Michel Walrave | University of Antwerp (original) (raw)
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Papers by Michel Walrave
Journal of interpersonal violence, Jan 12, 2016
Controlling one's romantic partner through digital media is a form of cyber dating abuse. To ... more Controlling one's romantic partner through digital media is a form of cyber dating abuse. To design effective educational campaigns, a deeper understanding of how some young people become victim of this type of abuse within their romantic relationships is warranted. This study is the first to adopt a lifestyle-routine activities theory perspective toward online romantic partner monitoring, by looking at whether secondary school students' risky digital lifestyle and their digital media use are linked to a higher chance of being controlled by a romantic partner, taking into account gender, age, and the length of the romantic relationship. The data of 466 secondary school students (71.0% girls, n = 331) between 16 and 22 years old (M = 17.99 years; SD = 0.92) who were in a romantic relationship are analyzed. Linear regression analysis suggests that engagement in online risk behavior, the length of the romantic relationship, engagement in sexting with the romantic partner, and t...
Journal of Advertising, 2016
Cyberbullying Across the Globe, 2015
Telematics and Informatics, 2016
Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 2015
ABSTRACT This study investigates children's persuasion knowledge towards an advergame. Ba... more ABSTRACT This study investigates children's persuasion knowledge towards an advergame. Based on the theory of limited capacity and the PAD dimensions of emotions (i.e. pleasure, arousal and dominance), we propose a model in which persuasion knowledge is associated with game flow, and in which game flow is subsequently related to self-reported player emotions. To test this model, 200 respondents between 7 and 12 years old were asked to play an advergame and to complete a survey addressing self-reported emotions, persuasion knowledge and game flow. Structural equation modelling partially confirms our model. Both managerial and ethical implications are discussed in the paper. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 2015
The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas, 2014
ABSTRACT Social media are at the heart of the daily communications of adolescents. In many cases,... more ABSTRACT Social media are at the heart of the daily communications of adolescents. In many cases, however, adolescents are unaware of the consequences of the long-term availability of their online personal information. Given the rising prevalence of online background checks on potential partners, college applicants, and job candidates, online search results could have an increasing impact on the future personal and professional relationships of young people. This article discusses the need to pay attention to online reputation management as a part of college and career preparation for high school students. Recommendations are given that can help teachers and counselors raise awareness among their students regarding the advantages and disadvantages of their online identities while helping them manage their online footprints.
Telematics and Informatics, 2015
Sexting has received increasing scholarly and media attention. Especially, minors’ engagement in ... more Sexting has received increasing scholarly and media attention. Especially, minors’ engagement in this behaviour is a source of concern. As adolescents are highly sensitive about their image among peers and prone to peer influence, the present study implemented the prototype willingness model in order to assess how perceptions of peers engaging in sexting possibly influence adolescents’ willingness to send sexting messages. A survey was conducted among 217 15- to 19-year-olds. A total of 18% of respondents had engaged in sexting in the 2 months preceding the study. Analyses further revealed that the subjective norm was the strongest predictor of sexting intention, followed by behavioural willingness and attitude towards sexting. Additionally, the more favourable young people evaluated the prototype of a person engaging in sexting and the higher they assessed their similarity with this prototype, the more they were willing to send sexting messages. Differences were also found based on gender, relationship status and need for popularity.
Behaviour & Information Technology.
Adolescent sexting – the electronic swapping of sexually intimate texts or images – has attracted... more Adolescent sexting – the electronic swapping of sexually intimate texts or images – has attracted significant media and policy attention. However, questions remain about the predictors of this phenomenon, in which mobile phones play a central role in adolescents’ exploration of sexuality. Therefore, a survey involving 498 adolescents aged between 15 and 18 years was conducted.
A first aim of this study is to determine the predictive value of personal attitudes, subjective norms and perceived control by applying the theory of planned behaviour (TPB). As a second aim, we wish to assess the relative importance of the most salient beliefs underpinning the TPB components, since this will allow us to gain a more nuanced insight into the characteristics of adolescent sexting.
Analyses reveal that subjective norm is the most important predictor, followed by adolescents’ attitudes towards sexting. Perceived behavioural control is significantly but weakly associated with teenagers’ sexting intentions. Within subjective norm, friends and romantic partners represent the most important sources of social pressure, while only positive behavioural outcomes are found to affect adolescents’ sexting intentions. The most important control belief affecting adolescents’ intention to sext is the belief that it occurs relatively more often among those whom adolescents feel they can trust entirely.
We have published also other articles on this topic. Feel free to contact me for more information about our research and for a copy of our articles. Michel (michel.walrave@uantwerpen.be).
Journal of adolescence, 2014
The potential emotional and legal consequences of adolescents' engagement in sending sexually... more The potential emotional and legal consequences of adolescents' engagement in sending sexually explicit pictures through the internet or the mobile phone (i.e., sexting) have caused significant concern about the behavior among practitioners and academics. The present study compares the characteristics of students who engage in sexting to those who do not. A survey among 1028 adolescents of 11 secondary schools in Belgium was administered. Logistic regression analyses suggest that sexting is significantly linked with sensation seeking, experiential thinking styles and depression, while controlling for gender, age, family status and students' response to economic stress. The results are of importance to practitioners who could adapt their prevention and intervention campaigns to better reach this complex youth. Differences with the findings of previous studies highlight the importance of continuing research on sexting and the need to pay attention to the specific context in whi...
Computers in Human Behavior, 2015
ABSTRACT Adolescents are the most fervent users of social network sites, hereby disclosing a lot ... more ABSTRACT Adolescents are the most fervent users of social network sites, hereby disclosing a lot of personal information. In this study, we used the Prototype Willingness Model to examine whether the sharing of personal information about peer relationships follows a rational and intended pathway, or a more impulsive unconscious decision-making pathway. Data from a sample of 1314 adolescents (M = 16.68, SD = 1.16) were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling, to assess the predictive power of the reasoned pathway (attitude and subjective norm of friends, parents and teachers), and the social-reaction pathway (prototype favorability and similarity). Results showed the unique importance of the reasoned pathway in predicting adolescents’ disclosing behavior, with attitude as the strongest predictor. Nevertheless, the social-reaction pathway also significantly contributed to the prediction of the disclosing behavior. In sum, adolescents’ self-disclosure on social network sites is mostly the result of a rational, deliberated process, but can be influenced by a more emotional spontaneous response to a given online situation. Therefore, policy makers, practitioners or parents might stress the possible opportunities and risks that disclosing personal information can entail, so adolescents themselves develop a more critical attitude toward sharing their information online.
Sexting has received considerable media attention in recent years. Several tragic cases have high... more Sexting has received considerable media attention in recent years. Several tragic cases have highlighted the far-reaching consequences that sexting can have. The objective of this article is, therefore, to inform teachers and counselors about current research on sexting in order to help them understand the various facets of this behavior, as well as the reasons why adolescents engage in it and how it correlates with other risk behaviors. The discussion also addresses ways in which schools can respond to and prevent sexting incidents.
The Journal of School Nursing, Jul 14, 2014
When a sexting message spreads to an unintended audience, it can adversely affect the victim’s re... more When a sexting message spreads to an unintended audience, it can adversely affect the victim’s reputation. Sexting incidents constitute a potential school safety risk. Just as with other types of adolescent risk behavior, school nurses might have to initiate the first response when a sexting episode arises, but a school nurse’s role goes beyond intervention. They can also play an important role in the prevention of sexting and its related risks. This article reviews the links between adolescent sexting, other types of risk behavior, and its emotional and psychosocial conditions. Seven databases were examined and nine studies remained for further review. The review of the literature shows that adolescent sexting is cross sectionally associated with a range of health-risk behaviors. Youth who engage in sexting are also found to experience peer pressure and a range of emotional difficulties. The results can guide school nurse education and practice.
ABSTRACT The subject of this research is hurtful behavior on social network sites. Specifically, ... more ABSTRACT The subject of this research is hurtful behavior on social network sites. Specifically, the study examines how young people’s connections on such sites are related to their risk of being involved in cyberharassment and cyberbullying. For this purpose, eighth-grade students from 11 secondary schools were surveyed (n = 1,458). The students indicated who their friends were at school and with whom they were connected on Facebook. The results demonstrate that victimization and perpetration are linked to the composition of one’s network of online connections. The presence of many connections with fellow students who are not friends elevates the risk of cyberharassment and cyberbullying. In addition, perpetrators and victims have a disproportionally high number of connections based on unbalanced, weak friendships. This lack of balance may indicate that perpetrators are higher in the hierarchy of social status and that victims are lower. The findings imply that adolescents may be able to avert online victimization by carefully selecting their online ties. Further implications for the prevention of harassment and bullying on social network sites as well as avenues for future research are discussed.
Substance Use & Misuse, 2015
The non-medical use of stimulants for academic performance enhancement is becoming a more common ... more The non-medical use of stimulants for academic performance enhancement is becoming a more common practice among college and university students. The objective of this study is to gain a better understanding of students' intention to use stimulant medication for the purpose of enhancing their academic performance. Based on an extended model of Ajzen's theory of planned behavior, we examined the predictive value of attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, psychological distress, procrastination, substance use, and alcohol use on students' intention to use stimulants to improve their academic performance. The sample consisted of 3,589 Flemish university and college students (mean age: 21.59, SD: 4.09), who participated anonymously in an online survey conducted in March and April 2013. Structural equation modeling was used to investigate the relationships among the study variables. Our results indicate that subjective norm is the strongest predictor of students' intention to use stimulant medication, followed by attitude and perceived behavioral control. To a lesser extent, procrastinating tendencies, psychological distress, and substance abuse contribute to students' intention. Conclusions/ Importance: Based on these findings, we provide several recommendations on how to curtail students' intention to use stimulant medication for the purpose of improving their academic performance. In addition, we urge researchers to identify other psychological variables that might be related to students' intention.
NASN School Nurse
Cyberbullying is one of many online risks that affect an increasing number of children and teenag... more Cyberbullying is one of many online risks that affect an increasing number of children and teenagers. This form of abuse often occurs under the radar of adults as it usually takes place outside of school and away from adult supervision. Moreover, bystanders and victims are often reluctant to report what they have experienced. School nurses might be among the first to witness the real-life consequences of this virtual behavior, as involvement in cyberbullying is often correlated with psychological and behavioral problems. For this reason, school nurses should know how to recognize the warning signs so that they can respond and intervene appropriately. This article provides a discussion of what cyberbullying is and a summary of research on factors associated with cyberbullying, in terms of both victimization and perpetration. It also provides school nurses with evidence-based strategies for responding effectively.
Journal of interpersonal violence, Jan 12, 2016
Controlling one's romantic partner through digital media is a form of cyber dating abuse. To ... more Controlling one's romantic partner through digital media is a form of cyber dating abuse. To design effective educational campaigns, a deeper understanding of how some young people become victim of this type of abuse within their romantic relationships is warranted. This study is the first to adopt a lifestyle-routine activities theory perspective toward online romantic partner monitoring, by looking at whether secondary school students' risky digital lifestyle and their digital media use are linked to a higher chance of being controlled by a romantic partner, taking into account gender, age, and the length of the romantic relationship. The data of 466 secondary school students (71.0% girls, n = 331) between 16 and 22 years old (M = 17.99 years; SD = 0.92) who were in a romantic relationship are analyzed. Linear regression analysis suggests that engagement in online risk behavior, the length of the romantic relationship, engagement in sexting with the romantic partner, and t...
Journal of Advertising, 2016
Cyberbullying Across the Globe, 2015
Telematics and Informatics, 2016
Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 2015
ABSTRACT This study investigates children's persuasion knowledge towards an advergame. Ba... more ABSTRACT This study investigates children's persuasion knowledge towards an advergame. Based on the theory of limited capacity and the PAD dimensions of emotions (i.e. pleasure, arousal and dominance), we propose a model in which persuasion knowledge is associated with game flow, and in which game flow is subsequently related to self-reported player emotions. To test this model, 200 respondents between 7 and 12 years old were asked to play an advergame and to complete a survey addressing self-reported emotions, persuasion knowledge and game flow. Structural equation modelling partially confirms our model. Both managerial and ethical implications are discussed in the paper. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 2015
The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas, 2014
ABSTRACT Social media are at the heart of the daily communications of adolescents. In many cases,... more ABSTRACT Social media are at the heart of the daily communications of adolescents. In many cases, however, adolescents are unaware of the consequences of the long-term availability of their online personal information. Given the rising prevalence of online background checks on potential partners, college applicants, and job candidates, online search results could have an increasing impact on the future personal and professional relationships of young people. This article discusses the need to pay attention to online reputation management as a part of college and career preparation for high school students. Recommendations are given that can help teachers and counselors raise awareness among their students regarding the advantages and disadvantages of their online identities while helping them manage their online footprints.
Telematics and Informatics, 2015
Sexting has received increasing scholarly and media attention. Especially, minors’ engagement in ... more Sexting has received increasing scholarly and media attention. Especially, minors’ engagement in this behaviour is a source of concern. As adolescents are highly sensitive about their image among peers and prone to peer influence, the present study implemented the prototype willingness model in order to assess how perceptions of peers engaging in sexting possibly influence adolescents’ willingness to send sexting messages. A survey was conducted among 217 15- to 19-year-olds. A total of 18% of respondents had engaged in sexting in the 2 months preceding the study. Analyses further revealed that the subjective norm was the strongest predictor of sexting intention, followed by behavioural willingness and attitude towards sexting. Additionally, the more favourable young people evaluated the prototype of a person engaging in sexting and the higher they assessed their similarity with this prototype, the more they were willing to send sexting messages. Differences were also found based on gender, relationship status and need for popularity.
Behaviour & Information Technology.
Adolescent sexting – the electronic swapping of sexually intimate texts or images – has attracted... more Adolescent sexting – the electronic swapping of sexually intimate texts or images – has attracted significant media and policy attention. However, questions remain about the predictors of this phenomenon, in which mobile phones play a central role in adolescents’ exploration of sexuality. Therefore, a survey involving 498 adolescents aged between 15 and 18 years was conducted.
A first aim of this study is to determine the predictive value of personal attitudes, subjective norms and perceived control by applying the theory of planned behaviour (TPB). As a second aim, we wish to assess the relative importance of the most salient beliefs underpinning the TPB components, since this will allow us to gain a more nuanced insight into the characteristics of adolescent sexting.
Analyses reveal that subjective norm is the most important predictor, followed by adolescents’ attitudes towards sexting. Perceived behavioural control is significantly but weakly associated with teenagers’ sexting intentions. Within subjective norm, friends and romantic partners represent the most important sources of social pressure, while only positive behavioural outcomes are found to affect adolescents’ sexting intentions. The most important control belief affecting adolescents’ intention to sext is the belief that it occurs relatively more often among those whom adolescents feel they can trust entirely.
We have published also other articles on this topic. Feel free to contact me for more information about our research and for a copy of our articles. Michel (michel.walrave@uantwerpen.be).
Journal of adolescence, 2014
The potential emotional and legal consequences of adolescents' engagement in sending sexually... more The potential emotional and legal consequences of adolescents' engagement in sending sexually explicit pictures through the internet or the mobile phone (i.e., sexting) have caused significant concern about the behavior among practitioners and academics. The present study compares the characteristics of students who engage in sexting to those who do not. A survey among 1028 adolescents of 11 secondary schools in Belgium was administered. Logistic regression analyses suggest that sexting is significantly linked with sensation seeking, experiential thinking styles and depression, while controlling for gender, age, family status and students' response to economic stress. The results are of importance to practitioners who could adapt their prevention and intervention campaigns to better reach this complex youth. Differences with the findings of previous studies highlight the importance of continuing research on sexting and the need to pay attention to the specific context in whi...
Computers in Human Behavior, 2015
ABSTRACT Adolescents are the most fervent users of social network sites, hereby disclosing a lot ... more ABSTRACT Adolescents are the most fervent users of social network sites, hereby disclosing a lot of personal information. In this study, we used the Prototype Willingness Model to examine whether the sharing of personal information about peer relationships follows a rational and intended pathway, or a more impulsive unconscious decision-making pathway. Data from a sample of 1314 adolescents (M = 16.68, SD = 1.16) were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling, to assess the predictive power of the reasoned pathway (attitude and subjective norm of friends, parents and teachers), and the social-reaction pathway (prototype favorability and similarity). Results showed the unique importance of the reasoned pathway in predicting adolescents’ disclosing behavior, with attitude as the strongest predictor. Nevertheless, the social-reaction pathway also significantly contributed to the prediction of the disclosing behavior. In sum, adolescents’ self-disclosure on social network sites is mostly the result of a rational, deliberated process, but can be influenced by a more emotional spontaneous response to a given online situation. Therefore, policy makers, practitioners or parents might stress the possible opportunities and risks that disclosing personal information can entail, so adolescents themselves develop a more critical attitude toward sharing their information online.
Sexting has received considerable media attention in recent years. Several tragic cases have high... more Sexting has received considerable media attention in recent years. Several tragic cases have highlighted the far-reaching consequences that sexting can have. The objective of this article is, therefore, to inform teachers and counselors about current research on sexting in order to help them understand the various facets of this behavior, as well as the reasons why adolescents engage in it and how it correlates with other risk behaviors. The discussion also addresses ways in which schools can respond to and prevent sexting incidents.
The Journal of School Nursing, Jul 14, 2014
When a sexting message spreads to an unintended audience, it can adversely affect the victim’s re... more When a sexting message spreads to an unintended audience, it can adversely affect the victim’s reputation. Sexting incidents constitute a potential school safety risk. Just as with other types of adolescent risk behavior, school nurses might have to initiate the first response when a sexting episode arises, but a school nurse’s role goes beyond intervention. They can also play an important role in the prevention of sexting and its related risks. This article reviews the links between adolescent sexting, other types of risk behavior, and its emotional and psychosocial conditions. Seven databases were examined and nine studies remained for further review. The review of the literature shows that adolescent sexting is cross sectionally associated with a range of health-risk behaviors. Youth who engage in sexting are also found to experience peer pressure and a range of emotional difficulties. The results can guide school nurse education and practice.
ABSTRACT The subject of this research is hurtful behavior on social network sites. Specifically, ... more ABSTRACT The subject of this research is hurtful behavior on social network sites. Specifically, the study examines how young people’s connections on such sites are related to their risk of being involved in cyberharassment and cyberbullying. For this purpose, eighth-grade students from 11 secondary schools were surveyed (n = 1,458). The students indicated who their friends were at school and with whom they were connected on Facebook. The results demonstrate that victimization and perpetration are linked to the composition of one’s network of online connections. The presence of many connections with fellow students who are not friends elevates the risk of cyberharassment and cyberbullying. In addition, perpetrators and victims have a disproportionally high number of connections based on unbalanced, weak friendships. This lack of balance may indicate that perpetrators are higher in the hierarchy of social status and that victims are lower. The findings imply that adolescents may be able to avert online victimization by carefully selecting their online ties. Further implications for the prevention of harassment and bullying on social network sites as well as avenues for future research are discussed.
Substance Use & Misuse, 2015
The non-medical use of stimulants for academic performance enhancement is becoming a more common ... more The non-medical use of stimulants for academic performance enhancement is becoming a more common practice among college and university students. The objective of this study is to gain a better understanding of students' intention to use stimulant medication for the purpose of enhancing their academic performance. Based on an extended model of Ajzen's theory of planned behavior, we examined the predictive value of attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, psychological distress, procrastination, substance use, and alcohol use on students' intention to use stimulants to improve their academic performance. The sample consisted of 3,589 Flemish university and college students (mean age: 21.59, SD: 4.09), who participated anonymously in an online survey conducted in March and April 2013. Structural equation modeling was used to investigate the relationships among the study variables. Our results indicate that subjective norm is the strongest predictor of students' intention to use stimulant medication, followed by attitude and perceived behavioral control. To a lesser extent, procrastinating tendencies, psychological distress, and substance abuse contribute to students' intention. Conclusions/ Importance: Based on these findings, we provide several recommendations on how to curtail students' intention to use stimulant medication for the purpose of improving their academic performance. In addition, we urge researchers to identify other psychological variables that might be related to students' intention.
NASN School Nurse
Cyberbullying is one of many online risks that affect an increasing number of children and teenag... more Cyberbullying is one of many online risks that affect an increasing number of children and teenagers. This form of abuse often occurs under the radar of adults as it usually takes place outside of school and away from adult supervision. Moreover, bystanders and victims are often reluctant to report what they have experienced. School nurses might be among the first to witness the real-life consequences of this virtual behavior, as involvement in cyberbullying is often correlated with psychological and behavioral problems. For this reason, school nurses should know how to recognize the warning signs so that they can respond and intervene appropriately. This article provides a discussion of what cyberbullying is and a summary of research on factors associated with cyberbullying, in terms of both victimization and perpetration. It also provides school nurses with evidence-based strategies for responding effectively.
Michel Walrave and Joris Van Ouytsel co-authored a guide for parents, teachers and other adults i... more Michel Walrave and Joris Van Ouytsel co-authored a guide for parents, teachers and other adults involved in the education of young people. This book includes a review of the scientific knowledge on several online behaviours and related opportunities and risks (self-disclosure, privacy, sexting, cyberbullying, online marketing, ...). Each chapter ends with concrete advice for parents, teachers and young people. The book is published in Dutch.
Abstract in Dutch:
Waarom klikt het zo tussen jongeren en sociale media? Welke kansen bieden sociale media hen en met welke risico’s krijgen ze te maken? Wat kun je doen om jongeren hierbij zo goed mogelijk te begeleiden? Heel wat ouders, leraren, jeugdwerkers en andere begeleiders van jongeren stellen zich deze vragen. Deze gids gaat in op de unieke kansen die sociale media aan jongeren bieden op persoonlijk en sociaal vlak. Zo kunnen sociale media een rol spelen in de ontwikkeling van vriendschaps- en liefdesrelaties. Jammer genoeg kan het soms ook fout lopen. Jongeren kunnen geconfronteerd worden met cyberpesten of grooming. Intieme berichten, zoals sexting, kunnen misbruikt worden. Deze en andere risico’s komen aan bod, om ze beter te begrijpen en jongeren te begeleiden om hiermee om te gaan. Mediawijs online focust ook op hoe men jongeren bewust kan maken van hun digitale voetafdruk om hun onlinereputatie en privacy te beschermen. De gids werd opgesteld in samenwerking met leraren en praktijkdeskundigen uit talrijke organisaties die dagelijks beroepsmatig geconfronteerd worden met e-safetyproblemen. Hierdoor komen bij ieder thema ook praktijkgerichte tips aan bod om kansen en problemen te herkennen, bespreekbaar te maken en jongeren bij te staan met advies.
The omnipresence of ICT in modern households has provided children and adolescents with plenty of... more The omnipresence of ICT in modern households has provided children and adolescents with plenty of opportunities for education, entertainment and contact. This young age group, however, is increasingly confronted with a range of online risks relating to personal contact and inappropriate content.
This duality was the central thread of an international multidisciplinary conference from which this book presents a selection of excellent papers. After providing the reader with a typology of the benefits of and threats arising from young people’s internet use, the book elaborates on the issue of online access and the extent to which the young use ICT in their daily lives.
The authors also consider the opportunities young people now have to use and produce online content, as well as the tremendous contact opportunities offered by social network sites. Alongside these opportunities, risks such as cyberbullying are also examined.
The final part of the book is devoted to young people’s empowerment and protection. The roles of parents, schools and governments are scrutinized in the context of allowing young people to maximize the benefits and minimize the risks of the internet.
Banners, marketing viral, advergames ou brand pages… Voici quelques exemples de pratiques d’e-mar... more Banners, marketing viral, advergames ou brand pages… Voici quelques exemples de pratiques d’e-marketing auxquels les jeunes sont confrontés lorsqu’ils surfent sur l’internet. Existe-t-il des limites à ne pas dépasser pour atteindre les jeunes en matière de marketing en ligne ? Comment peut-on garantir une meilleure protection des mineurs, par l’adoption de dispositions légales ou de règles d’autodiscipline, ou par l’organisation de campagnes de sensibilisation ?
L’Observatoire des droits de l’internet s’est penché sur ces questions et, à l’issue de discussions avec des experts de divers secteurs en lien avec le sujet, un 7e Avis sur l’e-marketing et les mineurs a été adopté. L’avis de l’Observatoire est le fruit des réflexions menées au sein d’un groupe de travail consacré au sujet, qui a réuni des représentants du monde universitaire, de l’administration, des annonceurs ou des consommateurs. Cet avis s’appuie sur le rapport de recherche socio-économique et juridique rédigé de manière indépendante par le Centre de Recherche Informatique et Droit (CRID) de l’Université de Namur et le MIOS de l’Université d’Anvers.
La présente publication rapporte dans un premier temps l’évolution et les différents types de marketing en ligne, ainsi que les différentes études qui ont été réalisées sur les enfants, adolescents et la publicité (en ligne). Suit une analyse des dispositions légales ou réglementaires applicables à la matière et les règles d’autodiscipline prises par les acteurs intéressés par le sujet.
L’avis formule diverses recommandations visant à améliorer la protection des mineurs dans le domaine de l’e-marketing. Les recommandations de l’Observatoire portent d’abord sur le mode de régulation à promouvoir, et l’équilibre à trouver entre les dispositions légales ou réglementaires et les procédés d’autorégulation. Plusieurs critères, auxquels devraient répondre les normes régissant les publicités à destination des mineurs, sont ensuite énumérés. L’Observatoire souligne aussi les pratiques qui devraient être expressément prohibées. Enfin, diverses recommandations visent à promouvoir l’information et l’éducation des mineurs.
Vous pouvez télécharger cet ebook gratuitement sur le site de l'Observatoire des Droits de l'Internet.
Si vous souhaitez de plus amples informations sur nos recherches récentes sur ce sujet, merci de me contacter par courriel.
"Banners, virale marketing, advergames, brand pages zijn slechts enkele vormen van e-marketing wa... more "Banners, virale marketing, advergames, brand pages zijn slechts enkele vormen van e-marketing waarmee jongeren geconfronteerd worden wanneer ze op het internet surfen. Maar welke zijn de mogelijkheden en beperkingen van online marketing om jonge consumenten te bereiken? Hoe kunnen minderjarigen beter beschermd worden door wetgeving en zelfregulering, maar ook beter gesensibiliseerd worden?
Over deze thematiek heeft het Observatorium van de Rechten op het Internet zich, in samenwerking met experten uit diverse sectoren, gebogen met als resultaat een 7de advies, specifiek over minderjarigen en e-marketing.
Het advies van het Observatorium is het resultaat van onder meer werkgroepvergaderingen met zowel vertegenwoordigers uit het academische wereld en overheden, als vertegenwoordigers van adverteerders, marketeers en consumenten. Het advies steunt eveneens op een onderzoeksrapport omtrent de socio-economische en juridische aspecten van e-marketing gericht tot minderjarigen, die op een onafhankelijke manier is opgesteld door de onderzoeksgroep MIOS van de Universiteit Antwerpen en het Centre de Recherche Informatique et Droit (CRID) van de Université de Namur.
Deze publicatie brengt eerst een overzicht van de ontwikkeling en de verschillende typen van online marketing. Verschillende onderzoeken over hoe kinderen en jongeren omgaan met (online) reclame, worden eveneens toegelicht. Daarna volgt een overzicht van wettelijke maatregelen die binnen dit domein van toepassing zijn en initiatieven van zelfregulering die door de betrokken actoren op dit moment al genomen zijn.
In het advies worden verschillende aanbevelingen geformuleerd om de bescherming van minderjarigen in het domein van e-marketing te verbeteren. De aanbevelingen van het Observatorium focussen eerst en vooral op het type van regulering dat men verder moet uitbouwen en het evenwicht dat gevonden moet worden tussen wettelijke maatregelen en zelfregulering. Verschillende criteria waaraan de normen inzake reclame gericht tot minderjarigen moeten beantwoorden, worden toegelicht. Het Observatorium benadrukt eveneens dat bepaalde marketingpraktijken verboden moeten worden. Tenslotte, worden verschillende aanbevelingen geformuleerd om zowel informatie als educatie voor minderjarigen te bevorderen omtrent e-marketing.
U kan deze ebook gratis downloaden op de website van het Observatorium van de Rechten op het Internet"
Het traditionele pesten heeft een nieuwe elektronische gedaante gekregen: cyberpesten. Kindere... more Het traditionele pesten heeft een nieuwe elektronische gedaante gekregen: cyberpesten.
Kinderen en tieners gebruiken het internet en de gsm niet alleen om contacten te leggen en te onderhouden, maar soms wordt ICT ook ingezet om elkaar te pesten. Hoewel er nog veel onduidelijkheid bestaat over de precieze gevolgen hiervan op lange termijn, wordt een groot deel van de schoolgaande jeugd hiermee geconfronteerd.
Aangezien cyberpesten een stijgend probleem is waarmee kinderen, tieners, ouders en leerkrachten geconfronteerd worden, heeft het Observatorium hierover onder meer een advies geformuleerd. Naast dit advies, dat tot stand kwam in samenwerking met een dertigtal experten, wordt in een boek meer uitleg gegeven over cyberpesten.
Dit boek biedt eerst een internationaal overzicht van wetenschappelijke studies over cyberpesten. Ook wordt stilgestaan bij preventie, remediëring en juridische aspecten. Deze informatie vormde de basis voor een beleidsadvies dat tot stand kwam in samenwerking met diverse organisaties en dat werd goedgekeurd door de leden van het Observatorium voor de Rechten op het Internet.
Ook zijn praktische fiches opgesteld waarmee zowel jongeren als begeleidende volwassenen mee aan de slag kunnen in hun strijd tegen cyberpesten.
U kan deze ebook gratis downloaden.
Belangrijke informatie: Dit boek werd geredigeerd in 2009. We hebben eveneens recentere publicaties over cyberpesten, sexting en andere thema's. Gelieve me te contacteren (michel.walrave@uantwerpen.be) indien u meer informatie wenst.
Le harcèlement traditionnel connaît une nouvelle variante électronique : le cyberharcèlement. Les... more Le harcèlement traditionnel connaît une nouvelle variante électronique : le cyberharcèlement. Les enfants et adolescents n’utilisent pas seulement Internet et les GSM pour entrer et rester en contact, certains utilisent également les technologies de l’information et de la communication (TIC) pour commettre des actes de harcèlement. Même s’il y a aujourd’hui peu de certitudes à propos des conséquences à long terme de ce phénomène, il apparaît en revanche qu’une grande partie de la jeunesse y est confrontée.
Conscient que le cyberharcèlement est un problème grandissant qui touche les enfants, les adolescents, les parents et les enseignants, l’Observatoire s’est chargé d’y consacrer un avis. À coté de cet avis, qui a vu le jour en collaboration avec une trentaine d’experts, un livre contenant davantage d’explications sur le cyberharcèlement a été rédigé.
Ce livre contient un aperçu international d’enquêtes scientifiques concernant le cyberharcèlement. L’accent a également été mis sur la prévention de ce problème, les façons d’y remédier et ses aspects juridiques. Ces informations forment la base d’un avis rédigé en collaboration avec diverses organisations et qui a été approuvé par les membres de l’Observatoire des Droits de l'Internet.
Vous pouvez télécharger cet ebook gratuitement.
Information importante: ce livre a été écrit en 2009. Nous avons également des articles plus récents sur le cyberharcèlement, le sexting et autres sujets.
N'hésitez pas à me contacter (michel.walrave@uantwerp.be) pour de plus amples informations.
Steeds meer consumenten verwachten dat marketeers respectvol omgaan met hun persoonsgegevens. Voo... more Steeds meer consumenten verwachten dat marketeers respectvol omgaan met hun persoonsgegevens. Voor de marketeer is dat niet altijd een even makkelijke opdracht. Met de invoering van de privacywet werden ze immers verplicht om steeds meer met deze wensen rekening te houden.
In dit boek worden de marketeer, de manager én de consument geconfronteerd met het spanningsveld tussen e-marketing en privacy. Het boek biedt ook mogelijke oplossingen aan om verschillende vormen van e-marketing te verzoenen met de bescherming van de privacy van de internetgebruiker.
Het zoeken, verdiepen en onderhouden van relaties met klanten dankzij directe en interactieve med... more Het zoeken, verdiepen en onderhouden van relaties met klanten dankzij directe en interactieve media en databasesoftware is een booming business geworden. De vinger aan de pols houden van de consument gebeurt steeds vaker en intenser.
Daarom wordt in deze studie naast eigen en buitenlands onderzoek, praktijkgericht advies gegeven over de toepassing van een privacybeleid in directe en interactieve marketing.
In bepaalde bedrijven en instellingen is telewerken absoluut de experimentele fase ontgroeid. Noc... more In bepaalde bedrijven en instellingen is telewerken absoluut de experimentele fase ontgroeid. Nochtans leven er nog veel vooroordelen, misvattingen en remmingen ten aanzien van deze vorm van werkorganisatie.
Hoewel een geruime tijd telewerken enkel en alleen maar geassocieerd werd met thuiswerken, zijn er momenteel ook andere typen en verschillende mengvormen.
In dit boek gaan de auteurs terug naar de roots van dit fenomeen, schetsen ze de verschillende typen (thuiswerk, telecenters, satellietkantoren, mobiel werken), hun voor- en nadelen, do's en don'ts, cases en een concreet stappenplan. Sociale en juridische aspecten worden eveneens toegelicht.
Tenslotte volgt een overzicht van nationaal en internationaal onderzoek over telewerken in de Europese Unie en de voor- en nadelen die werknemers ondervinden. Ook de sociale partners krijgen het woord. In een e-survey in Vlaanderen wordt gepeild naar ervaringen, meningen en wensen omtrent verschillende typen telewerken, om na te gaan of de respondenten al dan niet vinden dat het tijd is voor telewerk.
Het doel van dit boek is een overzicht aan te bieden van de mogelijkheden en beperkingen van verschillende typen telewerken en de maatschappelijke implicaties ervan, om zo mogelijk het debat over en de praktijk van telewerken te inspireren.