Carolyn Primus | Augusta University (original) (raw)

Papers by Carolyn Primus

Journal of clinical orthodontics, Sep 1, 2009

Journal of Endodontics, Sep 1, 2014

Introduction-Calcium aluminate cements have shown little affinity for bacterial growth, low toxic... more Introduction-Calcium aluminate cements have shown little affinity for bacterial growth, low toxicity, and immunogenicity when used as a restoration material, but calcium aluminate cements have not been tested in vivo in pulpotomy procedures. Methods-To address this question, a calcium aluminate cement (Quick-Set) was tested along with 2 mineral trioxide aggregates, ProRoot MTA and MTA Plus. These cements were used as a capping agent after pulpotomy. Control rats had no pulpotomy, or the pulpotomy was not capped. Proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-1α were measured, and histology was performed at 30 and 60 days after capping. The nociceptive response was determined by measuring the lengthening of the rat's meal duration. Results-and Conclusions: IL-1β and IL-1α concentrations were reduced in the capped teeth, but no differences were observed among the 3 cements. Dentinal bridging could be detected at both 30 and 60 days with each of the 3 cements, and the pulps were still vital 60 days after capping. Meal duration significantly shortened after placement of the 3 different cements, indicating a nociceptive response, but there were no differences among the materials. Calcium aluminate cements had similar properties to mineral trioxide aggregates and is a viable option for pulpotomy procedures.

Journal of Endodontics, Sep 1, 2018

Introduction: NeoMTA Plus is a tricalcium silicate material similar to the first MTA product, Pro... more Introduction: NeoMTA Plus is a tricalcium silicate material similar to the first MTA product, ProRoot MTA, but with improvements such as decreased setting time, increased ion release, increased water sorption and non-staining radiopacifiers. Quick-Set2 is a newly formulated calcium aluminosilicate material that has a faster setting time, increased acid resistance and is nonstaining. The purpose of this study was to compare healing of pulpal and periapical tissues in dogs after exposure to NeoMTA Plus and Quick-Set2 following pulpotomy and root-end surgery procedures. Methods: Seventy-two teeth (36 for each procedure) in 6 Beagle dogs received pulpotomy or root-end surgery using either NeoMTA Plus or Quick-Set2. The dogs were sacrificed at 90 days and the teeth and surrounding tissues were prepared for histological evaluation. Sixty teeth were evaluated and scored histologically (29 with pulpotomies and 31 with root-end resections). Specimens were scored for inflammation, quality and thickness of dentin bridging, pulp tissue response, cementum and PDL formation and apical bone healing. Results: Both materials displayed favorable healing at 90 days. The only significant difference was quality of dentin bridge formation in pulpotomies using NeoMTA Plus compared to Quick-Set2. Conclusions: Quick-Set2 and NeoMTA Plus had similar effects on inflammation, pulp response, PDL and cementum formation and apical tissue healing in dogs. NeoMTA Plus had superior dentin bridge quality compared to Quick-Set2.

Acta Biomaterialia, Sep 1, 2019

Over 2500 articles and 200 reviews have been published on the bioactive tri/dicalcium silicate de... more Over 2500 articles and 200 reviews have been published on the bioactive tri/dicalcium silicate dental materials. The indications have expanded since their introduction in the 1990s from endodontic restorative and pulpal treatments to endodontic sealing and obturation. Bioactive ceramics, based on tri/dicalcium silicate cements, are now an indispensable part of the contemporary dental armamentarium for specialists including endodontists, pediatric dentists, oral surgeons andfor general dentists. This review emphasizes research on how these materials have conformed to international standards for dental materials ranging from biocompatibility (ISO 7405) to conformance as root canal sealers (ISO 6876). Potential future developments of alternative hydraulic materials were included. This review provides accurate materials science information on these important materials.

Journal of Endodontics, Apr 1, 2016

Introduction-The treatments for which mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA)-based materials can be use... more Introduction-The treatments for which mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA)-based materials can be used in dentistry are expanding. Smaller particle size and easier handling properties have allowed the advent of tricalcium silicate sealers including EndoSequence BC Sealer (Brasseler USA, Savannah, GA), QuickSet2 (Avalon Biomed, Bradenton, FL), NeoMTA Plus (Avalon Biomed), and MTA Fillapex (Angelus, Londrina, Brazil). The objective of this study was to measure the tubule penetration with these sealers using continuous wave (CW) and single-cone (SC) obturation techniques. Methods-Eighty single-rooted teeth were randomly divided into 8 groups of 10 and obturated with 1 of the previously mentioned sealers mixed with trace amounts of rhodamine using either the CW or SC technique. Teeth were sectioned at 1 mm and 5 mm from the apex and examined under a confocal laser microscope. The percentage of sealer penetration and the maximum sealer penetration were measured. Results-The tricalcium silicate sealers penetrated tubules as deep as 2000 μm (2 mm). The percentage of sealer penetration was much higher 5 mm from the apex, with many specimens having 100% penetration for both SC and warm vertical techniques. MTA Fillapex, a resin-based sealer with less than 20% MTA particles, had significantly greater tubule penetration with a warm vertical technique versus the SC technique at the 1-mm level. Conclusions-Within the limitations of this study, the CW and SC techniques produced similar tubule penetration at both the 1-mm and the 5-mm level with the tricalcium silicate sealers BC Sealer, QuickSet2, and NeoMTA Plus.

Journal of Endodontics, Oct 1, 2014

Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate MTA Plus (Prevest Denpro Limited, Jammu, Indi... more Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate MTA Plus (Prevest Denpro Limited, Jammu, India, for Avalon Biomed Inc) material's properties, namely calcium release, the pH change, solubility, water sorption, porosity, surface morphology, and apatite-forming ability after immersion in simulated body fluid. Methods: Two tricalcium silicate powders (MTA Plus and ProRoot MTA; Dentsply Tulsa Specialties, Tulsa, OK) and Dycal (Dentsply Caulk, Milford, DE) were tested. After incubation at 37 C and 99% relative humidity, calcium and hydroxyl ion release were tested up to 28 days in deionized water at 37 C. Water absorption, interconnected pores, apparent porosity, and solubility were measured after 24 hours of immersion in deionized water at 37 C. The morphologic and elemental analysis of the materials' surfaces were examined using an environmental scanning electron microscope/energy dispersive x-ray analysis after storage at 37 C for 1-28 days in simulated body fluid using the ISO 23317 method. Results: All 3 materials created an alkaline pH within 3 hours, which continued for 28 days. MTA Plus had a higher ion release than ProRoot MTA and Dycal; the use of the MTA Plus gel enhanced the initial calcium release and the increase of the pH. Both MTA materials were more porous, water soluble, and water sorptive than Dycal and more bioactive. After aging in simulated body fluid, MTA Plus material caused precipitation of an apparent calcium phosphate layer. Conclusions: MTA Plus showed improved reactivity and prolonged capability to release calcium and increase the local pH to alkaline values in comparison with ProRoot MTA. These pronounced ionreleasing properties are interlinked with its noticeable porosity, water sorption, and solubility and with the formation of calcium phosphorus minerals. The finer calcium silicate powder may explain the higher ion release, water sorption, porosity, and solubility of MTA Plus compared with ProRoot MTA. For clinicians, MTA Plus represents a lower-cost bioactive tricalcium silicate material with interesting chemical-physical properties that could be a convenient alternative to the conventional calcium silicate mineral trioxide aggregate-like cements.

Dental Materials Journal, Sep 28, 2020

Choosing an endodontic sealer for clinical use is a decision that contributes to the long-term su... more Choosing an endodontic sealer for clinical use is a decision that contributes to the long-term success of non-surgical root canal treatment (NSRCT) 1). Sealers are used as a thin tacky paste which functions as a lubricant and luting agent during obturation, allowing the core obturation material, such as gutta-percha points or other rigid materials, to slide in and become fixed in the canal 2,3). Sealers can fill voids 4) , lateral canals 5) , and accessory canals where core obturation materials cannot infiltrate 6,7). If the sealer does not perform its function, microleakage may cause NSRCT failure via clinically undetectable passage of bacteria, fluids, molecules or ions between the tooth and restorative material 8,9). Knowing the qualities and characteristics of an endodontic sealer is critical to determining the best selection and application for each clinical case. Endodontic sealers are categorized by composition based on setting reaction and composition: zinc oxideeugenol, salicylate, fatty acid, glass ionomer, silicone, epoxy resin, tricalcium silicate, and methacrylate resin sealer systems (Table 1). Some novel sealers contain fillers or ceramic powders including calcium hydroxide, mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), and calcium phosphate; however, they are fundamentally composed of the above sealer matrices. Until recently, many review articles were published within sealer types 10-16). However, few reviews have been published that cover all sealer types 17,18). Therefore, in this comprehensive review, a historical perspective of each sealer type will be discussed first, followed by a description of the properties of all sealer types, such as setting time and solubility, sealing ability, antimicrobial activity, and biocompatibility and cytotoxicity. Sealer attributes such as the rheology 19) , radiopacity 20) , and tooth discoloration 21-23) have been shown to be satisfactory and will not be discussed in detail. CURRENT ROOT CANAL SEALERS AND HISTORY Chelate formation Many dental luting agents set by way of a chelation reaction, the formation of metal complexes with polydentate (usually organic) ligands 24). Two of the most common chelates used in dentistry are eugenolates and salicylates. For eugenolates, the setting reaction starts with water that hydrolyzes the zinc oxide to form zinc hydroxide. The zinc hydroxide and eugenol chelate and solidify 25). For salicylates, the ion is calcium, usually formulated using calcium oxide. Although uncommon, fatty acids have also been used as ligands for chelate sealers, in conjunction with zinc oxide.

OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information), Aug 1, 2006

European endodontic journal, 2020

Objective:Bioactive ions, when incorporated in an endodontic sealer, can contribute to the long-t... more Objective:Bioactive ions, when incorporated in an endodontic sealer, can contribute to the long-term success of endodontic therapy by combating the re-infection of a tooth and promoting the healing of the periapical bone. The objective of this study was to measure the release of boron, strontium, and silicon ions from surface pre-reacted glass ionomer (S-PRG) filler containing prototype endodontic sealer over a sustained period in comparison to EndoSequence BC sealer in a simulated clinical model using extracted human teeth in vitro.Methods:Twelve extracted human anterior teeth were instrumented using ProTaper Next (Dentsply Sirona, Johnson City, TN, USA) files up to size X3 (#30/variable taper) with copious 2.5% NaOCl irrigation. Teeth were obturated using a single-cone technique with a matching size tapered gutta-percha point and one of two endodontic sealers: prototype S-PRG (Shofu Inc., Kyoto, Japan) or EndoSequence BC (Brasseler, Savannah, GA, USA). The teeth were soaked in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) solution for 336 hours. Periodically, 1-mL samples of the PBS were analyzed via an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer to determine the concentrations of ions released by the sealers.Results:The average (S.D.) cumulative release (ng/ml) of boron, silicon, and strontium ions over 2 weeks for the prototype S-PRG sealer was 8614.9 (1264.3), 35758.9 (5986.5), and 3965.2 (145.6), and for EndoSequence BC sealer was 1860.5 (82.7), 164648.7 (16468.1), and 227.7 (4.7). Generalized linear mixed model analysis showed significant differences in ion concentration among boron, silicon, and strontium over time between the two sealer groups (Boron: P<0.0001, Silicon: P=0.010, Strontium: P=0.028). Of the three ions, strontium had the lowest amount of release for both sealers. The prototype S-PRG sealer showed a rapid initial burst followed by a slow, continuous release of strontium ions.Conclusion:The prototype S-PRG sealer released boron and strontium ions in higher cumulative concentrations over 2 weeks compared to the EndoSequence BC sealer. Both the prototype S-PRG and EndoSequence BC sealers released silicon ions, although significantly more were eluted from the EndoSequence BC sealer. Antimicrobial and osteogenic ion release from sealers is expected to positively influence the post-treatment control of microbial infections to improve periapical healing.

Springer eBooks, 2014

Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) is a are powder primarily composed of tri- and dicalcium silicat... more Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) is a are powder primarily composed of tri- and dicalcium silicates with bismuth oxide radiopacifier. MTA has been an addition to the dental armamentarium since the 1990s. When mixed with water, MTA powder forms hard cement by hydration of the silicates. Because of this bioactivity, the dental community has been intensely interested in this material and its properties, and over 1,000 papers have been published in the dental literature on MTA.

Journal of Oral Science, 2022

The aim of this study was to use dye penetration to measure apical and coronal leakage simultaneo... more The aim of this study was to use dye penetration to measure apical and coronal leakage simultaneously in single-canal teeth that had been treated endodontically using a single-cone obturation technique. Methods: One hundred single-canal, extracted human teeth were cleaned and shaped with ProTaper NEXT rotary files to size-X5 (50/.06), then randomly assigned to five sealer groups for single-cone gutta-percha obturation. The teeth were soaked in 0.6% rhodamine B at 37°C for seven days, then the roots were ground mesiodistally and the maximum apical and coronal dye penetration was measured. Differences in leakage among the sealer groups were examined using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Pairwise comparisons were made using the Mann-Whitney test with Bonferroni correction. Results: The mean values (mm) of dye penetration for AH Plus, Pulp

Journal of Endodontics, Jul 1, 2012

Introduction: Quick-setting calcium aluminosilicate cement with improved washout resistance is a ... more Introduction: Quick-setting calcium aluminosilicate cement with improved washout resistance is a potential substitute for calcium silicate cements in endodontics. This study examined the effect of an experimental calcium aluminosilicate cement (Quick-Set; Primus Consulting, Bradenton, FL) on the viability of odontoblast-like cells. Methods: The biocompatibility of Quick-Set and white ProRoot MTA (WMTA; Dentsply Tulsa Dental Specialties, Tulsa, OK) cements and their eluents was evaluated using a murine dental papilladerived odontoblast-like cell line (MDPC-23); 3-(4,5dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay was used to examine the effects of the 2 hydraulic cements on mitochondrial metabolic activity. Flow cytometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy were used to identify the effects of the 2 cements on cell death-induced plasma membrane permeability to fluorescent dyes and DNA stains. Results: After the first week of immersion in culture medium, Quick-Set and WMTA were more cytotoxic than the Teflonnegative control (P < .05), and the cells exhibited more apoptosis/necrosis than Teflon (P < .05). After the second week of immersion, the 2 cements were as biocompatible as Teflon (P > .05), with cells exhibiting minimal apoptosis/necrosis. Eluents from the set cements at 1:1 dilution were significantly more cytotoxic that eluents at 1:10 or 1:100 dilution (P < .05). Conclusions: Quick-Set and WMTA exhibited similar cytotoxicity profiles. They possess negligible in vitro toxicologic risks after time-dependent elution of toxic components.

PubMed, Jun 1, 2002

Objective: The objective of this study was to compare the microstructures of teeth, natural opals... more Objective: The objective of this study was to compare the microstructures of teeth, natural opals, and opal dental enamel porcelains to examine the mechanisms that cause opalescence. Method and materials: Four dental porcelains, a natural opal mineral, and a human tooth were examined. Replicas were assessed in transmission electron microscopy for features that would cause opalescence. Enamel dental porcelains denoted as "light" were selected for the study. X-ray diffraction and color analyses of the porcelains were also performed. Results: All the materials were opalescent, to varying degrees. The porcelains with fewer microscopic features were less opalescent. The presence of dispersed particles or a phase-separated glass was found to cause opalescence in dental porcelains. Conclusion: A phase-separated glass in one enamel porcelain best resembled the microstructure of natural opal mineral and teeth, and this was the most "opalescent" material.

Journal of Endodontics, Oct 1, 2015

Introduction: Quick-Set (Primus Consulting, Bradenton, FL) is a calcium aluminosilicate cement th... more Introduction: Quick-Set (Primus Consulting, Bradenton, FL) is a calcium aluminosilicate cement that is a potential alternative to mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) with greater acid resistance and faster setting. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of Quick-Set and MTA on pulpal tissues in response to pulpotomy procedures. Methods: The pulp chambers of 42 maxillary teeth in 7 beagle dogs were accessed, and the coronal pulpal tissue was removed. Pulpotomy procedures were performed, placing the experimental materials directly over the radicular pulp tissues. The dogs were sacrificed at 70 days, and the teeth and surrounding tissues were removed and prepared for histologic analysis. The sections of the pulpotomy areas were scored for inflammation, pulp tissue organization, reactionary dentin formation, and quality of dentinogenesis. Results: The Quick-Set group exhibited significantly more pulpal inflammation (P = .002) and significantly less pulp tissue organization (P = .004). No significant difference was noted for reactionary dentin formation (P = .526) and quality of dentinogenesis (P = .436). Conclusions: Compared with ProRoot White MTA (Dentsply Tulsa Dental Specialties, Tulsa, OK), Quick-Set exhibited more pulpal inflammation and decreased pulp tissue organization. No significant differences were noted for reactionary dentin formation and quality of dentinogenesis.

Advances in dentistry & oral health, Jun 15, 2017

Introduction: Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) is increasingly recognized as a cost-effective, easy-... more Introduction: Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) is increasingly recognized as a cost-effective, easy-to-use alternative to reduce sensitivity and arrest caries. However, SDF causes black staining of caries. Potassium iodide (KI) treatment with SDF may decrease or lessen the staining. However, the effectiveness of KI on staining has not been investigated. This study examined SDF/KI with various restorative materials, on carious and sound tooth structure. Methods: Ten groups of teeth were treated to evaluate the effect of KI and SDF treatment. Visual examination and color measurements were used to evaluate color changes among the groups. Results: All groups with KI treatment showed minimal to no staining after four weeks. Groups that underwent SDF treatment alone were noticeably darker (ΔL) compared with groups that had KI treatment. The staining varied among the groups of restorative materials; however, all of the teeth that received the KI treatment were lighter than teeth that only received the SDF treatment. Conclusion: Treatment with SDF followed by KI had little to no darkening, compared to SDF treatment, when used with glass ionomer (self-cure), resin modified glass ionomer, composite, or no restorative on carious and sound teeth. Practical implications: Silver diamine fluoride treatment followed by application of a saturated solution of potassium iodide markedly reduced staining compared to silver diamine fluoride alone, with or without common restorative materials. Background: Adults' are poorly informed on how to care for children's teeth, according to a national survey conducted for the Children's Dental Health Project (CDHP) [1]. Key findings include that 2 out of 5 US adults believe they cannot prevent their child from developing caries, and few know when children should begin brushing or proper brushing techniques. Dental caries is the most common chronic childhood disease; five times more common than asthma, four times more common than childhood obesity, and twenty times more common than diabetes [2]. Forty two percent of US children between ages 2 and 11 have had dental caries in their primary teeth [3].

Journal of Endodontics, Feb 1, 2015

Introduction: Quick-Set (Avalon Biomed Inc, Bradenton, FL) is a calcium aluminosilicate cement th... more Introduction: Quick-Set (Avalon Biomed Inc, Bradenton, FL) is a calcium aluminosilicate cement that is a potential alternative to mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) with greater acid resistance and faster setting. The purpose of this study was to compare the regeneration of apical tissues after root-end surgery when the apical tissues were exposed to Quick-Set or White ProRoot MTA (Dentsply Tulsa Dental Specialties, Tulsa, OK) by rootend resection. Methods: The root canals of 42 mandibular premolars in 7 beagle dogs were accessed, cleaned and shaped, and obturated with Quick-Set or white MTA. Osteotomies and root-end resections were performed immediately. The dogs were sacrificed at 90 days, and the teeth and surrounding tissues were removed and prepared for histologic analysis. The sections of the apical areas were scored for inflammation, new cementum formation, periodontal ligament formation, and bone quality. Results: At 90 days, both materials supported some degree of cementum formation on the surface of the material, periodontal ligament regeneration, and excellent bone quality. The only significant difference was greater inflammation found in the Quick-Set group. Conclusions: Quick-Set and White ProRoot MTA had a similar effect on bone quality, cementum formation, and periodontal ligament formation after rootend surgery in dogs. Quick-Set was associated with greater inflammation.

Journal of Endodontics, Mar 1, 2010

Introduction: Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), white and gray, has many uses in endodontic thera... more Introduction: Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), white and gray, has many uses in endodontic therapy but is limited by its difficult handling characteristics. This study compared the physical and chemical properties of white MTA (WMTA) with three experimental root-end filling materials: Capasio (Primus Consulting, Bradenton, FL), Ceramicrete-D (Tulsa Dental Specialties/Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL), and Generex-A (Dentsply Tulsa Dental Specialties, Tulsa, OK). Methods: The setting time and radiopacity were tested using International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 6876 methods. Compressive strength was measured following the ISO 9917 method. The pH of the materials was measured after mixing. A novel test was developed for washout resistance of the materials immediately after placement. Data were compared by analysis of variance and Sidak post hoc analysis (p < 0.05) for compressive strength and washout resistance. Results: The setting time of Generex-A was half that of WMTA. All materials met the ISO 6876 requirements for radiopacity. The compressive strengths after 7 days decreased in this order: Generex-A > Capasio > WMTA > Ceramicrete-D. The initial pH of Capasio and Generex-A were alkaline, similar to WMTA, whereas that of Ceramicrete-D was acidic. Significantly, alternative materials remained in situ after the washout test, whereas WMTA was displaced from the retropreparations. Conclusions: The clinical handling and washout resistance of the alternative materials were far superior to WMTA. The radiopacity, compressive strength, and washout resistance make Generex-A and Capasio materials suitable for further study. Ceramicrete-D was weaker, less radiopaque, and initially acidic.

Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Aug 13, 2021

Calcium silicate cements were identified as excellent materials for dentistry, particularly for d... more Calcium silicate cements were identified as excellent materials for dentistry, particularly for dental procedures contacting the dental pulp or root system. Both calcium silicate and calcium aluminate cements cause the biomineralization (precipitation of hydroxyapatite [HA] phenomena and shield dental tissues from the underlying cement (a foreign body material). The cements also elute ions to stimulate cytokines that contribute to the healing of the dental pulp or in the tissue surrounding the root of a tooth. The cements serve as a foundation for other dental restorative materials. This paper reviews the cement phases, properties, in vivo reactions, and clinical benefits from the use of calcium silicate and calcium aluminate ceramic cements.

Bioceramics Development and Applications, 2016

Tricalcium silicate-based materials are growing in popularity for dental procedures. This study r... more Tricalcium silicate-based materials are growing in popularity for dental procedures. This study reports the physical properties of two experimental tricalcium silicate-based Generex A and B materials. Generex A is designed for vital dental pulp therapy, the repair of root perforations, or to seal a resected root apex. Generex B is designed for nonsurgical root canal procedures as a sealant. ADA 57 and ISO 9917 methods were used for testing in vitro properties of flow, working and setting times, film thickness, dimensional stability, solubility, radiopacity, compressive strength, and freedom from lead and arsenic. In vitro tests of fluid flow were conducted to compare microleakage. Generex A met the ADA 57 and ISO 9917 requirements as they apply for the intended use of this material; Generex B met the ADA 57 requirements for a root canal sealer. Both materials had lower film thickness and higher radiopacity, than ProRoot® MTA. The setting times of the Generex materials were no shorter than MTA, but the handling was very much improved over MTA. Furthermore, these materials sealed as well as the standard ProRoot MTA material. These new materials are suitable for testing in animal models for their intended use.

Springer eBooks, 2014

A summary is given of the known compositions and properties for MTA-type products, both commercia... more A summary is given of the known compositions and properties for MTA-type products, both commercial and experimental. Comparisons are made of the phases, particle sizes, and other attributes such as setting time or radiopacity. MTA-type materials used for root canal sealers are included.

Journal of clinical orthodontics, Sep 1, 2009

Journal of Endodontics, Sep 1, 2014

Journal of Endodontics, Sep 1, 2018

Acta Biomaterialia, Sep 1, 2019

Journal of Endodontics, Apr 1, 2016

Journal of Endodontics, Oct 1, 2014

Dental Materials Journal, Sep 28, 2020

OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information), Aug 1, 2006

European endodontic journal, 2020

Springer eBooks, 2014

Journal of Oral Science, 2022

Journal of Endodontics, Jul 1, 2012

PubMed, Jun 1, 2002

Journal of Endodontics, Oct 1, 2015

Advances in dentistry & oral health, Jun 15, 2017

Journal of Endodontics, Feb 1, 2015

Journal of Endodontics, Mar 1, 2010

Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Aug 13, 2021

Bioceramics Development and Applications, 2016

Springer eBooks, 2014

Acta Biomaterialia, 2019

Statement of Significance
The broadening indications and the proliferation of tri/dicalcium silicate-based products make this relatively new dental material important for all dentists and biomaterials scientists. Presenting the variations in compositions, properties, indications and clinical performance enable clinicians to choose the material most suitable for their cases. Researchers may expand their bioactive investigations to further validate and improve materials and outcomes.