Halis Sakız | Artuklu University (original) (raw)
Papers by Halis Sakız
International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 2024
Child sexual abuse (CSA) is a pervasive problem that can have detrimental effects on the physical... more Child sexual abuse (CSA) is a pervasive problem that can have detrimental effects on the physical and mental health of children, as well as their families. Parents of children with disabilities (CWD) may face additional challenges in protecting their children from sexual abuse. This study aimed to examine the effects of a CSA psychoeducation program for parents of CWD. The program was designed to increase parental knowledge and attitudes towards CSA and prevention strategies, as well as to decrease parents’ anxiety regarding the topic. A total of 93 parents of CWD participated in the study, with 45 being randomly assigned to the experimental group and 48 to the control group. The findings suggest that the CSA psychoeducation program was effective in increasing parental knowledge and attitudes towards CSA prevention strategies. The experimental group scored significantly higher than the control group in all domains of the Child sexual abuse knowledge/attitude scale for parents. Additionally, the program was effective in reducing parents’ anxiety. This highlights the need for such programs to be implemented in schools and other community settings to increase parental awareness and prevent CSA.
Higher Education Policy, 2024
Access to higher education for refugees remains a focal point in discussions concerning human rig... more Access to higher education for refugees remains a focal point in discussions concerning human rights. In the aftermath of the Syrian civil war, Türkiye has become a significant host country for forcibly displaced individuals. While the Turkish government has implemented an open-door policy toward refugees, the actual participation of women in higher education and the workforce falls short of anticipated levels. Through the lens of Amartya Sen's Capability Approach (CA), this study delves into the perspectives of Syrian refugee women regarding their experiences with higher education in Türkiye and investigates how their educational pursuits shape their career aspirations. Employing a qualitative methodology involving semi-structured interviews, this research examines the viewpoints of 40 women enrolled in a state university in Türkiye. The findings underscore the role of higher education in enhancing women’s career-related skills, fostering their awareness of rights, and predominantly fostering optimistic outlooks toward future labor market engagement.
International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 2024
This study aimed to investigate the structural components of higher education counseling services... more This study aimed to investigate the structural components of higher education counseling services for international students through an inclusive approach. Data were collected via in-depth interviews with 32 participants including faculty, staff, and students and analyzed thematically. The themes that emerged included the necessity of aligning counseling services with the mission of education; the value of universal support and guidance; the benefits of collaboration among counseling units and other service providers; the need for counseling services to be designed for both providers and students; economic constraints and staffing shortages; impact of social, historical, and cultural factors on international students' counseling needs; and the importance of international counselors in providing culturally responsive care. This study highlights the importance of inclusive counseling services for international students in higher education and provides valuable insights for developing and improving such services.
Global Mental Health , 2024
This study examines the delivery components of inclusive mental health services in higher educati... more This study examines the delivery components of inclusive mental health services in higher education, centering on international university students. Through interviews with 32 participants at a state university in the United States, including students, counseling staff, and faculty, six key themes emerged: mental health professionals’ multicultural self-awareness, focus on reparative services, mainstream mental health theories and approaches, professionals’ cultural background, faculty involvement and physical space and confidentiality. These findings underscore the importance of training for professionals, expansive mental health offerings, incorporation of diverse approaches, confidentiality, active faculty participation and suitable physical environments. By addressing these components, universities can enhance the quality of mental health support for international student populations, promoting their overall well-being and academic success.
Children's Health Care, 2023
This study explores the mediating role of psychological resilience and mental health literacy in ... more This study explores the mediating role of psychological resilience and mental health literacy in the relationship between caregiver burden and internalized stigma among mothers of children with disabilities (CWD). A sample of 252 mothers completed measures assessing these variables. Results showed significant correlations between psychological resilience, caregiver burden, mental health literacy, and internalized stigma. Mediation analyses indicated that psychological resilience and mental health literacy partially mediated the relationship between caregiver burden and internalized stigma. These findings highlight the importance of enhancing psychological resilience and mental health literacy to alleviate caregiver burden and reduce internalized stigma among mothers of CWD.
The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 2023
A few educational models have evolved fast as inclusive education (IE), which has expanded from b... more A few educational models have evolved fast as inclusive education (IE), which has expanded from being a special education technique focused on integration to a comprehensive model that encompasses the education of all students. However, there is a lack of measurement tools that align with the evolving conceptualizations of IE, provide insights into its implementation in the field, and capture the perspectives of school staff. Therefore, the primary objective of this study was twofold: firstly, to develop the Attitudes towards Inclusive Education Scale (AIES) to assess the attitudes of school staff, including teachers, managers, and school counselors, towards IE; and secondly, to examine the relationships between staff attitudes, demographic factors (age, gender), work experience, educational level engaged with and prior training in IE. The AIES comprised 43 items and three distinct dimensions, demonstrating a valid factor structure and satisfactory internal consistency. The findings revealed that school staff's attitudes significantly varied based on gender and prior training in IE. This study makes a valuable contribution to the field by developing a robust and up-to-date attitude scale to assess attitudes towards IE.
Current Psychology, 2023
The aim of this research was to explore school counselors’ microaggressions directed at students ... more The aim of this research was to explore school counselors’ microaggressions directed at students with disabilities (SWD) in inclusive schools. The study involved conducting structured interviews with 23 counselors employed at public primary and secondary schools. The data obtained from these interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis, resulting in the identification and categorization of 10 themes. The findings revealed that school counselors exhibited various forms of microaggressions towards SWD, including denial of privacy, patronization, otherization, secondary gain, second class citizenship, helplessness, denial of identity, minimization, positive discrimination, and spread effect. Implications of these findings for school counselors are highlighted and discussed, considering relevant literature. The study underscores the significance of raising awareness regarding microaggressions targeting SWD, which can foster personal and systemic changes towards social justice-oriented practices and the development of counseling competencies in this domain.
International Journal of Inclusive Education
This study examined the pedagogical components involved in the inclusion of students with mathema... more This study examined the pedagogical components involved in the inclusion of students with mathematical learning difficulties (SMLD) in primary schools in Saudi Arabia as perceived by teachers and educational supervisors. A qualitative method was used to gather information from 22 mathematics teachers and six educational supervisors about their opinions, practices, and experiences. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions, and documents, and then analyzed using thematic analysis. The findings revealed three levels of pedagogical components that impact inclusion: systemic and structural components (such as readiness for inclusion and educational programs), teacher-related components (such as mastery of instructional practices and teacher preparedness), and student-related components (such as learned helplessness and learning tendencies). These findings stress the importance of considering the learning environment and developing effective strategies to support the inclusion of SMLD.
Achievement in higher education is gaining importance and attracting attention among educational ... more Achievement in higher education is gaining importance and attracting attention among educational psychologists who seek for determining its correlates. This study examined longitudinal associations between academic achievement in higher education, university entrance exam performance, the psychosocial climate of the campus, and instructional behavior and socioeconomic status. Data concerning 2,361 students from three universities were collected via surveys and university records at Year 1, Year 2, and Year 4. Socioeconomic status (SES), university exam performance, perceived instructional behavior, and perceived psychosocial climate at Grade 1 were associated positively with academic achievement, perceived instructional behavior, and perceived psychosocial climate at Grade 2 and Grade 4. Indirect effects from SES, university exam performance, perceived instructional behavior, and perceived psychosocial climate at Grade 1 to Grade 4 outcomes were significant, through academic achievement, perceived instructional behavior, and perceived psychosocial climate at Grade 2. These results support that students' SES, earlier entrance exam performance, and perceptions of their academics' instructional behaviors and the campus' psychosocial atmosphere at the first year of university life are associated with their academic achievement at the final year through their relations with the developing levels of academic achievement, perceived instructional behavior, and psychosocial climate of the campus toward the middle of university life.
International Journal of Inclusive Education, 2023
This study examined the pedagogical components involved in the inclusion of students with mathema... more This study examined the pedagogical components involved in the inclusion of students with mathematical learning difficulties (SMLD) in primary schools in Saudi Arabia as perceived by teachers and educational supervisors. A qualitative method was used to gather information from 22 mathematics teachers and six educational supervisors about their opinions, practices, and experiences. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions, and documents, and then analyzed using thematic analysis. The findings revealed three levels of pedagogical components that impact inclusion: systemic and structural components (such as readiness for inclusion and educational programs), teacher-related components (such as mastery of instructional practices and teacher preparedness), and student-related components (such as learned helplessness and learning tendencies). These findings stress the importance of considering the learning environment and developing effective strategies to support the inclusion of SMLD.
Social Psychology of Education
Discussions about students with specific learning disabilities (SLD) often center on finding solu... more Discussions about students with specific learning disabilities (SLD) often center on finding solutions for the difficulties they face in school. However, there is a lack of emphasis on the self-advocacy experiences of these students. Self-advocacy can empower students with SLD to pursue their interests, understand their rights, and effectively address any violations of those rights. Drawing on self-advocacy, which encompasses four domains (knowledge of self, knowledge of rights, communication, and leadership), this study explores the self-advocacy experiences of students with SLD enrolled in vocational high schools in Istanbul, Turkey. Twelve students (50.0% females; M age = 15.91 years; SD = 1.08; range = 14-18 years) participated in semi-structured interviews. The findings revealed that: (i) the students had limited knowledge of their SLD conditions, characteristics, and rights, despite having some self-awareness; (ii) they emphasized the difficulties and negative aspects when describing themselves and their school experiences; (iii) they were able to communicate their needs and preferences to school staff, but they were not frequently understood or responded to; and (iv) they rarely demonstrated leadership behaviors when advocating for others. These findings suggest that students with SLD may lack self-advocacy skills and are not effectively advocating for themselves and others in vocational high schools in Turkey.
Social Psychology of Education, 2023
Discussions about students with specific learning disabilities (SLD) often center on finding solu... more Discussions about students with specific learning disabilities (SLD) often center on finding solutions for the difficulties they face in school. However, there is a lack of emphasis on the self-advocacy experiences of these students. Self-advocacy can empower students with SLD to pursue their interests, understand their rights, and effectively address any violations of those rights. Drawing on self-advocacy, which encompasses four domains (knowledge of self, knowledge of rights, communication, and leadership), this study explores the self-advocacy experiences of students with SLD enrolled in vocational high schools in Istanbul, Turkey. Twelve students (50.0% females; M age = 15.91 years; SD = 1.08; range = 14-18 years) participated in semi-structured interviews. The findings revealed that: (i) the students had limited knowledge of their SLD conditions, characteristics, and rights, despite having some self-awareness; (ii) they emphasized the difficulties and negative aspects when describing themselves and their school experiences; (iii) they were able to communicate their needs and preferences to school staff, but they were not frequently understood or responded to; and (iv) they rarely demonstrated leadership behaviors when advocating for others. These findings suggest that students with SLD may lack self-advocacy skills and are not effectively advocating for themselves and others in vocational high schools in Turkey.
Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Eğitim Dergisi
Bu çalışmada 125 öğretmenin Covid-19 pandemisi sürecinde tükenmişlik deneyimlerine ilişkin görüşl... more Bu çalışmada 125 öğretmenin Covid-19 pandemisi sürecinde tükenmişlik deneyimlerine ilişkin görüşleri incelenmiştir. Karma yöntem yaklaşımının kullanıldığı araştırmada nicel veriler Demografik Bilgi Formu ve Maslach Tükenmişlik Envanteri aracılığıyla, nitel veriler ise yarı yapılandırılmış görüşmeler yoluyla toplanmıştır. Bulgular, kadın öğretmenlerin kişisel başarı konusunda kendilerini daha yetersiz hissettiklerini ve öğretmenlerin tükenmişlik düzeylerinin branşa göre anlamlı düzeyde değiştiğini göstermiştir. Tükenmişlik, yaş ve kıdem arasında anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmamıştır. Öğretmenler pandemi nedeniyle fiziksel, sosyal, mesleki ve psikolojik sorunlar yaşamış, değişen eğitim gereksinimlerine uyum sağlamada sorun yaşamış ve mesleki gelişim fırsatlarını kullanmıştır. Araştırma, psikolojik olarak zor koşullar sırasında duygusal zorluklarla mücadele etmek için önleme ve iyileştirme programları yoluyla öğretmenleri güçlendirme ihtiyacına işaret etmektedir.
Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Eğitim Dergisi, 2022
Bu çalışmanın amacı, öğretmenlerin Covid-19 pandemisi sürecinde tükenmişlik deneyimlerine ilişkin... more Bu çalışmanın amacı, öğretmenlerin Covid-19 pandemisi sürecinde tükenmişlik deneyimlerine ilişkin görüşlerine başvurarak tükenmişlik durumlarını ortaya çıkarmaktır. Çalışmanın nicel bölümünde 111, nitel bölümünde ise 14 öğretmenin katılımıyla gerçekleştirilen ve karma desen yaklaşımının kullanıldığı araştırmada nicel veriler Demografik Bilgi Formu ve Maslach Tükenmişlik Envanteri aracılığıyla, nitel veriler ise yarı yapılandırılmış görüşmeler yoluyla toplanmıştır . Bulgular , kadın öğretmenlerin kişisel başarı konusunda kendilerini daha yetersiz hissettiklerini ve öğretmenlerin tükenmişlik düzeylerinin branşa göre anlamlı düzeyde değiştiğini göstermiştir. Tükenmişlik, yaş ve kıdem arasında anlamlı bir ilişki bulunamamıştır. Öğretmenler pandemi nedeniyle fiziksel, sosyal, mesleki ve psikolojik sorunlar yaşamış, değişen eğitim gereksinimlerine uyum sağlamada bazı güçlüklerle karşılaşmış ve mesleki gelişim fırsatlarını kullanmıştır. Araştırma sonuçları, psikolojik olarak zor koşullar sırasında duygusal zorluklarla mücadele etmek için önleme ve iyileştirme programları yoluyla öğretmenlerin güçlendirilmesine yönelik ihtiyaca işaret etmektedir.
International journal of educational reform, Aug 22, 2022
We explore how a social justice and capabilities perspective serves as a conceptual tool to under... more We explore how a social justice and capabilities perspective serves as a conceptual tool to understand the quality of education (QoE) in Turkey so that policy can be developed to make the education system inclusive of all learners, provide relevant education, and allow stakeholders’ democratic participation. We provide a critical discussion about the Turkish education system and continue with a critical analysis of the three interrelated dimensions of QoE from a social justice and capabilities perspective; that is, inclusive education, relevance, and democracy. Finally, we make recommendations to improve QoE in Turkey by strengthening social justice and developing appropriate capabilities in education.
![Research paper thumbnail of Okul kaygisi olcegi - Ergen formunun psikometrik ozellikleri [School Anxiety Scale - Psychometric properties of the adolescent form]](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/92335034/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](18. Ulusal Psikoloji Kongresi [18th National Psychology Congress], Apr 1, 2014
Objectives: The purpose of this study is to examine the relationships between self-compassion and... more Objectives: The purpose of this study is to examine the relationships between self-compassion and rejection sensitivity. Design: Self-compassion and are current concepts in social psychology and positive psychology. Preliminary evidence suggests that self-compassion is related to cognitive based social personality traits such as extraversion, social connectedness, self-determination, and feeling interpersonally connected to others. Also, rejection sensitivity is very important factor for interpersonal relationship. I wonder, are there any relation between self-compassion and rejection sensitivity.Methods: Participants were 220 university students who were enrolled at a mid-size state university in Turkey. In this study, the Self-compassion Scale and the Rejection Sensitivity Scale were used. The obtained data was analysed with Pearson momentler correlation analysis, multiple linear regression and path analysis.Results: In correlation analysis, self-kindness, common humanity and mind...
Journal of Children's Rights and Education, 2022
Kapsayıcı eğitim, bireyin din, dil, ırk, cinsiyet, ekonomik ve toplumsal farklılıklarına bakılmak... more Kapsayıcı eğitim, bireyin din, dil, ırk, cinsiyet, ekonomik ve toplumsal farklılıklarına bakılmaksınız, farklılıkların zenginlik ve eğitimin bir hak olduğu anlayışıyla, eğitime ulaşmadaki engelleri ortadan kaldırarak her bireyin eğitim olanaklarına ulaşmasını savunmaktadır. Bu nedenle hazırlanacak olan programın, öğrenci istek, tercih ve ihtiyaçlarına göre, ayrıca öğrencilerin akademik farklılıkları dikkate alınarak, bireyselleştirilmiş olarak düzenlenmesi, gerektiğinde bireyin kendi programını kendisinin hazırlanması önemlidir. Ayrıca kapsayıcı eğitimin demokratik ve sosyal adalet anlayışına sahip bireyler yetiştirmede etkinliğinin ortaya çıkmasıyla, toplum, okul ve sınıf ortamında yapılması gereken düzenlemelerle ilgili, bu çalışmanın yapılması ihtiyacı ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacını kapsayıcı eğitimin ilkeleri, temelleri, gereksinimleri ve gerekçeleri doğrultusunda, ortaöğretim İngilizce öğretim programının yeniden düzenlenmesini sağlayarak, Milli Eğitim Bakanlığının İngilizce dersi ortaöğretim programına alternatifler sunmasıdır. Çalışma, başından sonuna kadar çağımızda oldukça yaygınlaşmaya ve gereksinimi hissedilmeye başlayan kapsayıcı eğitimin ilkelerini, temellerini, gereksinimlerini ve gerekçelerini merkeze alarak, uygulamada kapsayıcı eğitim anlayışını, ortaöğretim İngilizce öğretim programına kazandırmayı amaçlamaktadır.
International Journal of Educational Reform, 2022
We explore how a social justice and capabilities perspective serves as a conceptual tool to under... more We explore how a social justice and capabilities perspective serves as a conceptual tool to understand the quality of education (QoE) in Turkey so that policy can be developed to make the education system inclusive of all learners, provide relevant education, and allow stakeholders’ democratic participation. We provide a critical discussion about the Turkish education system and continue with a critical analysis of the three interrelated dimensions of QoE from a social justice and capabilities perspective; that is, inclusive education, relevance, and democracy. Finally, we make recommendations to improve QoE in Turkey by strengthening social justice and developing appropriate capabilities in education.
Trakya Eğitim Dergisi
Kapsayıcı eğitim, Türkiye dâhil dünya genelinde yaygınlık kazanan bir eğitim modeli haline gelmiş... more Kapsayıcı eğitim, Türkiye dâhil dünya genelinde yaygınlık kazanan bir eğitim modeli haline gelmiştir. Kapsayıcı eğitim, öğrencilerin farklı ihtiyaçlarını, bireysel özelliklerini, yeterlilik ve eğitim düzeylerini ve kültürel yapılarını dikkate alarak, eğitim sisteminde ayrımcılığı azaltmayı, okul ve toplum süreçlerine katılımı artırmayı ve bu amaç doğrultusunda gerekli içerik, yaklaşım, yapı ve strateji değişikliklerinin yapılmasını öngören bir süreçtir. Öğrencilerin farklı ilgi ve ihtiyaçlarını karşılayan öğretim ortamlarının sağlanması için; öğretim uygulamalarının, öğrenme ortamlarının, kullanılacak içerik, yaklaşım ve stratejilerin nasıl olması gerektiğini açıklayan öğretim programlarının kapsayıcılığının sağlanması büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bu sebeple, bu çalışmanın amacı; 5. Sınıf İngilizce dersi öğretim programını kapsayıcı eğitim ilkeleri etrafında incelemek ve bir yarıyılı kapsaması planlanan, kapsayıcı eğitim değerlerine uygun bir öğretim programı önerisi hazırlamaktır. Çalışmadaki programda yer verilen özellikler, tüm devrelere ve tüm derslere uyarlanabilir niteliktedir.
International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 2024
Child sexual abuse (CSA) is a pervasive problem that can have detrimental effects on the physical... more Child sexual abuse (CSA) is a pervasive problem that can have detrimental effects on the physical and mental health of children, as well as their families. Parents of children with disabilities (CWD) may face additional challenges in protecting their children from sexual abuse. This study aimed to examine the effects of a CSA psychoeducation program for parents of CWD. The program was designed to increase parental knowledge and attitudes towards CSA and prevention strategies, as well as to decrease parents’ anxiety regarding the topic. A total of 93 parents of CWD participated in the study, with 45 being randomly assigned to the experimental group and 48 to the control group. The findings suggest that the CSA psychoeducation program was effective in increasing parental knowledge and attitudes towards CSA prevention strategies. The experimental group scored significantly higher than the control group in all domains of the Child sexual abuse knowledge/attitude scale for parents. Additionally, the program was effective in reducing parents’ anxiety. This highlights the need for such programs to be implemented in schools and other community settings to increase parental awareness and prevent CSA.
Higher Education Policy, 2024
Access to higher education for refugees remains a focal point in discussions concerning human rig... more Access to higher education for refugees remains a focal point in discussions concerning human rights. In the aftermath of the Syrian civil war, Türkiye has become a significant host country for forcibly displaced individuals. While the Turkish government has implemented an open-door policy toward refugees, the actual participation of women in higher education and the workforce falls short of anticipated levels. Through the lens of Amartya Sen's Capability Approach (CA), this study delves into the perspectives of Syrian refugee women regarding their experiences with higher education in Türkiye and investigates how their educational pursuits shape their career aspirations. Employing a qualitative methodology involving semi-structured interviews, this research examines the viewpoints of 40 women enrolled in a state university in Türkiye. The findings underscore the role of higher education in enhancing women’s career-related skills, fostering their awareness of rights, and predominantly fostering optimistic outlooks toward future labor market engagement.
International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 2024
This study aimed to investigate the structural components of higher education counseling services... more This study aimed to investigate the structural components of higher education counseling services for international students through an inclusive approach. Data were collected via in-depth interviews with 32 participants including faculty, staff, and students and analyzed thematically. The themes that emerged included the necessity of aligning counseling services with the mission of education; the value of universal support and guidance; the benefits of collaboration among counseling units and other service providers; the need for counseling services to be designed for both providers and students; economic constraints and staffing shortages; impact of social, historical, and cultural factors on international students' counseling needs; and the importance of international counselors in providing culturally responsive care. This study highlights the importance of inclusive counseling services for international students in higher education and provides valuable insights for developing and improving such services.
Global Mental Health , 2024
This study examines the delivery components of inclusive mental health services in higher educati... more This study examines the delivery components of inclusive mental health services in higher education, centering on international university students. Through interviews with 32 participants at a state university in the United States, including students, counseling staff, and faculty, six key themes emerged: mental health professionals’ multicultural self-awareness, focus on reparative services, mainstream mental health theories and approaches, professionals’ cultural background, faculty involvement and physical space and confidentiality. These findings underscore the importance of training for professionals, expansive mental health offerings, incorporation of diverse approaches, confidentiality, active faculty participation and suitable physical environments. By addressing these components, universities can enhance the quality of mental health support for international student populations, promoting their overall well-being and academic success.
Children's Health Care, 2023
This study explores the mediating role of psychological resilience and mental health literacy in ... more This study explores the mediating role of psychological resilience and mental health literacy in the relationship between caregiver burden and internalized stigma among mothers of children with disabilities (CWD). A sample of 252 mothers completed measures assessing these variables. Results showed significant correlations between psychological resilience, caregiver burden, mental health literacy, and internalized stigma. Mediation analyses indicated that psychological resilience and mental health literacy partially mediated the relationship between caregiver burden and internalized stigma. These findings highlight the importance of enhancing psychological resilience and mental health literacy to alleviate caregiver burden and reduce internalized stigma among mothers of CWD.
The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 2023
A few educational models have evolved fast as inclusive education (IE), which has expanded from b... more A few educational models have evolved fast as inclusive education (IE), which has expanded from being a special education technique focused on integration to a comprehensive model that encompasses the education of all students. However, there is a lack of measurement tools that align with the evolving conceptualizations of IE, provide insights into its implementation in the field, and capture the perspectives of school staff. Therefore, the primary objective of this study was twofold: firstly, to develop the Attitudes towards Inclusive Education Scale (AIES) to assess the attitudes of school staff, including teachers, managers, and school counselors, towards IE; and secondly, to examine the relationships between staff attitudes, demographic factors (age, gender), work experience, educational level engaged with and prior training in IE. The AIES comprised 43 items and three distinct dimensions, demonstrating a valid factor structure and satisfactory internal consistency. The findings revealed that school staff's attitudes significantly varied based on gender and prior training in IE. This study makes a valuable contribution to the field by developing a robust and up-to-date attitude scale to assess attitudes towards IE.
Current Psychology, 2023
The aim of this research was to explore school counselors’ microaggressions directed at students ... more The aim of this research was to explore school counselors’ microaggressions directed at students with disabilities (SWD) in inclusive schools. The study involved conducting structured interviews with 23 counselors employed at public primary and secondary schools. The data obtained from these interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis, resulting in the identification and categorization of 10 themes. The findings revealed that school counselors exhibited various forms of microaggressions towards SWD, including denial of privacy, patronization, otherization, secondary gain, second class citizenship, helplessness, denial of identity, minimization, positive discrimination, and spread effect. Implications of these findings for school counselors are highlighted and discussed, considering relevant literature. The study underscores the significance of raising awareness regarding microaggressions targeting SWD, which can foster personal and systemic changes towards social justice-oriented practices and the development of counseling competencies in this domain.
International Journal of Inclusive Education
This study examined the pedagogical components involved in the inclusion of students with mathema... more This study examined the pedagogical components involved in the inclusion of students with mathematical learning difficulties (SMLD) in primary schools in Saudi Arabia as perceived by teachers and educational supervisors. A qualitative method was used to gather information from 22 mathematics teachers and six educational supervisors about their opinions, practices, and experiences. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions, and documents, and then analyzed using thematic analysis. The findings revealed three levels of pedagogical components that impact inclusion: systemic and structural components (such as readiness for inclusion and educational programs), teacher-related components (such as mastery of instructional practices and teacher preparedness), and student-related components (such as learned helplessness and learning tendencies). These findings stress the importance of considering the learning environment and developing effective strategies to support the inclusion of SMLD.
Achievement in higher education is gaining importance and attracting attention among educational ... more Achievement in higher education is gaining importance and attracting attention among educational psychologists who seek for determining its correlates. This study examined longitudinal associations between academic achievement in higher education, university entrance exam performance, the psychosocial climate of the campus, and instructional behavior and socioeconomic status. Data concerning 2,361 students from three universities were collected via surveys and university records at Year 1, Year 2, and Year 4. Socioeconomic status (SES), university exam performance, perceived instructional behavior, and perceived psychosocial climate at Grade 1 were associated positively with academic achievement, perceived instructional behavior, and perceived psychosocial climate at Grade 2 and Grade 4. Indirect effects from SES, university exam performance, perceived instructional behavior, and perceived psychosocial climate at Grade 1 to Grade 4 outcomes were significant, through academic achievement, perceived instructional behavior, and perceived psychosocial climate at Grade 2. These results support that students' SES, earlier entrance exam performance, and perceptions of their academics' instructional behaviors and the campus' psychosocial atmosphere at the first year of university life are associated with their academic achievement at the final year through their relations with the developing levels of academic achievement, perceived instructional behavior, and psychosocial climate of the campus toward the middle of university life.
International Journal of Inclusive Education, 2023
This study examined the pedagogical components involved in the inclusion of students with mathema... more This study examined the pedagogical components involved in the inclusion of students with mathematical learning difficulties (SMLD) in primary schools in Saudi Arabia as perceived by teachers and educational supervisors. A qualitative method was used to gather information from 22 mathematics teachers and six educational supervisors about their opinions, practices, and experiences. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions, and documents, and then analyzed using thematic analysis. The findings revealed three levels of pedagogical components that impact inclusion: systemic and structural components (such as readiness for inclusion and educational programs), teacher-related components (such as mastery of instructional practices and teacher preparedness), and student-related components (such as learned helplessness and learning tendencies). These findings stress the importance of considering the learning environment and developing effective strategies to support the inclusion of SMLD.
Social Psychology of Education
Discussions about students with specific learning disabilities (SLD) often center on finding solu... more Discussions about students with specific learning disabilities (SLD) often center on finding solutions for the difficulties they face in school. However, there is a lack of emphasis on the self-advocacy experiences of these students. Self-advocacy can empower students with SLD to pursue their interests, understand their rights, and effectively address any violations of those rights. Drawing on self-advocacy, which encompasses four domains (knowledge of self, knowledge of rights, communication, and leadership), this study explores the self-advocacy experiences of students with SLD enrolled in vocational high schools in Istanbul, Turkey. Twelve students (50.0% females; M age = 15.91 years; SD = 1.08; range = 14-18 years) participated in semi-structured interviews. The findings revealed that: (i) the students had limited knowledge of their SLD conditions, characteristics, and rights, despite having some self-awareness; (ii) they emphasized the difficulties and negative aspects when describing themselves and their school experiences; (iii) they were able to communicate their needs and preferences to school staff, but they were not frequently understood or responded to; and (iv) they rarely demonstrated leadership behaviors when advocating for others. These findings suggest that students with SLD may lack self-advocacy skills and are not effectively advocating for themselves and others in vocational high schools in Turkey.
Social Psychology of Education, 2023
Discussions about students with specific learning disabilities (SLD) often center on finding solu... more Discussions about students with specific learning disabilities (SLD) often center on finding solutions for the difficulties they face in school. However, there is a lack of emphasis on the self-advocacy experiences of these students. Self-advocacy can empower students with SLD to pursue their interests, understand their rights, and effectively address any violations of those rights. Drawing on self-advocacy, which encompasses four domains (knowledge of self, knowledge of rights, communication, and leadership), this study explores the self-advocacy experiences of students with SLD enrolled in vocational high schools in Istanbul, Turkey. Twelve students (50.0% females; M age = 15.91 years; SD = 1.08; range = 14-18 years) participated in semi-structured interviews. The findings revealed that: (i) the students had limited knowledge of their SLD conditions, characteristics, and rights, despite having some self-awareness; (ii) they emphasized the difficulties and negative aspects when describing themselves and their school experiences; (iii) they were able to communicate their needs and preferences to school staff, but they were not frequently understood or responded to; and (iv) they rarely demonstrated leadership behaviors when advocating for others. These findings suggest that students with SLD may lack self-advocacy skills and are not effectively advocating for themselves and others in vocational high schools in Turkey.
Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Eğitim Dergisi
Bu çalışmada 125 öğretmenin Covid-19 pandemisi sürecinde tükenmişlik deneyimlerine ilişkin görüşl... more Bu çalışmada 125 öğretmenin Covid-19 pandemisi sürecinde tükenmişlik deneyimlerine ilişkin görüşleri incelenmiştir. Karma yöntem yaklaşımının kullanıldığı araştırmada nicel veriler Demografik Bilgi Formu ve Maslach Tükenmişlik Envanteri aracılığıyla, nitel veriler ise yarı yapılandırılmış görüşmeler yoluyla toplanmıştır. Bulgular, kadın öğretmenlerin kişisel başarı konusunda kendilerini daha yetersiz hissettiklerini ve öğretmenlerin tükenmişlik düzeylerinin branşa göre anlamlı düzeyde değiştiğini göstermiştir. Tükenmişlik, yaş ve kıdem arasında anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmamıştır. Öğretmenler pandemi nedeniyle fiziksel, sosyal, mesleki ve psikolojik sorunlar yaşamış, değişen eğitim gereksinimlerine uyum sağlamada sorun yaşamış ve mesleki gelişim fırsatlarını kullanmıştır. Araştırma, psikolojik olarak zor koşullar sırasında duygusal zorluklarla mücadele etmek için önleme ve iyileştirme programları yoluyla öğretmenleri güçlendirme ihtiyacına işaret etmektedir.
Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Eğitim Dergisi, 2022
Bu çalışmanın amacı, öğretmenlerin Covid-19 pandemisi sürecinde tükenmişlik deneyimlerine ilişkin... more Bu çalışmanın amacı, öğretmenlerin Covid-19 pandemisi sürecinde tükenmişlik deneyimlerine ilişkin görüşlerine başvurarak tükenmişlik durumlarını ortaya çıkarmaktır. Çalışmanın nicel bölümünde 111, nitel bölümünde ise 14 öğretmenin katılımıyla gerçekleştirilen ve karma desen yaklaşımının kullanıldığı araştırmada nicel veriler Demografik Bilgi Formu ve Maslach Tükenmişlik Envanteri aracılığıyla, nitel veriler ise yarı yapılandırılmış görüşmeler yoluyla toplanmıştır . Bulgular , kadın öğretmenlerin kişisel başarı konusunda kendilerini daha yetersiz hissettiklerini ve öğretmenlerin tükenmişlik düzeylerinin branşa göre anlamlı düzeyde değiştiğini göstermiştir. Tükenmişlik, yaş ve kıdem arasında anlamlı bir ilişki bulunamamıştır. Öğretmenler pandemi nedeniyle fiziksel, sosyal, mesleki ve psikolojik sorunlar yaşamış, değişen eğitim gereksinimlerine uyum sağlamada bazı güçlüklerle karşılaşmış ve mesleki gelişim fırsatlarını kullanmıştır. Araştırma sonuçları, psikolojik olarak zor koşullar sırasında duygusal zorluklarla mücadele etmek için önleme ve iyileştirme programları yoluyla öğretmenlerin güçlendirilmesine yönelik ihtiyaca işaret etmektedir.
International journal of educational reform, Aug 22, 2022
We explore how a social justice and capabilities perspective serves as a conceptual tool to under... more We explore how a social justice and capabilities perspective serves as a conceptual tool to understand the quality of education (QoE) in Turkey so that policy can be developed to make the education system inclusive of all learners, provide relevant education, and allow stakeholders’ democratic participation. We provide a critical discussion about the Turkish education system and continue with a critical analysis of the three interrelated dimensions of QoE from a social justice and capabilities perspective; that is, inclusive education, relevance, and democracy. Finally, we make recommendations to improve QoE in Turkey by strengthening social justice and developing appropriate capabilities in education.
18. Ulusal Psikoloji Kongresi [18th National Psychology Congress], Apr 1, 2014
Objectives: The purpose of this study is to examine the relationships between self-compassion and... more Objectives: The purpose of this study is to examine the relationships between self-compassion and rejection sensitivity. Design: Self-compassion and are current concepts in social psychology and positive psychology. Preliminary evidence suggests that self-compassion is related to cognitive based social personality traits such as extraversion, social connectedness, self-determination, and feeling interpersonally connected to others. Also, rejection sensitivity is very important factor for interpersonal relationship. I wonder, are there any relation between self-compassion and rejection sensitivity.Methods: Participants were 220 university students who were enrolled at a mid-size state university in Turkey. In this study, the Self-compassion Scale and the Rejection Sensitivity Scale were used. The obtained data was analysed with Pearson momentler correlation analysis, multiple linear regression and path analysis.Results: In correlation analysis, self-kindness, common humanity and mind...
Journal of Children's Rights and Education, 2022
Kapsayıcı eğitim, bireyin din, dil, ırk, cinsiyet, ekonomik ve toplumsal farklılıklarına bakılmak... more Kapsayıcı eğitim, bireyin din, dil, ırk, cinsiyet, ekonomik ve toplumsal farklılıklarına bakılmaksınız, farklılıkların zenginlik ve eğitimin bir hak olduğu anlayışıyla, eğitime ulaşmadaki engelleri ortadan kaldırarak her bireyin eğitim olanaklarına ulaşmasını savunmaktadır. Bu nedenle hazırlanacak olan programın, öğrenci istek, tercih ve ihtiyaçlarına göre, ayrıca öğrencilerin akademik farklılıkları dikkate alınarak, bireyselleştirilmiş olarak düzenlenmesi, gerektiğinde bireyin kendi programını kendisinin hazırlanması önemlidir. Ayrıca kapsayıcı eğitimin demokratik ve sosyal adalet anlayışına sahip bireyler yetiştirmede etkinliğinin ortaya çıkmasıyla, toplum, okul ve sınıf ortamında yapılması gereken düzenlemelerle ilgili, bu çalışmanın yapılması ihtiyacı ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacını kapsayıcı eğitimin ilkeleri, temelleri, gereksinimleri ve gerekçeleri doğrultusunda, ortaöğretim İngilizce öğretim programının yeniden düzenlenmesini sağlayarak, Milli Eğitim Bakanlığının İngilizce dersi ortaöğretim programına alternatifler sunmasıdır. Çalışma, başından sonuna kadar çağımızda oldukça yaygınlaşmaya ve gereksinimi hissedilmeye başlayan kapsayıcı eğitimin ilkelerini, temellerini, gereksinimlerini ve gerekçelerini merkeze alarak, uygulamada kapsayıcı eğitim anlayışını, ortaöğretim İngilizce öğretim programına kazandırmayı amaçlamaktadır.
International Journal of Educational Reform, 2022
We explore how a social justice and capabilities perspective serves as a conceptual tool to under... more We explore how a social justice and capabilities perspective serves as a conceptual tool to understand the quality of education (QoE) in Turkey so that policy can be developed to make the education system inclusive of all learners, provide relevant education, and allow stakeholders’ democratic participation. We provide a critical discussion about the Turkish education system and continue with a critical analysis of the three interrelated dimensions of QoE from a social justice and capabilities perspective; that is, inclusive education, relevance, and democracy. Finally, we make recommendations to improve QoE in Turkey by strengthening social justice and developing appropriate capabilities in education.
Trakya Eğitim Dergisi
Kapsayıcı eğitim, Türkiye dâhil dünya genelinde yaygınlık kazanan bir eğitim modeli haline gelmiş... more Kapsayıcı eğitim, Türkiye dâhil dünya genelinde yaygınlık kazanan bir eğitim modeli haline gelmiştir. Kapsayıcı eğitim, öğrencilerin farklı ihtiyaçlarını, bireysel özelliklerini, yeterlilik ve eğitim düzeylerini ve kültürel yapılarını dikkate alarak, eğitim sisteminde ayrımcılığı azaltmayı, okul ve toplum süreçlerine katılımı artırmayı ve bu amaç doğrultusunda gerekli içerik, yaklaşım, yapı ve strateji değişikliklerinin yapılmasını öngören bir süreçtir. Öğrencilerin farklı ilgi ve ihtiyaçlarını karşılayan öğretim ortamlarının sağlanması için; öğretim uygulamalarının, öğrenme ortamlarının, kullanılacak içerik, yaklaşım ve stratejilerin nasıl olması gerektiğini açıklayan öğretim programlarının kapsayıcılığının sağlanması büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bu sebeple, bu çalışmanın amacı; 5. Sınıf İngilizce dersi öğretim programını kapsayıcı eğitim ilkeleri etrafında incelemek ve bir yarıyılı kapsaması planlanan, kapsayıcı eğitim değerlerine uygun bir öğretim programı önerisi hazırlamaktır. Çalışmadaki programda yer verilen özellikler, tüm devrelere ve tüm derslere uyarlanabilir niteliktedir.
NOBEL TIP , 2022
Dünya genelinde artmakta olan öğrenci çeşitliliği ve buna bağlı olarak okullarda karşılanması ger... more Dünya genelinde artmakta olan öğrenci çeşitliliği ve buna bağlı olarak okullarda karşılanması gereken bireysel ihtiyaçlar, eğitim sistemlerinin bu çeşitliliğe ve ihtiyaçlara yanıt verme adına sahip oldukları mekanizmaları geliştirme zorunluluğunu ortaya çıkarmıştır. Bu ihtiyaçları daha sık ve yoğun bir şekilde yaşayan özel gereksinimli öğrencilerin, eğitsel ve bireysel ihtiyaçları uygun yöntemlerle karşılanarak okullarda nitelikli eğitim verme sürecine dâhil edilmesi ve farklı alanlarda gelişim ve öğrenmelerinin sağlanması gerekmektedir. Bu çalışma söz konusu gereklilikten ortaya çıkarak öncelikle ‘özel gereksinimli’ kavramının eğitsel açıdan tanımını yapmakta, takip eden başlıklarda özel gereksinimli öğrencileri çeşitlilik anlayışı içerisinde değerlendirmekte, özel gereksinimli öğrencilerin eğitim gördüğü ortamları betimlemekte, özel gereksinimli öğrencilerin eğitiminde işbirliğinin önemini vurgulamakta, öğrencilerin özel gereksinimlerinin öğretimin tasarlanması sürecinde hangi stratejilerle ele alınması gerektiğini anlatmakta ve özel gereksinimli öğrencilerin okul uygulamalarına dâhil edilme süreç ve yöntemlerine ilişkin bir içerik sunmaktadır.
BİRİNCİ BASAMAK SAĞLIK HİZMETLERİ VE COVID-19 PANDEMİSİ, 2021
MARDİN ARTUKLU UNIVERSITY PUBLICATIONS, 2022
Türkiye Klinikleri Psikoloji-Özel Konular, 2021
Engel ile tanılanmış bireyler ve aileleri arasındaki ilişkilerin, bilimsel araştırmalarda incelen... more Engel ile tanılanmış bireyler ve aileleri arasındaki ilişkilerin, bilimsel araştırmalarda incelen- mekten, toplumsal alan-da tartışılmaktan ve aile içinde konuşulmaktan uzak olduğu bir dönemin ardın- dan, söz konusu ilişkiler son yıllarda araştırmalara konu edinmeye başlanmıştır. Engelliliğin toplumun çoğu alanında bir sorun olarak kabul edilmesi, engelliliğe yönelik toplumsal kabul düzeyinin düşük ol- ması ve engellilik durumunun olumsuz tutum ve inançlarla eşleştirilmesi, aile içerisinde olası psikopa- tolojik durumların sebeplerinin çoğunun engelliliğe atfedilmesine yol aç-mıştır. Öte yandan ailenin sistemik bir bakış açısıyla ele alındığı durumlarda aile içinde engellilik durumunun tek başına aile psi- kopatolojisini yordamadığını, aile içinde engellilik algısı, ebeveyn davranışları ve niteliği, sosyal roller ve etiketleme gibi psikososyal faktörlerin de ailede psikopatoloji yaşanmasına aracılık ettiğini göster- mektedir. Bu çalışmada giriş mahiyetindeki bölümden sonra engellilik hakkında bilgi verilecek, deva- mında engellilik ve aile sis-temi arasındaki, takip eden kısımda ise engellilik ve bir aile sistemi unsuru olarak bağlanma ilişkileri arasındaki ilişki incelenecektir. Çalışma, çeşitli çıkarımların yapılıp önerile- rin sıralanacağı sonuç bölümü ile tamamlanacaktır.
Türkiye dâhil olmak üzere dünyanın çoğu ülkesinde eğitimin kalite/nitelik düzeyi artırılmaya çalı... more Türkiye dâhil olmak üzere dünyanın çoğu ülkesinde eğitimin kalite/nitelik düzeyi artırılmaya çalışılmakta, bireylerin eğitimden anlamlı düzeyde yararlanabilmeleri adına çeşitli reformlar gerçekleştirilmektedir. Öte yandan eğitim sistemleri kendi bünyelerinde kapsayıcılığı geliştirmeye çalışmakta, bu doğrultuda yeni eğitim politikaları ve okul uygulamaları geliştirmektedir. Buna rağmen eğitim süreçlerinin ve çıktılarının mevcut kalite düzeyi ile kaliteli eğitimden yararlanan öğrenci oranına bakıldığında, yerel, ulusal ve uluslararası değerlendirme sonuçları söz konusu hedeflere istenen düzeyde erişilemediğini ortaya koymaktadır. Bu kitap, kapsayıcı eğitim modelinin eğitimde kalite düzeyinin artırılması bağlamında değerlendirildiği ve kalitenin kapsayıcı eğitim ilkeleri çerçevesinde ele alındığı bir içerik sunmaktadır. Bu kitapta eğitimde kalite, kapsayıcı eğitim ilkeleri etrafında yeniden tanımlanmakta, kalitenin bireylerin eğitim süreçleri boyunca ve bu süreçler sonunda anlamlı yaşantılar edinmesini sağlayan bir kavram olarak anlaşılması gerektiği önerilmektedir. Kapsayıcı eğitimin böyle bir kalite anlayışına ve düzeyine erişilebilmesi adına uygulanabilir, eğitim sisteminin her boyutuna dair argümanları olan ve bu boyutların her birinin kalite düzeyini geliştirebilecek bir model olduğu savunulmaktadır. Eğitimde kalite/nitelik ve kapsayıcılık düzeyinin artırılmasında karşılaşılan zorluklardan başka biri, söz konusu kavramlara dair bir ‘kavram kargaşası’ yaşanmasıdır. Bu kitap, eğitimde kalite ve kapsayıcı eğitim kavramlarına dair kuramsal bir açıklık geliştirmeyi hedeflemekte, kapsayıcı eğitimin bir kalite modeli çerçevesinde ele alındığı metodolojik bir içerik sunmaktadır.
Pegem Akademi, 2019
Günümüz eğitim sistemlerinin planlama süreçlerinde psikolojik değişkenlerin yeterli düzeyde dikka... more Günümüz eğitim sistemlerinin planlama süreçlerinde psikolojik değişkenlerin yeterli düzeyde dikkate alınmadığı gerçeği, göçmen çocukların eğitiminde de psikolojik unsurların planlamada yeterli düzeyde yer almamasıyla kendini tekrar göstermektedir. Hâlbuki eğitim süreçlerinden yeterli düzeyde bilgi almak ve bu bilgiyi uygulamaya sokmak, üst düzey bir ruhsal ve duygusal hazırbulunuşluğa bağlıdır. Bu çalışmada, göçmen çocukların da eğitim aldığı okullarda dikkate alınması gereken psikolojik unsurlar tartışılmıştır. Bu unsurlar ‘kapsayıcı eğitim, değer ve tutumlar’, ‘okul atmosferi’, ‘başarı algıları ve öğrencilerden beklentiler’, ‘psikolojik sağlamlık’ ve ‘okul psikolojik danışmanlık ve rehberlik hizmetleri’ olarak sıralanmıştır. Bu unsurların kapsayıcılık ve bütünleşme ilkeleri çerçevesinde planlamaya ve uygulamaya dâhil edildiği durumlarda, hem göçmen hem de göçmen olmayan çocukların gelişim ve öğrenmesinde ilerleme sağlanacağı iddia edilmektedir.
Pegem Akademi, 2019
'Türkiye’de Göçmen Kapsayıcılığı: Sorundan Fırsata Çözüm Önerileri’ adlı kitabın giriş niteliğind... more 'Türkiye’de Göçmen Kapsayıcılığı: Sorundan Fırsata Çözüm Önerileri’ adlı kitabın giriş niteliğinde olan bu bölümü, kapsayıcılık paradigmasını tanıtarak göç kavramının kapsayıcılık paradigması çerçevesinde nasıl yorumlanabileceği, göç kapsayıcılığı söyleminin ne düzeyde oluşturulabileceği ve göçün kendi ekolojisi içerisinde nasıl değerlendirilebileceği hakkında bir içerik sunmaktadır. Bu içerikte, göç olgusunun ancak kapsayıcı bir bakış açısıyla değerlendirildiğinde mevcut sorunların ortadan kaldırılabileceği ve göç sonrası sürecin toplum bütünleşmesi, demokrasi, birlikte yaşama kültürü ve kalkınma gibi olumlu çıktılar üretebileceği savunulmaktadır.
Handbook of Research on Positive Organizational Behavior for Improved Workplace Performance, 2019
Notwithstanding the proliferation of studies on servant leadership in the last decades, there is ... more Notwithstanding the proliferation of studies on servant leadership in the last decades, there is still a lack of coherence and clarity around the concept, its nature, and how it can lead practice within organizational structures and processes. The authors provide an integrative and comprehensive discussion on servant leadership by examining the related literature, and in so doing expand knowledge in the field in four different ways. First, they provide an introduction describing the change in paradigms of management, followed by a brief evaluation of leadership. Second, they discuss the developmental process of servant leadership throughout decades. Third, they map various definitions and dimensions of servant leadership and different approaches towards the concept. Fourth, they provide discussion on the role of servant leadership approach within organizational structures. All in all, this review presents a holistic picture of where attempts have been and where they should go into the future in terms of conceptualization of servant leadership and its application within organizational structures.
Handbook of Research on Positive Organizational Behavior for Improved Workplace Performance, 2019
This chapter embarks from the increasing number of disabled individuals in private companies and ... more This chapter embarks from the increasing number of disabled individuals in private companies and public institutions and examines the working conditions of disabled employees in these organizations. Although this case is relevant to a considerable number of international contexts, the author focuses on Turkey as a case, illustrative of countries going through similar processes. The author starts by providing an introduction followed by literature on organizational culture. Next, the author discusses the recent legislation regarding the employment of disabled individuals and discusses with literature on their workplace performance. Next, the author focuses on the relationships between the organizational culture and workplace performance of disabled employees. Finally, the author concludes by recommendations for future practice to enhance performance of disabled employees and future research to conduct robust studies in the area. The chapter assumes that organizations can enhance performance of everyone by creating an inclusive culture surrounded by elements involving positive attitudes, equity, equality, and beliefs of productivity.