided by the old law was in that case the Roman operis novi nuntiatio. The attitude to Roman law offered in c. Intelleximus had a potential of leaving canon law wide open to Roman law penetration. The actual significance of that proposal was examined in the 13th century glosses and commentaries on that canon. It was shown what influence c. Intelleximus had on the reception of Roman law to canon law and how canonists of that time referred to the pope’s view on both laws.
Papers by Piotr Alexandrowicz
Comparative Legal History, 2024
Contract law was one of the main subjects discussed in the early modern legal genre of differenti... more Contract law was one of the main subjects discussed in the early modern legal genre of differentiae iuris civilis et canonici (‘differences between civil and canon law’). Similar topics were covered in both late medieval and early modern differentiae – hence this genre offers a good opportunity for comparative historical research dedicated to selected topics of contract law (such as those discussed here: the actionability of bare agreements, stipulation for the benefit of a third party, overreaching in contract formation and the lease of a house to a scholar). An examination of the sources proves that the authors of early modern differentiae applied the comparative method in their works. This involved the presentation of sources and rationales from the two bodies of law, the interpretation of sources and arguments in favour of the solutions offered, references to the then-current legal literature and practice and most importantly the preferred method of reconciliation for conflicting laws.
Bulletin of Medieval Canon Law, 2021
The paper examines the origin of the pacta sunt servanda maxim. After investigating the doctrina... more The paper examines the origin of the pacta sunt servanda maxim. After investigating the doctrinal output of the late medieval canon law jurisprudence it claims that it was Antonius de Butrio ca. 1389-1408 who first used these very words to express the established canonical doctrine of actionability of all agreements. Additionally, the paper shows when summaries were added to the core text of the Decretals. It was an innovation of incunabula publishers from 1489 and it was only then (and definitely not in 1234) when the famous words pacta quantumcunque nuda servanda sunt were placed as summarium to c. Antigonus (X 1.35.1). These words were reiterated by the editors from the commentary of famous Nicolaus de Tudeschis and they served to disseminate the canonical doctrine of the binding force of all agreements.
Glossae: European Journal of Legal History, 2021
The legal genre differentiae iuris canonici et civilis underwent significant changes at the thres... more The legal genre differentiae iuris canonici et civilis underwent significant changes at the threshold of the 17th century, compared to its form in the late Middle Ages. One of the markers of this change was a growth in the methodological insights of the authors of differentiae. The benchmark in this respect is Konrad Rittershausen’s Differentiarum libri septem. In the vast introduction to this work, he discusses various theoretical aspects of the relations between canon law and civil law. The most subtle methodological premise of his work are regulae generales, which explain when each of the two bodies of law may and should be applied on the opposite forum. These rules may be seen as a doctrinal tool applicable for resolving the conflict of norms typical for legal pluralism. His rules are excerpted from earlier legal writings and founded on the broad basis of references to the then recent jurisprudence, with particular attention paid to the consilia and responsa of the authors important for German scholarship (Mynsinger, Wesenbeck, Pistoris). Rittershausen’s work influenced the later developments in differentiae as there were no examples of more elaborated general rules for the application of canon law on the civil forum than the ones he proposed. The emergence of methodological notions in differentiae may be seen as an example of distinctive feature of modern jurisprudence, namely the search for a legal method.
Czasopismo Prawno-Historyczne, 2021
The paper presents the results of research devoted to the concept of freedom of contract in the w... more The paper presents the results of research devoted to the concept of freedom of contract in the writings of an early modern Italian Jesuit, Paolo Comitoli. He claimed that freedom of contract was one of the attributes of contract and it was essential for the consent of parties entering into a contract. He distinguished between three types of this freedom. Freedom of will was a prerequisite in case of any and all human actions including contracts. Voluntariness was a requirement for the parties’ wills creating consent to be the result of a voluntary decision, not disturbed by any vices. Freedom of ownership enabled the parties to conduct a transfer of the object of contract in its broadly understood sense. Comitoli’s concept of contractual freedom was an expression of his belief that voluntary consent of the wills of the parties as the foundation of contractual consent was the basis and the main cause of a contract.
Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte: Kanonistische Abteilung, 2021
Contract law in the early modern period has always been the subject of intensive research. The pr... more Contract law in the early modern period has always been the subject of intensive research. The present article is intended as a contribution to this. It presents the contract doctrine of an Italian Jesuit, Paolo Comitoli. He was a moral theologian and author of the "Doctrina de contractu". The paper begins with a biographical introduction and an overview of Comitoli's writings. News about Comitoli's life, however, is sparse and widely dispersed. The following section focuses on Comitoli's concept of and his definition of contract. A brief explanation of Comitoli's concept of contract attributes follows. Comitoli saw in these attributes the identity-forming characteristics of all contracts and used these elements to place the traditional problems of contract theory in a new framework.
The Fourth Lateran Council and the Development of Canon Law and the ius commune (Ecclesia militans, 7), ed. A. Massironi, A.A. Larson, Turnhout, 2018
Bulletin of Medieval Canon Law 35, 2018
Dekodyfikacja prawa prywatnego. Szkice do portretu, red. F. Longchamps de Bérier, Warszawa 2017, s. 217-232
Artykuł stanowi próbę przedstawienia specyfiki kodyfikacji prawa w Kościele katolickim ze szczegó... more Artykuł stanowi próbę przedstawienia specyfiki kodyfikacji prawa w Kościele katolickim ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem motywów, które skłoniły ustawodawcę do wyboru właśnie takiej formy stanowienia prawa. Kodyfikacja prawa kanonicznego była wynikiem współdziałania różnorodnych przyczyn, ale od początku nie miała na celu zrealizowania wszystkich wymogów stawianych przed nowoczesnym kodeksem. W związku z tym wydaje się, że pomimo tego, iż ustawodawca kościelny skorzystał z doświadczeń prawodawstwa świeckiego promulgując w XX wieku dwa kodeksy, to jednak były one dla niego tylko wygodnym narzędziem do przeprowadzenia zamierzonych reform i w związku z tym nie należy absolutyzować kodeksowej ramy, w jakiej te reformy się dokonały.
![Research paper thumbnail of Glosa Huguccia do C.12, q.2, c.66. Od obietnicy do zobowiązania [Huguccio’s Gloss to C.12, q.2, c.66. From Promise to Obligation]](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/42826861/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](Huguccio was one of the most prominent decretists in the classical canonists midst. In his gloss ... more Huguccio was one of the most prominent decretists in the classical canonists midst. In his gloss to C.12, q.2, c.66 of Gratian’s Decretum he proposed innovative way of interpreting the consequences of not keeping one’s promise. In his commentary to the ancient conciliar canon he drew from the breadth of canon law sources and found arguments based on the Scripture and on writings of the Church Fathers. His contribution to the discovery of the freedom of contract by the medieval canonists lies in holding the consequences of all collected sources. Starting with the teaching on the danger of sin in case of miskeeping the promise he declared the obligation of fulfilling given words in all cases. Thus he laid the foundations for the well-known maxim of canonical origins – pacta quantumcunque nuda servanda sunt.
The article introduces one of the central theological threads of J.R.R. Tolkien’s Leaf by Niggle,... more The article introduces one of the central theological threads of J.R.R. Tolkien’s Leaf by Niggle, that is the image of God shown by an allegory of the First Voice and the Second Voice. The story is filled up with Christian views on the world, which can be easily proven by enumerating clear parallels between the plot and the issues typical for Christian theology. The introduction to examining the allegory of two Voices is a short description of Leaf by Niggle’s formation, Tolkien’s attitude to this story and its allegorical layer. There are a few possible ways of interpreting the First Voice and the Second Voice, of which the allegory of God the Father and God the Son seems to be the most convincing. The argumentation towards this interpretation is presented. Acknowledging this conception can lead to the conclusion that Leaf by Niggle was used by Tolkien to display his own image of God, which is deeply Christian.
![Research paper thumbnail of Jahwe-Wojownik w Pieśni Debory [Jahwe-Warrior in The Song of Deborah]](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/37004817/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](Wojna i pokój w świecie starożytnym, ed. A.K. Prostko-Prostyńska, Ł. Bartkowiak, Ł. Hajdrych, Poznań 2014, pp. 43-61
Gratian’s Decretum was one of the most significant law collections in the history of canon law an... more Gratian’s Decretum was one of the most significant law collections in the history of canon law and was the foundation of canon law science. It was compiled in about 1140 as the consequence of many important factors.
Firstly, the creation of Gratian’s Decretum was the result of various trends appearing in the history of canon law. Secondly, Decretum was an answer to the changes taking place in the Catholic Church in the 11th and 12th centuries. Finally, the formation of Gratian’s collection was related to the revival of Roman law: Irnerius' work, teaching recovered Roman law and the relations between canon and Roman law. Decretum became the sign of vitality of Roman law and the beginning of canon law.
The importance of Gratian’s work consisted in the method of proceeding with legal sources. The new method resulted from both scholastics' achievements and those of medieval Roman jurists.
The article is an attempt to analyze the possibility of adapting the achievements of evolutionary... more The article is an attempt to analyze the possibility of adapting the achievements of evolutionary psychology in argumentation for the canon law regulations. Evolutionary psychology is a later science which studies human nature and explains human behaviour on the grounds of evolution hypothesis. Nowadays, it is even more frequently used in appraising secular law institutions and in formulating detailed postulates of legal decisions. Canon law is the law of the Roman Catholic Church, an immanent part of its structure, and it regulates the relationships between its members. The article briefly shows the necessary conditions for applying the achievements of evolutionary psychology to canon law. These achievements can be hypothetically useful only in a narrow range of the law of nature in the canon law.
![Research paper thumbnail of Powszechna i stała opinia uczonych (kan. 19 KPK) – nauka prawa jako środek uzupełniania luk w prawie kanonicznym [Common and constant opinion of learned persons (can. 19 CIC) – jurisprudence as a means for resolving loopholes in the canon law]](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/42826850/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](The article shows the possibility of using the common and constant opinion of learned persons for... more The article shows the possibility of using the common and constant opinion of learned persons for resolving a loophole (can. 19 CIC). Firstly, the situation of a gap in law is described. It occurs when there is no provision of common or particular law or custom and at the same time there is a need for solution in a certain matter. Canon 19 offers four means for resolving a lacuna iuris which can be applied in any order – the decisive is executive body in a concrete decision making. Secondly, the article presents a short history of common and constant opinion of learned persons and explains the operation of this institution. It has had a great and long tradition in the canon law and it used to have a big significance in resolving loopholes and interpreting laws. The commentators of canon 19 are today very cautious in offering the precise definitions for all components of this opinion: “common”, “constant” and “learned persons” are explained very vaguely but it seems to be possible to apply the norm stemming from such an opinion in a certain matter. Although the importance of the opinion of learned authors is strictly limited today it still shows the uniqueness and characteristics of the canon law.
Jurysprudencja lwowska. Publikacja pokonferencyjna, ed. J. Kruszyńska, M. Labijak, Poznań 2012, pp. 107-113
Jurysprudencja lwowska. Publikacja pokonferencyjna, ed. J. Kruszyńska, M. Labijak, Poznań 2012, pp. 7-12
W stosunkowo powszechnym współcześnie -i nie tylko -przekonaniu, sięganie do historii w akademick... more W stosunkowo powszechnym współcześnie -i nie tylko -przekonaniu, sięganie do historii w akademickiej nauce prawa jest zabiegiem bezcelowym. Wśród studentów kierunków prawa i administracji przewaŜa pogląd, wedle którego studia powinny koncentrować się wokół praktycznych zagadnień związanych z wykonywaniem zawodu np. adwokata albo sędziego. Dlatego teŜ większym zainteresowaniem cieszą się przedmioty dogmatycznoprawne, aniŜeli historycznoprawne. Wydaje się jednak uzasadnioną obrona poglądu cokolwiek odmiennego, w którym historia prawa zajmuje poczesne miejsce w nauczaniu prawa w ogólności. Tym bardziej zaś dzisiaj naleŜy przekonywać o tym, jak wielkie znaczenie dla pojmowania prawa ma jego historia. Jednym z jej kluczowych elementów jest "stanowisko doktryny" o decydującym wpływie na kształt prawa w określonym czasie. Spośród wielu polskich ośrodków akademickich, w których nauczano prawa, to właśnie Uniwersytet Jana Kazimierza we Lwowie wysuwa się na pierwszoplanową pozycję w kształtowaniu polskiej nauki prawa. Dziedzictwo prawników tego uniwersytetu do dziś jest widoczne w polskim prawiezostawili po sobie ślad, który nie został zatarty przez bieg czasu. W swoisty sposób poznawanie ich historii oraz ich idei przenika więc teraźniejszość polskiego prawa, co pozwala na dokonywanie wartościowych badań na tym polu.
Theses by Piotr Alexandrowicz
![Research paper thumbnail of Kanonistyczne uzasadnienie swobody umów w zachodniej tradycji prawnej [Canonistic Justification of Freedom of Contract in the Western Legal Tradition]](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/62410443/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](Medieval canonists were the first in the Western legal tradition to offer in contract law the sol... more Medieval canonists were the first in the Western legal tradition to offer in contract law the solutions close to modern freedom of contract. To support their claim they developed three arguments. The first one was founded on the authority of the available sources of canon law. The second arose from the prohibition of lying to avoid the sin as the sin of lie was equally blameworthy as the sin of perjury in God’s eyes. The third was founded on the perception of agreements as a useful tool for maintaining social peace. The canonistic argumentation faced mixed reception in the early modern era (ca. 1500-1800). Some legal schools of this period accepted it (canon law jurisprudence, late scholasticism), some declined it (legal humanism), for others it served only as a useful example (Dutch jurisprudence, usus modernus Pandectarum). For still others it functionally resembled their approach (school of law of nature). On the turn of 18th and 19th centuries there emerged a general contract theory which assumed freedom of contract. As a result the question of the binding force of contract lost its significance in the civil law tradition. The answers to this question may be found in forgotten medieval canon law jurisprudence or in contemporary discussion on contract theory in common law. Both of these convey similar arguments. Today it may be of high value in the face of freedom of contract crisis to reach for justification of contracts broader than positive law dogmatics.
![Research paper thumbnail of Znaczenie dekretału Intelleximus (X 5.32.1) w procesie recepcji prawa rzymskiego w XIII-wiecznej kanonistyce [The Significance of the Decretal Intelleximus (X 5.32.1) in the Course of the Roman Law Reception in the 13th Century Canon Law Jurisprudence]](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/54631350/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](Pope Lucius III in his decretal Intelleximus (X 5.32.1) to the bishop of Padua gave the addressee... more Pope Lucius III in his decretal Intelleximus (X 5.32.1) to the bishop of Padua gave the addressee guidelines how to solve the dispute concerned with the construction of a new chapel with the damage to the nearby church. An important factor of the case solution was the lack of applicable rules in canon law of that time, that is the lacuna. Therefore, the pope ordered the bishop to make use of Roman law because as the human laws do not refrain from imitating the sacred canons, the sacred statutes are assisted by the rulers’ constitutions. The help provided by the old law was in that case the Roman operis novi nuntiatio. The attitude to Roman law offered in c. Intelleximus had a potential of leaving canon law wide open to Roman law penetration. The actual significance of that proposal was examined in the 13th century glosses and commentaries on that canon. It was shown what influence c. Intelleximus had on the reception of Roman law to canon law and how canonists of that time referred to the pope’s view on both laws.
KEYWORDS: canon law, Roman law, reception of law, lacuna, canon law jurisprudence, ius commune
This monograph provides a historical overview of the justifications for freedom of contract, whic... more This monograph provides a historical overview of the justifications for freedom of contract, which was developed in the Medieval study of canon law, its impact in the modern era and its relevance for present-day discussions on the freedom of contract. Canonists were the first in the Western legal tradition to put forward solutions for private law that reflect the contemporary model of freedom of contract. To support their concept they used three arguments: the first was rooted in the authority of the sources of law available to them at the time; the second imposed an obligation to abide by the rules of the contract stemming from the concept of a sin of breaking one’s promise; the third was related to the importance of the concluded agreements for strengthening social order. The argumentation used in the Medieval teaching of canon law has met with various receptions in the modern era. Some movements took it on board (the canonists, the second scholasticism), some others rejected it (legal humanism), while for others it served merely as a useful example (Dutch jurisprudence, usus modernus Pandectarum), and ultimately it was functionally similar to some (the school of natural law). As a result of the establishment of a general theory of contracts at the turn of the eighteenth and the nineteenth centuries, which presumed the freedom of contracting, the question of the binding power of the concluded agreements lost its relevance. The answers to this question can be found by referring to the forgotten Medieval canonist tradition or the English theory of contract. Both these sources provide similar arguments, which can be useful in the discussion on the limits of the freedom of contracts alongside legal dogmatics.
W roku 1185 papież Lucjusz III w skierowanym do biskupa Padwy dekretale Intelleximus (X 5.32.1) w... more W roku 1185 papież Lucjusz III w skierowanym do biskupa Padwy dekretale Intelleximus (X 5.32.1) wskazał adresatowi sposób postępowania w sprawie dotyczącej nowej kaplicy budowanej na szkodę pobliskiego kościoła. Dokument papieski został wydany w celu uzupełnienia luki prawnej, bowiem prawo kanoniczne nie dysponowało wówczas normą odpowiednią do rozwiązania takiej sprawy. Biskup Rzymu nakazał skorzystać z prawa rzymskiego w celu wydania rozstrzygnięcia, formułując przy tym ogólną zasadę, według której tak jak ustawy świeckie nie wzbraniały się podążać za wzorem kanonów, tak i kanony były wspierane postanowieniami ustaw świeckich. W tym przypadku uzupełnienie luki mogło dokonać się przez zastosowanie rzymskiej novi operis nuntiatio. Wyrażona przez papieża w dekretale Intelleximus otwartość prawa kanonicznego na prawo rzymskie otworzyła pole dla szerokiej recepcji prawa świeckiego w Kościele. Celem niniejszego opracowania było zbadanie faktycznego znaczenia tego dekretału dla recepcji prawa rzymskiego w prawie kanonicznym na podstawie analizy i interpretacji XIII-wiecznych glos i komentarzy do tego listu papieskiego. W ten sposób został wykazany zakres wpływu kanonu Intelleximus na recepcję prawa rzymskiego w Kościele oraz scharakteryzowany stosunek XIII-wiecznych kanonistów do relacji między obojgiem praw.
Pope Lucius III in his decretal Intelleximus (X 5.32.1) to the bishop of Padua gave the addressee guidelines how to solve the dispute concerned with the construction of a new chapel with the damage to the nearby church. An important factor of the case solution was the lack of applicable rules in canon law of that time, that is the lacuna. Therefore, the pope ordered the bishop to make use of Roman law because as the human laws do not refrain from imitating the sacred canons, the sacred statutes are assisted by the rulers’ constitutions. The help provided by the old law was in that case the Roman operis novi nuntiatio. The attitude to Roman law offered in c. Intelleximus had a potential of leaving canon law wide open to Roman law penetration. The actual significance of that proposal was examined in the 13th century glosses and commentaries on that canon. It was shown what influence c. Intelleximus had on the reception of Roman law to canon law and how canonists of that time referred to the pope’s view on both laws.
Comparative Legal History, 2024
Contract law was one of the main subjects discussed in the early modern legal genre of differenti... more Contract law was one of the main subjects discussed in the early modern legal genre of differentiae iuris civilis et canonici (‘differences between civil and canon law’). Similar topics were covered in both late medieval and early modern differentiae – hence this genre offers a good opportunity for comparative historical research dedicated to selected topics of contract law (such as those discussed here: the actionability of bare agreements, stipulation for the benefit of a third party, overreaching in contract formation and the lease of a house to a scholar). An examination of the sources proves that the authors of early modern differentiae applied the comparative method in their works. This involved the presentation of sources and rationales from the two bodies of law, the interpretation of sources and arguments in favour of the solutions offered, references to the then-current legal literature and practice and most importantly the preferred method of reconciliation for conflicting laws.
Bulletin of Medieval Canon Law, 2021
The paper examines the origin of the pacta sunt servanda maxim. After investigating the doctrina... more The paper examines the origin of the pacta sunt servanda maxim. After investigating the doctrinal output of the late medieval canon law jurisprudence it claims that it was Antonius de Butrio ca. 1389-1408 who first used these very words to express the established canonical doctrine of actionability of all agreements. Additionally, the paper shows when summaries were added to the core text of the Decretals. It was an innovation of incunabula publishers from 1489 and it was only then (and definitely not in 1234) when the famous words pacta quantumcunque nuda servanda sunt were placed as summarium to c. Antigonus (X 1.35.1). These words were reiterated by the editors from the commentary of famous Nicolaus de Tudeschis and they served to disseminate the canonical doctrine of the binding force of all agreements.
Glossae: European Journal of Legal History, 2021
The legal genre differentiae iuris canonici et civilis underwent significant changes at the thres... more The legal genre differentiae iuris canonici et civilis underwent significant changes at the threshold of the 17th century, compared to its form in the late Middle Ages. One of the markers of this change was a growth in the methodological insights of the authors of differentiae. The benchmark in this respect is Konrad Rittershausen’s Differentiarum libri septem. In the vast introduction to this work, he discusses various theoretical aspects of the relations between canon law and civil law. The most subtle methodological premise of his work are regulae generales, which explain when each of the two bodies of law may and should be applied on the opposite forum. These rules may be seen as a doctrinal tool applicable for resolving the conflict of norms typical for legal pluralism. His rules are excerpted from earlier legal writings and founded on the broad basis of references to the then recent jurisprudence, with particular attention paid to the consilia and responsa of the authors important for German scholarship (Mynsinger, Wesenbeck, Pistoris). Rittershausen’s work influenced the later developments in differentiae as there were no examples of more elaborated general rules for the application of canon law on the civil forum than the ones he proposed. The emergence of methodological notions in differentiae may be seen as an example of distinctive feature of modern jurisprudence, namely the search for a legal method.
Czasopismo Prawno-Historyczne, 2021
The paper presents the results of research devoted to the concept of freedom of contract in the w... more The paper presents the results of research devoted to the concept of freedom of contract in the writings of an early modern Italian Jesuit, Paolo Comitoli. He claimed that freedom of contract was one of the attributes of contract and it was essential for the consent of parties entering into a contract. He distinguished between three types of this freedom. Freedom of will was a prerequisite in case of any and all human actions including contracts. Voluntariness was a requirement for the parties’ wills creating consent to be the result of a voluntary decision, not disturbed by any vices. Freedom of ownership enabled the parties to conduct a transfer of the object of contract in its broadly understood sense. Comitoli’s concept of contractual freedom was an expression of his belief that voluntary consent of the wills of the parties as the foundation of contractual consent was the basis and the main cause of a contract.
Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte: Kanonistische Abteilung, 2021
Contract law in the early modern period has always been the subject of intensive research. The pr... more Contract law in the early modern period has always been the subject of intensive research. The present article is intended as a contribution to this. It presents the contract doctrine of an Italian Jesuit, Paolo Comitoli. He was a moral theologian and author of the "Doctrina de contractu". The paper begins with a biographical introduction and an overview of Comitoli's writings. News about Comitoli's life, however, is sparse and widely dispersed. The following section focuses on Comitoli's concept of and his definition of contract. A brief explanation of Comitoli's concept of contract attributes follows. Comitoli saw in these attributes the identity-forming characteristics of all contracts and used these elements to place the traditional problems of contract theory in a new framework.
The Fourth Lateran Council and the Development of Canon Law and the ius commune (Ecclesia militans, 7), ed. A. Massironi, A.A. Larson, Turnhout, 2018
Bulletin of Medieval Canon Law 35, 2018
Dekodyfikacja prawa prywatnego. Szkice do portretu, red. F. Longchamps de Bérier, Warszawa 2017, s. 217-232
Artykuł stanowi próbę przedstawienia specyfiki kodyfikacji prawa w Kościele katolickim ze szczegó... more Artykuł stanowi próbę przedstawienia specyfiki kodyfikacji prawa w Kościele katolickim ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem motywów, które skłoniły ustawodawcę do wyboru właśnie takiej formy stanowienia prawa. Kodyfikacja prawa kanonicznego była wynikiem współdziałania różnorodnych przyczyn, ale od początku nie miała na celu zrealizowania wszystkich wymogów stawianych przed nowoczesnym kodeksem. W związku z tym wydaje się, że pomimo tego, iż ustawodawca kościelny skorzystał z doświadczeń prawodawstwa świeckiego promulgując w XX wieku dwa kodeksy, to jednak były one dla niego tylko wygodnym narzędziem do przeprowadzenia zamierzonych reform i w związku z tym nie należy absolutyzować kodeksowej ramy, w jakiej te reformy się dokonały.
Huguccio was one of the most prominent decretists in the classical canonists midst. In his gloss ... more Huguccio was one of the most prominent decretists in the classical canonists midst. In his gloss to C.12, q.2, c.66 of Gratian’s Decretum he proposed innovative way of interpreting the consequences of not keeping one’s promise. In his commentary to the ancient conciliar canon he drew from the breadth of canon law sources and found arguments based on the Scripture and on writings of the Church Fathers. His contribution to the discovery of the freedom of contract by the medieval canonists lies in holding the consequences of all collected sources. Starting with the teaching on the danger of sin in case of miskeeping the promise he declared the obligation of fulfilling given words in all cases. Thus he laid the foundations for the well-known maxim of canonical origins – pacta quantumcunque nuda servanda sunt.
The article introduces one of the central theological threads of J.R.R. Tolkien’s Leaf by Niggle,... more The article introduces one of the central theological threads of J.R.R. Tolkien’s Leaf by Niggle, that is the image of God shown by an allegory of the First Voice and the Second Voice. The story is filled up with Christian views on the world, which can be easily proven by enumerating clear parallels between the plot and the issues typical for Christian theology. The introduction to examining the allegory of two Voices is a short description of Leaf by Niggle’s formation, Tolkien’s attitude to this story and its allegorical layer. There are a few possible ways of interpreting the First Voice and the Second Voice, of which the allegory of God the Father and God the Son seems to be the most convincing. The argumentation towards this interpretation is presented. Acknowledging this conception can lead to the conclusion that Leaf by Niggle was used by Tolkien to display his own image of God, which is deeply Christian.
Wojna i pokój w świecie starożytnym, ed. A.K. Prostko-Prostyńska, Ł. Bartkowiak, Ł. Hajdrych, Poznań 2014, pp. 43-61
Gratian’s Decretum was one of the most significant law collections in the history of canon law an... more Gratian’s Decretum was one of the most significant law collections in the history of canon law and was the foundation of canon law science. It was compiled in about 1140 as the consequence of many important factors.
Firstly, the creation of Gratian’s Decretum was the result of various trends appearing in the history of canon law. Secondly, Decretum was an answer to the changes taking place in the Catholic Church in the 11th and 12th centuries. Finally, the formation of Gratian’s collection was related to the revival of Roman law: Irnerius' work, teaching recovered Roman law and the relations between canon and Roman law. Decretum became the sign of vitality of Roman law and the beginning of canon law.
The importance of Gratian’s work consisted in the method of proceeding with legal sources. The new method resulted from both scholastics' achievements and those of medieval Roman jurists.
The article is an attempt to analyze the possibility of adapting the achievements of evolutionary... more The article is an attempt to analyze the possibility of adapting the achievements of evolutionary psychology in argumentation for the canon law regulations. Evolutionary psychology is a later science which studies human nature and explains human behaviour on the grounds of evolution hypothesis. Nowadays, it is even more frequently used in appraising secular law institutions and in formulating detailed postulates of legal decisions. Canon law is the law of the Roman Catholic Church, an immanent part of its structure, and it regulates the relationships between its members. The article briefly shows the necessary conditions for applying the achievements of evolutionary psychology to canon law. These achievements can be hypothetically useful only in a narrow range of the law of nature in the canon law.
The article shows the possibility of using the common and constant opinion of learned persons for... more The article shows the possibility of using the common and constant opinion of learned persons for resolving a loophole (can. 19 CIC). Firstly, the situation of a gap in law is described. It occurs when there is no provision of common or particular law or custom and at the same time there is a need for solution in a certain matter. Canon 19 offers four means for resolving a lacuna iuris which can be applied in any order – the decisive is executive body in a concrete decision making. Secondly, the article presents a short history of common and constant opinion of learned persons and explains the operation of this institution. It has had a great and long tradition in the canon law and it used to have a big significance in resolving loopholes and interpreting laws. The commentators of canon 19 are today very cautious in offering the precise definitions for all components of this opinion: “common”, “constant” and “learned persons” are explained very vaguely but it seems to be possible to apply the norm stemming from such an opinion in a certain matter. Although the importance of the opinion of learned authors is strictly limited today it still shows the uniqueness and characteristics of the canon law.
Jurysprudencja lwowska. Publikacja pokonferencyjna, ed. J. Kruszyńska, M. Labijak, Poznań 2012, pp. 107-113
Jurysprudencja lwowska. Publikacja pokonferencyjna, ed. J. Kruszyńska, M. Labijak, Poznań 2012, pp. 7-12
W stosunkowo powszechnym współcześnie -i nie tylko -przekonaniu, sięganie do historii w akademick... more W stosunkowo powszechnym współcześnie -i nie tylko -przekonaniu, sięganie do historii w akademickiej nauce prawa jest zabiegiem bezcelowym. Wśród studentów kierunków prawa i administracji przewaŜa pogląd, wedle którego studia powinny koncentrować się wokół praktycznych zagadnień związanych z wykonywaniem zawodu np. adwokata albo sędziego. Dlatego teŜ większym zainteresowaniem cieszą się przedmioty dogmatycznoprawne, aniŜeli historycznoprawne. Wydaje się jednak uzasadnioną obrona poglądu cokolwiek odmiennego, w którym historia prawa zajmuje poczesne miejsce w nauczaniu prawa w ogólności. Tym bardziej zaś dzisiaj naleŜy przekonywać o tym, jak wielkie znaczenie dla pojmowania prawa ma jego historia. Jednym z jej kluczowych elementów jest "stanowisko doktryny" o decydującym wpływie na kształt prawa w określonym czasie. Spośród wielu polskich ośrodków akademickich, w których nauczano prawa, to właśnie Uniwersytet Jana Kazimierza we Lwowie wysuwa się na pierwszoplanową pozycję w kształtowaniu polskiej nauki prawa. Dziedzictwo prawników tego uniwersytetu do dziś jest widoczne w polskim prawiezostawili po sobie ślad, który nie został zatarty przez bieg czasu. W swoisty sposób poznawanie ich historii oraz ich idei przenika więc teraźniejszość polskiego prawa, co pozwala na dokonywanie wartościowych badań na tym polu.
Medieval canonists were the first in the Western legal tradition to offer in contract law the sol... more Medieval canonists were the first in the Western legal tradition to offer in contract law the solutions close to modern freedom of contract. To support their claim they developed three arguments. The first one was founded on the authority of the available sources of canon law. The second arose from the prohibition of lying to avoid the sin as the sin of lie was equally blameworthy as the sin of perjury in God’s eyes. The third was founded on the perception of agreements as a useful tool for maintaining social peace. The canonistic argumentation faced mixed reception in the early modern era (ca. 1500-1800). Some legal schools of this period accepted it (canon law jurisprudence, late scholasticism), some declined it (legal humanism), for others it served only as a useful example (Dutch jurisprudence, usus modernus Pandectarum). For still others it functionally resembled their approach (school of law of nature). On the turn of 18th and 19th centuries there emerged a general contract theory which assumed freedom of contract. As a result the question of the binding force of contract lost its significance in the civil law tradition. The answers to this question may be found in forgotten medieval canon law jurisprudence or in contemporary discussion on contract theory in common law. Both of these convey similar arguments. Today it may be of high value in the face of freedom of contract crisis to reach for justification of contracts broader than positive law dogmatics.
Pope Lucius III in his decretal Intelleximus (X 5.32.1) to the bishop of Padua gave the addressee... more Pope Lucius III in his decretal Intelleximus (X 5.32.1) to the bishop of Padua gave the addressee guidelines how to solve the dispute concerned with the construction of a new chapel with the damage to the nearby church. An important factor of the case solution was the lack of applicable rules in canon law of that time, that is the lacuna. Therefore, the pope ordered the bishop to make use of Roman law because as the human laws do not refrain from imitating the sacred canons, the sacred statutes are assisted by the rulers’ constitutions. The help provided by the old law was in that case the Roman operis novi nuntiatio. The attitude to Roman law offered in c. Intelleximus had a potential of leaving canon law wide open to Roman law penetration. The actual significance of that proposal was examined in the 13th century glosses and commentaries on that canon. It was shown what influence c. Intelleximus had on the reception of Roman law to canon law and how canonists of that time referred to the pope’s view on both laws.
KEYWORDS: canon law, Roman law, reception of law, lacuna, canon law jurisprudence, ius commune
![Research paper thumbnail of Ḥoq-‘ôlām i ḥuqqat ‘ôlām w Pięcioksięgu. Studium egzegetyczne [Ḥoq-‘ôlām and ḥuqqat ‘ôlām in the Pentateuch. An Exegetical Study]](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/38935980/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](Ḥoq-‘ôlām and ḥuqqat ‘ôlām occur in the Pentateuch thirty two times. They may be translated as a ... more Ḥoq-‘ôlām and ḥuqqat ‘ôlām occur in the Pentateuch thirty two times. They may be translated as a due and a statute of permanent perpetual character. The master thesis pre-sents their exact meaning and their functions in the Biblical text. The first chapter intro-duces historical, literary and philological issues. The second chapter, the main chapter of the thesis, is an exegesis of all passages containing these formulas: each of them is placed in a wider context and explained with reference to the significance of ḥoq-‘ôlām and ḥuqqat ‘ôlām. The last chapter is dedicated to the theological envoy expressed by these. Although they mark the redactional activity of the author from the Holiness School, they are not only editorial additions. Among their many functions, they also carry the theological perspective.
KEYWORDS: perpetual due, perpetual statute, Pentateuch, cult, priest, priestly redaction, Holiness School, [hoq-olam, huqqat olam]
![Research paper thumbnail of Odkrycie swobody umów w XII-wiecznej nauce prawa kanonicznego [The Discovery of the Freedom of Contract in the 12th Century Canon Law Jurisprudence]](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/39298251/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](The master thesis introduces the contribution of canon law jurisprudence to the history of the do... more The master thesis introduces the contribution of canon law jurisprudence to the history of the doctrine of the freedom of contract in the Western legal tradition. The first chapter shows the evolution of ancient Roman law contractual nominalism, which led Roman law to the threshold of the freedom of contract, and the opinion on contract law presented by first glossators in the Middle Ages. The second chapter describes canon law itself as a juridical order with its own method and its relation to Roman law. Chapter three is a deepened analysis of selected sources of the 12th century canon law jurisprudence. It allowed to formulate a final conclusion on the discovery of the freedom of contract by canonists, which was an example of its essential impact on the development of the Western legal tradition.
KEYWORDS: freedom of contract, canon law, canon law jurisprudence, contractual nominalism, Roman law, ius commune
17-23.07.2022, Saint Louis, 16th International Congress of Medieval Canon Law. Several early mode... more 17-23.07.2022, Saint Louis, 16th International Congress of Medieval Canon Law.
Several early modern canonists addressed the common issue of the relations between ius canonicum and ius civile in works focusing on differences between the two laws. The profiles of these works were heterogenous, as we can list among them elaborate treatises (e.g. authored by Matthäeus Joseph Reichel, Johann Strein), short dissertations (e.g. the works of Henricus Canisius, Antonio Pérez) or even passages included in general manuals (e.g. by Anacletus Reiffenstuel). Most of these authors were acquainted with the late medieval genre labelled as differentiae iuris civilis et canonici, especially with those works which were collected in Tractatus Universi Iuris. The early modern authors deliberately employed the term differentiae while describing the contents of their works – in order to provide a link to the late medieval jurisprudential practice. The objective of the paper will be an examination of the scope of reliance of these authors on the medieval works: do they merely add medieval differentiae as an ornament, or do they use them to support the structure and argumentation models applied? How do they refer to the conceptual framework of application of the two laws constructed on the margin of c. Intelleximus (X 5.32.1)? The secondary objectives of the paper include the attitude of early modern Catholic authors to civil law (some were neutral, others rather hostile) as well as their references to contemporary Protestant differentiae and jurisprudence. The paper will help to understand the long-lasting influence of medieval canon law jurisprudence through the subsequent development of one legal genre.
![Research paper thumbnail of Nowatorstwo w prawniczych projektach naukowych: przyszłość historii prawa? [Innovation in research projects from legal science: the future of legal history?]](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/93392148/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](1.07.2022, Gdańsk, VI Ogólnopolskie Forum Młodych Romanistów. Ostatnie lata niezmiennie charakter... more 1.07.2022, Gdańsk, VI Ogólnopolskie Forum Młodych Romanistów.
Ostatnie lata niezmiennie charakteryzuje wzrost znaczenia systemu grantowego dla finansowania nauki w Polsce i na świecie. W tym kontekście rodzi się wiele problemów na styku polityki finansowania nauki oraz metodologii prowadzenia badań naukowych, które dotykają także planowania badań naukowych z zakresu nauk prawnych. W powszechnej opinii prawnikom jest szczególnie trudno dopasować swoje badania do kryteriów, które mają znaczenie dla oceny jakości naukowej wniosków projektowych. Do tego ze względu na specyfikę swoich badań zwykle skupionych na prawie krajowym i jego bolączkach prawnicy wypadają relatywnie słabo w konkursach, które biorą pod uwagę porównawczą ocenę dorobku autorów wniosków projektowych, gdzie wysoko ceni się dorobek w obiegu międzynarodowym. W powiązaniu z tematem tegorocznego forum to krótkie wystąpienie proponuje bardziej optymistyczne spojrzenie na kwestię finansowania nauk prawnych poprzez granty oraz roli jaką ma do odegrania w tym punkcie historia prawa.
Na przykładzie działania Narodowego Centrum Nauki można zaproponować swoistą „agendę historycznoprawną”, bowiem wydaje się, że historia prawa może stać się nośnikiem innowacyjności w projektach z zakresu nauk prawnych. Otóż okazuje się, że kryteria oceny stosowane w konkursach organizowanych w NCN sprzyjają w szczególności nie tylko takim subdyscyplinom nauk prawnych jak teoria i filozofia prawa czy komparatystyka prawnicza, ale mogą również faworyzować historię prawa. Uznanie historii prawa za dodatkową przekrojową perspektywę dla badań prawniczych (np. w kluczu temporalnym – jako kolejnej płaszczyzny badań porównawczych) może stać się standardowym elementem wniosków o charakterze dogmatycznoprawnym. W istocie historia prawa ma potencjał by stać się nośnikiem innowacyjności – trudno uchwytnej cechy projektów naukowych, której nieustannie szukają recenzenci wniosków. Zarówno w kwestii zakresu planowanych badań, jak i doboru metod badawczych, historia prawa ma wiele do zaoferowania dla nauk prawnych. Jednocześnie projekty historycznoprawne mogą skorzystać z uwzględnienia współczesnych problemów prawoznawstwa dla podniesienia oceny ich znaczenia dla dziedziny i dyscypliny naukowej.
Typowo historycznoprawne badania naukowe mogą być konkurencyjne i mają potencjał by skutecznie rywalizować w konkursach o finansowanie nauki poprzez granty. Projekty historycznoprawne są także finansowane w konkursach Europejskiej Rady ds. Badań Naukowych, gdzie podstawowym kryterium oceny jest doskonałość naukowa. Rzut oka także na te projekty może być okazją do refleksji nad kierunkiem badań historycznoprawnych w Polsce.
4-6.05.2022, Berlin, The Eleventh Annual RefoRC Conference. The tension between canon law and ci... more 4-6.05.2022, Berlin, The Eleventh Annual RefoRC Conference.
The tension between canon law and civil law is an inherent characteristic of the Western legal tradition. In the early modern period one of the scholarly tools developed by jurists to settle the dispute between the two laws was the legal genre called differentiae iuris civilis et canonici. These works consisted of the enumeration of various discrepancies between the two laws and the proposed solutions to them. Differentiae originated in the late medieval law but in the early modern period their method and scope changed radically. The objective of this paper will be to examine how the ancient canon law principle of salus animarum supported the preference of canon law solutions over the civil law approach. The investigation of selected issues from differentiae will show how the theological framework of canon law was implemented in the legal discourse on the basis of the salus animarum principle. There were at least three levels on which this principle interfered with particular differentiae. Firstly, for some authors the overall purpose of canon and civil laws was the focal point for their discussion over differentiae (as was in the case of the treatise of Fortún García de Ercilla y Arteaga). Secondly, the salus animarum principle was regularly used as the backbone of the general rules established for the reconciliation between the conflicting norms (as it was e.g. implemented in the rules compiled by Konrad Rittershausen). Thirdly, this principle was at times referred to in solving particular discrepancies between the two laws and in this case it served as one of the argumentative resources available for the scholars to support their claims. The paper will present all these functions of the salus animarum principle for the early modern differentiae and will contribute to the overall understanding of the purpose of canon law in the past.
25.02.2022, Szczecin/online, Fontes Iuris Romani: Typology and Research Methods. Wystąpienie będz... more 25.02.2022, Szczecin/online, Fontes Iuris Romani: Typology and Research Methods.
Wystąpienie będzie dotyczyło problematyki przekazywania tekstów źródłowych klasycznej kanonistyki w dobie rewolucji drukarskiej. Teksty prawnicze były drukowane niemal od samego momentu wynalezienia druku w Europie. W końcówce XV w. ich publikowanie stało się okazją dla dodawania różnych tzw. paratekstów do samych źródeł: czy to glos, czy streszczeń, czy jeszcze innych pomniejszych form. Był to owoc współpracy wydawców z prawnikami, których zatrudniali jako redaktorów do przygotowania jak najbardziej atrakcyjnego dzieła. W moim referacie na jednym przykładzie chciałbym pokazać jak dwóch takich prawników, Girolamo Chiari i Jean Chappuis, na trwałe odcisnęło swoje piętno na tradycji wydawniczej tekstów źródłowych prawa kanonicznego.
18-19.02.2022, Augsburg/online, Third Postgraduate Conference in Comparative Legal History. In th... more 18-19.02.2022, Augsburg/online, Third Postgraduate Conference in Comparative Legal History. In the early modern era over thirty works were written that can be assigned to the legal genre of differentiae iuris civilis et canonici, and among them there were several long and elaborate treatises. These works were founded on some methodological premises which were developed to address the challenges of early modern legal pluralism. For this reason, the examination of these sources may give rise to some fresh observations on the methods of comparative law and comparative legal history. The objective of this paper will be to present Roman and canon contract law from the perspective of the early modern differentiae. The primary sources for the examination will be the works of Johann Friedrich Böckelmann, Jacob Brandmüller, Matthäeus Joseph Reichel, Konrad Rittershausen, Johann Emerich von Rosbach and Johann Strein.
The standard point of tension between the two laws which was addressed in these works was the actionability of naked agreements, but there were also many other issues concerning various types of contracts. The paper will seek answers to the following research questions: What elements of contract law attracted the attention of the authors of differentiae? Did they propose any reconciliations between the two laws, in terms of the sharp contractual differences between them? Were differentiae examples of a comparative approach, or rather of comparative legal history – what was the purpose of addressing contract law in differentiae in the early modern period? Were they historical works or comparative studies, or something in between? The case study dedicated to contract law will provide an opportunity for clarifications in these areas.
31.01.2022, Rome, Gruppo di ricerca PRIN 2017: Precetto religioso e norma giuridica
13-15.12.2021, Erice/online, 40th Course of International School of Ius Commune
![Research paper thumbnail of Differentiae iuris civilis et canonici w okresie wczesnonowożytnym. Koncepcja projektu badawczego i wstępne ustalenia z zakresu metody naukowej [Early modern differentiae iuris civilis et canonici. Research project and preliminary methodological insights]](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/72474085/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](Gdańsk 30.06.2021, V Ogólnopolskie Forum Młodych Romanistów. Differentiae iuris civilis et canoni... more Gdańsk 30.06.2021, V Ogólnopolskie Forum Młodych Romanistów.
Differentiae iuris civilis et canonici to gatunek literatury prawniczej, który powstał w okresie późnego średniowiecza a następnie w nowej formie był jednym z wielu gatunków, z których korzystali prawnicy okresu wczesnonowożytnego (ok. 1500-1800). Literatura tego typu opierała się na porównywaniu obojga praw, zestawianiu istotnych różnic między nimi i formułowaniu doktrynalnych propozycji koncyliacji sprzecznych norm. Do tej pory wczesnonowożytne differentiae nie były przedmiotem szerszych badań. W ramach realizowanego projektu badawczego zostaną one zbadane z trzech perspektyw: (1) jako typowy dla rozwoju prawoznawstwa gatunek literatury prawniczej okresu nowożytnego, (2) jako interesujący przykład tekstów, które pozwalają na nowo spojrzeć na kwestię pluralizmu prawnego czy napięć międzywyznaniowych w nauce prawa XVI-XVIII w., (3) jako źródło inspiracji dla współczesnego prawoznawstwa w zakresie metody, zwłaszcza w zakresie metody prawnoporównawczej.
Metoda stosowana w differentiae nie jest prosta do jednoznacznego opisania, tak jak definicja tego typu tekstów czy choćby ich katalog. Wstępne ustalenia pokazują, że co do metody można mówić o trzech rodzajach differentiae. Niektóre z nich w ogóle nie zajmują się od strony teoretycznej metodą, niektóre ograniczają się do sformułowania swoistych reguł kolizyjnych pozwalających na rozstrzyganie wątpliwości prawnych w razie sprzeczności norm prawa rzymskiego i prawa kanonicznego, a niektóre do tych reguł dodają jeszcze szerokie ustalenia teoretyczne, np. dotyczące celu obojga praw czy charakterystyki ich źródeł. Wydaje się, że to właśnie te reguły kolizyjne, zwłaszcza w wersji opracowanej przez Konrada Rittershausena, stanowiły najbardziej dojrzały przejaw metody naukowej stosowanej w differentiae.
11-15.09.2018, Kraków, konferencja międzynarodowa „LXXIIe Session de la Société Internationale Fe... more 11-15.09.2018, Kraków, konferencja międzynarodowa „LXXIIe Session de la Société Internationale Fernand de Visscher pour l'Histoire des Droits de l'Antiquité (SIHDA): Plus ratio quam vis”. Emperor Justinian in one of his novels stated that the imperial laws should not refrain from following the sacred and divine rules in cases regarding jurisdiction over criminal affairs of the clerics (Nov 83,1). This general statement was found very attractive by medieval canonists, who used it in the discussion on the relation between the two laws. They were inspired by the reiteration of this passage from the Novel in two decretals (X 2.1.8; 5.32.1) issued by the papal curia during the pontificate of Lucius III (1181-1185). The pope built an analogy between imitating the canons by the civil laws and supporting the canons by the imperial constitutions. The medieval decretalists took on this concept and elaborated on the complex matter of Roman law as a supplementary source for canon law. The paper will examine how the Justinian’s Novel gained its second life after a couple of centuries and how it was interpreted by medieval canonists. The medieval canonists commentaries to two above-mentioned canons will serve as a textual basis for the analysis.
28-30.06.2018, Paryż, 5TH ESCLH Biennal Conference "Laws Across Codes and Laws Decoded". The cano... more 28-30.06.2018, Paryż, 5TH ESCLH Biennal Conference "Laws Across Codes and Laws Decoded". The canon law throughout its long history only recently, i.e. in the former century, adapted the concept of codification. From Gratian’s Decretum up to 1917 the sources of canon law were collected in many compilations of various range and authority but it was because of 19th century’s trend the ecclesiastical lawgiver adopted new form of arranging laws. Twice (in 1917 and in 1983) there were promulgated the Codes in the Church.
However, the Code plays a specific role in canon law and the codification has its distinct meaning. The Code is seen only as ‘an indispensable instrument’ (Sacrae disciplinae leges) and the codification is merely an up-to-date way of providing laws. More suitably one can claim that despite the promulgation of two codes, canon law is a decodified system which employed a modern art of legislation as a useful tool for reform (N. Irti).
There is a lot of evidence for justification of this claim (F. Longchamps de Bérier). The ecclesiastical lawgiver did not claim that his code will accomplish all the requirements expected from any code by the secular jurists. The most evident affirmation of it is that the Codes themselves provided the procedure of filling lacuna legis. There were hardly any changes in the Codes during hundred years from the promulgation of Pio-Benedictine Code and the amendments have appeared only recently (K. Świergosz). There is a vast amount of matters which were not included in the Codes. One can found in the Codes the canons which contain rather theological claims then legal norms. These and other arguments considered together show the distinctive role of codification process in the Church.
All of these arguments stem from the history of canon law. This statement makes canon law the perfect example for examining the answer to the question: ‘How does the code reflect the history of respective law?’
14-17.06.2018, Warszawa, 24th Annual Forum of Young Legal Historians „Norms and Legal Practice: T... more 14-17.06.2018, Warszawa, 24th Annual Forum of Young Legal Historians „Norms and Legal Practice: There and Back Again”. The early modern moral theologians covered in their treatises numerous legal issues as they influenced moral evaluation of human acts. The application of legal rules in the court of conscience was of major concern for them. One can fruitfully examine any of hundreds of moral treatises from this period to see how the application of law in selected cases was carried out and how this affected the law itself. To make the presentation more concise only one example of this practice has been selected to show this phenomenon, namely Responsa moralia written by an Italian Jesuit, Paolo Comitoli (1544-1626). The third book of Responsa was dedicated entirely to the contracts which were a strictly legal matter. The examination of the casuistry introduced by Comitoli may show how the early modern theology applied law to judge moral cases. What makes Comitoli’s treatise even more interesting is that he used some cases from his own surroundings. Moreover, his contract doctrine may be well elaborated by his legal book on contracts (Doctrina de contractu), and finally he is one of many early modern writers to whom little attention has been paid so far.
24-26.05.2018, Warszawa, The Eighth Annual RefoRC Conference. Paolo Comitoli (1545-1626) was a li... more 24-26.05.2018, Warszawa, The Eighth Annual RefoRC Conference. Paolo Comitoli (1545-1626) was a little-known Jesuit moral theologian who devoted a whole treatise to contract law (Doctrina de contractu universe ad scientiae methodum revocato, 1615). In the second part of his book he diligently listed and described twelve qualities of the contract. Since his whole treatise was well-organized and perfectly arranged, these twelve characteristics serve as a good example of the original method developed by him as he claimed in the title of the treatise. The third attribute of the contract was, according to him, libertas contractus which surprisingly enough sounds more ‘modern’ than ‘early modern’.
Comitoli indicated three different kinds of contractual freedom, that is the freedom of choice, the freedom of will and the freedom of dominion. He explained all these types or levels of freedom which were inevitable for every contract. The background of his doctrine was of philosophical and theological origin. The most abundant part of it was the description of the vices of consent which endangered the second freedom of contract and might lead to the nullity of contract. These were among others deception, deceit, violence, fear and flattery.
Although these vices were a commonplace in early modern contract law, Comitoli arranged them in an original way. The aim of the paper is to present his view on the freedom of contract in comparison with the theories from the other school of law. It is well-known that early modern moral theology served as a bridge between late ius commune and the school of natural law. Therefore, the Comitoli’s doctrine on the freedom of contract was chosen as an example for comparison with the slightly later theories of Hugo Grotius and Samuel von Pufendorf. To these two, the Remonstrant and the Lutheran, the formulation of the principle pacta sunt servanda is attributed. The collation of the exemplary catholic and protestant theories on the freedom of contract may unveil both similarities and differences between them.
The important question is whether his way of describing the contract in general affected his contractual teachings or whether it was merely a clever idea for gaining some attention? The example of freedom of contract provides an adequate example for grasping the Comitoli’s doctrina de contractu.
8-10.12.2017, Gniezno, V Ogólnopolskie Seminarium Naukowe „Prawo a język”
https://prezi.com/mlfa8s-u5big/c-intelleximus-x-5321-and-the-reception-of-the-roman-la/
3-6.07.2017, Leeds, Leeds International Medieval Congress, session organized by Iuris Canonici Me... more 3-6.07.2017, Leeds, Leeds International Medieval Congress, session organized by Iuris Canonici Medii Aevi Consociatio: ‘We Read Nothing in the Canons' - Canonists and the Roman Law
![Research paper thumbnail of Recepcja średniowiecznej kanonistycznej doktryny zaskarżalności wszystkich umów w drugiej scholastyce (XVI-XVII w.) [Reception of canonistic idea of actionability of all agreements in the second scholasticism (16th-17th centuries)]](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/63062954/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](Frankfurt nad Odrą, Międzynarodowe seminarium badawcze europejskiej komparatystyki prawa prywatne... more Frankfurt nad Odrą, Międzynarodowe seminarium badawcze europejskiej komparatystyki prawa prywatnego „Iura privata in comparatione”
![Research paper thumbnail of Collaborative theory of contract Daniela Markovitsa w kontekście anglosaskiej dyskusji o mocy obowiązującej umów [Daniel Markovits' collaborative theory of contract within the problem of the binding force of contract]](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/58866946/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](9.06.2017, Poznań, Ogólnopolska Interdyscyplinarna Konferencja Naukowa „Amerykańska myśl politycz... more 9.06.2017, Poznań, Ogólnopolska Interdyscyplinarna Konferencja Naukowa „Amerykańska myśl polityczna, ekonomiczna i prawna”.
Jednym z podstawowych pytań anglosaskiej teorii umów jest pytanie o moc obowiązywania umów. W systemach kontynentalnych pytanie to rzadko jest w ogóle stawiane, ponieważ przeważnie do uzasadnienia mocy wiążącej umów wystarcza jej proklamowanie w kodeksie (np. art. 3531 k.c.). Tymczasem w common law bez regulacji kodeksowej prawa umów pytanie to decyduje o całokształcie doktryny kontraktowej.
Anglosaska doktryna prawa wyróżnia co najmniej siedem teorii prawa kontraktowego, które wyjaśniają dlaczego umowa wiąże strony. Teoria woli wskazuje przede wszystkim na konieczność zachowywania zobowiązań, które strony same na siebie zaciągnęły, na związanie obietnicą (C. Fried – Harvard University). Koncepcja zależności kładzie nacisk na relację zaufania, która łączy strony umowy i jest źródłem obowiązków stron (P. Atiyah – Oxford University). Propozycja zwana pozytywną autonomią przede wszystkim akcentuje konieczność wspierania przez państwo zaciągania dobrowolnych zobowiązań zamiast wymuszania ich realizacji (J. Raz – King’s College London).
Przykładem teorii mieszanej, łączącej elementy innych koncepcji, jest teoria współpracy (collaborative theory of contract), która szuka jednocześnie odpowiedzi na dwa połączone pytania: o przyczynę zawierania umów i uzasadnienie ich obowiązywania; jej reprezentantem jest D. Markovits z Yale University. Punktem wyjścia dla jego rozważań o prawie umów są refleksje filozoficznoprawne, w których stara się on uchwycić relację między moralnością i prawem; to ona warunkuje podjęcie na właściwej płaszczyźnie do podstawowych pytań związanych z obowiązywaniem umów. Pytanie o moc umów oraz o przyczynę ich popularności zasadza się na stwierdzeniu, że umowy tworzą między ludźmi relacje. Autor wskazując braki starszych teorii kontraktowych proponuje własny model, oparty na interpretacji zaufania społecznego między ludźmi, które objawia się właśnie poprzez zawieranie umów.
W wystąpieniu zostanie przedstawiony ogólny kontekst anglosaskiej dyskusji o mocy obowiązującej umów oraz zostanie przedstawiona charakterystyka jednej ze współczesnych teorii kontraktowych w ujęciu D. Markovitsa, która kładąc mocny akcent na moralność prawa, koncentruje się na roli porozumień między ludźmi jako czynnika kształtującego relacje.
![Research paper thumbnail of O recepcji wczesnonowożytnej hiszpańskiej doktryny kontraktowej na przykładzie traktatu o kontraktach Paolo Comitoliego [The reception of early modern Spanish contract law doctrine on the example of the treatise on contracts by Paolo Comitoli]](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/63061551/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](27-28.04.2017, Łódź, międzynarodowa konferencja naukowa „Rzym a Półwysep Iberyjski. Różnorodność ... more 27-28.04.2017, Łódź, międzynarodowa konferencja naukowa „Rzym a Półwysep Iberyjski. Różnorodność relacji od starożytności po współczesność”.
Interesującym przejawem wpływu pisarzy hiszpańskich na włoskich była wczesnonowożytna doktryna prawa kontraktowego. W XVI-wiecznej Hiszpanii rozwinęła się i prężnie działała słynna szkoła prawnicza związana w szczególności z Uniwersytetem w Salamance, która była dynamicznie rozwijającym się ośrodkiem nauki prawa. Wpływ hiszpańskich neoscholastyków na włoską doktrynę kontraktową można przedstawić badając traktat włoskiego jezuity, Paolo Comitoliego (1544-1626). W swoim dziele (Doctrina contractuum universa..., 1615) szeroko wykorzystał on prace autorów hiszpańskiego pochodzenia do stworzenia własnego prawa umów. Najbardziej znani z tego grona to Juan de Medina, Domingo de Soto, Martín de Azpilcueta czy Diego de Covarrubias y Leyva. Częstotliwość i charakter odniesień do ich traktatów to świadectwo wpływu hiszpańskich neoscholastyków na traktat Comitoliego i na całą ówczesną doktrynę prawa.
![Research paper thumbnail of Papieski zakaz nauczania prawa cywilnego w Paryżu w świetle wybranych komentarzy kanonistów z XIII i XIV wieku [The papal ban on teaching of civil law in Paris in the light of selected canonists’ commentaries from 13th and 14th centuries]](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/63060812/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](4-5.03.2017, Kraków, XI Międzynarodowa Konferencja Naukowa z cyklu „Z dziejów prawa” pt. „Sitque ... more 4-5.03.2017, Kraków, XI Międzynarodowa Konferencja Naukowa z cyklu „Z dziejów prawa” pt. „Sitque ibi scienciarum preualencium margarita... – prawo a edukacja na przestrzeni wieków”
Prawo kanoniczne i prawo rzymskie stanowiły od XII-wiecznego renesansu jeden system prawa, który zwykło się nazywać ius commune. Pomimo bardzo bliskich związków między obojgiem praw na przełomie XII i XIII wieku papieże Aleksander III i Honoriusz III wydali postanowienia, w których zakazywali studium prawa rzymskiego niektórym osobom duchownym. Fragment bulli Honoriusza III, który trafił do Dekretałów Grzego-rza IX (c. Super specula – X 5.33.28), wprost zakazał nauczania w Paryżu prawa cywilnego. W literaturze przedstawiano różnorodne interpretacje tego zakazu oraz jego znaczenia dla relacji między prawem kanonicz-nym a prawem cywilnym. W wystąpieniu zostaną przedstawione najważniejsze komentarze kanonistów XIII i XIV wieku do Super specula (glosa Bernarda z Parmy, komentarze Hostiensisa, Bernarda z Montemirato, Jana Andrzejowego).
![Research paper thumbnail of Wiążąca moc umów. Transfer kanonistycznej idei związania obietnicą w dobie wczesnonowożytnej [The binding force of contracts. Transfer of canonistic idea of binding force of promise in the early modern period]](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/63061003/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](19-20.11.2016, Nieborów, V Warsztaty "Metody Badań Romanistycznych"
https://prezi.com/cjhas0u22rhw/bible-citations-in-the-reasoning-of-classical-canonists/, 2016
17-23.07.2016, Paryż, "XV International Congress of Medieval Canon Law” The main point of the pap... more 17-23.07.2016, Paryż, "XV International Congress of Medieval Canon Law”
The main point of the paper is to clarify the role of Bible quotations in the canonists’ argumentation, the number of which is truly immense. Nevertheless, it has not been deeply examined. The prior explanation of the original meaning of quotations from the Scripture serves as a preparatory step for a deepened interpretation of medieval texts. It is necessary to examine what the importance of these particular Bible verses was in developing institutions of canon law. The medieval texts which will be analyzed are to be chosen by their subject, namely the development of the freedom of contract. Selection of one particular group of texts is needed in the light on the number of Bible extracts in the sources. The aims of the paper are the examination of the changes in the meaning of particular Bible verses depending on the cultural context of their application and evaluation of the influence of Bible quotations used in the classical canonists’ reasoning on the development of the principle pacta sunt servanda. The paper may serve as preparatory step in reconstructing one of the most important way of argumentation in the reasoning of the medieval canonists.
It is a book on the term ‘eternal statute’ in the Pentateuch and it shows how this legal formula ... more It is a book on the term ‘eternal statute’ in the Pentateuch and it shows how this legal formula was applied by the priestly writers from the Holiness School to address the cultic laws especially relevant for them. The significance and meaning of this term have not, as yet, been sufficiently addressed within biblical studies.
Proceedings of the Fifteenth International Congress of Medieval Canon Law: Paris, 17-23 July 2016 (Monumenta Iuris Canonici, Series C, Subsidia), ed. F. Demoulin-Azaury, N. Laurent-Bonne, F. Roumy, Città del Vaticano 2022, 901-910 (in print)
The paper examines the role of Bible citations in the classical canonists’ reasoning on the bindi... more The paper examines the role of Bible citations in the classical canonists’ reasoning on the binding force of all agreements. The scope of the research is limited to the commentaries on the c. Quicumque from Gratian Decretum (C. 12, q. 2, c. 66) in which the quotation from the First Letter of Saint Paul to Timothy (I Tim., 5, 18) was used as a justification of the case solution. The paper explains the meaning and the history of the biblical verse used in c. Quicumque and the canonists’ attitude to it. It seems that the argument based on the Bible verse itself diminished its significance in the lapse of time, when canonists referred to other sources in developing the doctrine pacta sunt servanda.
