Daniel Makolo, PhD | Baze University Abuja (original) (raw)

Papers by Daniel Makolo, PhD

DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals), Apr 1, 2022

Academic Journal of Life Sciences, 2019

It has been established by various researchers that bovine mastitis which is simply an inflammati... more It has been established by various researchers that bovine mastitis which is simply an inflammation of mammary gland is a complex and costly diseases in dairy herds globally. This study therefore was aimed at assessing the prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis among lactating bovines from pastoral herds. A total of 147 bovines were selected from 30 pastoral herds within 7 Fulani settlements in Kaduna State, Nigeria. Prevalence of Clinical mastitis was assessed by the result of physical examination of udders and milk by palpation and visual inspection. The California Mastitis Reagent was used according to the manufacturer’s instructions to detect the prevalence of Subclinical Mastitis. The CMT positive samples were bacteriologically analyzed following standard microbiological procedures for the presence of coliform bacteria. The results obtained revealed that 19.7% (29/147) of animals examined was positive for subclinical mastitis at cow level. The highest prevalence of sub...

Nigerian Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 2023

Introduction: Trypanosomiasis often caused by trypanosome is common among wildlife and domestic a... more Introduction: Trypanosomiasis often caused by trypanosome is common among wildlife and domestic animals. Aim and Objectives: This study assessed the antitrypanosomal and anti-anemic activities of bitter leaf ethanol extract (BLEE) against Trypanosoma congolense. Methodology: Forty (40) healthy wistar rats of both sexes weighing 120-150 g were used at the beginning of the experiment. They were randomly divided into six groups (A, B, C, D, E and F). In A, B, D, E and F (n = 5) but group C was started with fifteen (15) rats till death reduced the population to five (5). Group A rats were uninfected and untreated; group B rats were uninfected but treated (500 mg/kgbwt BLEE); group C rats were infected but not treated; groups D, E and F rats were infected and treated (100, 300 and 500 mg/kgbwt BLEE, respectively). Infection of the rats was carried out by injecting 0.1 ml of blood containing approximately 1 × 103 trypanosomes intraperitoneally into each rat in the infected groups. The eff...

Microbes and Infectious Diseases (Print), Jun 6, 2022

Asian Journal of Biotechnology and Bioresource Technology, 2017

The study presented herein is a collaborative study carried out by all the aforementioned authors... more The study presented herein is a collaborative study carried out by all the aforementioned authors. Authors MIA and OAO designed the study, performed the statistical analysis, wrote the protocol and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Author FBW managed the analyses of the study while author DM conducted and interpreted the microbial analysis. All authors were involved in the literature searches for the study. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology, 2019

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the leading public health challenges in Nigeria and ... more Background: Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the leading public health challenges in Nigeria and the burden is still high. There is hence a need for continuous characterization of mycobacteria to obtain current data that will aid the ongoing TB prevention and control programme. The aim of this study was to phenotypically characterize mycobacteria isolates recovered from clinical specimens of patients with tuberculosis in Kaduna State, Nigeria. Methods: Two thousand, two hundred and twelve (2212) sputum samples were collected from patients clinically suspected to have TB in three different zones of Kaduna State, Nigeria, between May 2017 and October, 2018. Samples were processed by decontaminating with NaOH-Citrate N-acetyl-L-Cystein method for Ziehl Neelsen (ZN) AFB microscopy and culture on Lowenstein Jensen (LJ) slants which were incubated at 37 ᵒ C for 8 weeks. Positive LJ cultures were further analyzed with a rapid TB antigen assay (SD-Bioline) to differentiate Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) from Non Tuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM). Results: Out of the 2212 patients with suspected TB, 300 (13.6%) were positive for AFB by microscopy with Zone A (Kaduna North) having the highest AFB positive cases of 169 (15.2%). Of the 300 AFB positive samples, 272 (91.0%) were culture positive on LJ medium, 18 (6.0%) were culture negative and 10 (3.0%) were culture contaminated. Result of the distribution of mycobacteria among infected patients within the study area revealed that 219 (80.5%) were infected with MTBC, 42 (15.4%) with NTM and 11 (4.0%) with both MTBC and NTM. Conclusion: A relatively high number of TB in the study area was caused by NTM. There is need for advanced diagnostic tools that can differentiate MTBC and NTM strains among TB patients in all TB Reference Laboratories in Nigeria.

Asian Journal of Advanced Research and Reports, 2019

Consumption of raw milk from pastoral bovines have been identified as a major source of public an... more Consumption of raw milk from pastoral bovines have been identified as a major source of public and environmental health risk in developing countries. Antimicrobial resistance is a global health challenge threatening the lives of humans and animals. The indiscriminate use of antimicrobial agents among the pastoralists on commercial animals, especially for non-therapeutic purposes has been linked to the development of resistant strains of potentially pathogenic bacteria which are being transferred from animals to humans. This study investigated the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of coliform bacteria isolated from mastitis milk of pastoral herds. Out of 147 milk samples collected and screened for subclinical mastitis, 29 (19.7%) were positive. Out of the 29 mastitis positive samples, 13 (8.8%) were positive for coliforms (6 E. coli and 7 K. pneumoniae). All the coliform isolates showed 100% resistance to Penicillin and Tetracycline, and were all 100% susceptible to Imipenem. High...

This study was aimed at a Spatial Analysis of Health Care Accessibility and Utilization among Rur... more This study was aimed at a Spatial Analysis of Health Care Accessibility and Utilization among Rural Households in Kogi State, Nigeria. Primary data employed in this study were obtained with the aid of well-structured questionnaires. A multi-stage sampling technique was employed in the selection of respondents. The analytical techniques used in this study included descriptive statistics and Healthcare Accessibility Index. Descriptive statistics such as frequencies and percentages were used to describe the sources and uses of healthcare facilities in relation to socioeconomic characteristics as well as the level of utilization of health care services. Results obtained in this study revealed that 58% of the respondents had access to health care services while only 42.50% utilized these services. Findings in this study also revealed that 71% of the household heads were males while the remaining 29% were females. However, 41% of the male headed households have access to healthcare services compared to 17% of the female headed households. Furthermore, 71% of the respondents were in their economic active age (≤ 50 years). About 75.55% of the respondents within this age bracket accesses and utilizes healthcare service more than the elderly ones. Exactly 43.50% had no formal education while 6, 23.5, 11.5, and 15.5% had adult, primary, secondary and tertiary education respectively. Thirteen percent (13.0%) of those with primary education had access to health care services while 78.57% out of these utilized the healthcare services. Furthermore, 24.5% of those with no formal education had access to healthcare service while 69.23% of the respondents utilized healthcare services. Majority (40.5%) of the rural households lived 5 to 9 km to a public health center with 21% having access to healthcare facilities and 85.7% utilizing the facilities. Eleven percent of respondents living 4 km from the healthcare service provider have access to healthcare facilities while 90.09% of the respondents utilized it. About 13% of the respondent who lives 10 to 14 km from healthcare service had access while 61.11% utilized the services. Forty-three percent (43.75%) of respondents living more than 14 km to their healthcare providers makes use of the available healthcare facilities. The result, therefore, indicates that utilization of available health facilities increases with proximity to the health centers. Seven percent (7%) of respondents have family size of 1-4 members per household, whereas only 60% of the respondents within this group with access to healthcare facilities utilized it. Furthermore, those with household size above 14 members have the highest health service utilization with 85.71%. This study has shown that there is unequal distribution of health facilities as well as low level of accessibility of household to medical facilities in the study area. To this end, governments at all tiers should ensure equitable accessibility to health care delivery across the rural areas by deploying more medical and Para-medical staffs to the rural areas. Rural development policies should promote the creation of enabling environment to enhance participation in modern health care delivery in rural areas. There is also a serious need for sensitization programme to create awareness about the importance of using modern healthcare facilities among the rural dwellers.

Open Journal of Bioscience Research (ISSN: 2734-2069)

The study was carried out to investigate the in silico and in vitro antimicrobial activity of Ver... more The study was carried out to investigate the in silico and in vitro antimicrobial activity of Vernonia amygdalina aqueous extract (VAAE) against Escherichia coli on rats already infected with Trypanosoma congolense. Forty Wistar rats of 16 weeks old were used, and were randomly selected into six groups, where n = 5 in groups A, B, D, E and F; n = 15 in group C. Group A: uninfected-untreated; group B: uninfected-treated (500 mg/kgbwt VAAE); group C: infected-untreated; groups D: infected-treated (100 mg/kgbwt VAAE), E: infected-treated (300 mg/kgbwt (VAAE) and F: infected-treated (500 mg/kgbwt (VAAE). Using docking simulation, a number of phytochemicals were screened and identified in the VAAE used in the study. The findings have given an indication of in vitro antimicrobial activity of aqueous extract of Vernonia amygdalina leaves against Escherichia coli. Docking with topoisomerase iv (3FV5) revealed that 3 compounds (−8.5 to – 8.3 kcal/mol) with docking scores lower than the co-cr...

It has been established that bovine mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus is still a serious t... more It has been established that bovine mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus is still a serious threat to dairy industry globally. Consumption of raw milk from the mastitic milk has been identified as a major source of public health issues in the developing nations. This study therefore was aimed at phenotypic characterization of S. aureus isolates from cases of bovine mastitis using both traditional, conventional and serological techniques. A total of 339 milk samples were collected from 98 cows at quarter level and analyzed for subclinical mastitis by California Mastitis Test (CMT). The CMT positive samples were bacteriologically analyzed following standard procedures for the isolation of S. aureus. Further identification and strain typing was done using Staphytect Slide Agglutination Test System and Microbact Staphylococcal 12S Identification System kits. Of the 339 samples analyzed, 30.9% were identified as subclinical mastitis. Moreover, 103(98.1%) of them harbored Staphylococcus species. Also out of the 40 randomly selected isolates that were strain typed, 39 (97.5%) were confirmed as S. aureus and 1 (2.5%) was S. hyicus and all the 40 isolates were coagulase positive. This study concludes that there is high prevalence of S. aureus in the mastitic milk samples studied and this poses a potential health threat not only to public health and safety of the consumers but also to the general public. It also identifies that that a reliable, rapid identification and strain typing of Staphylococcus species by both traditional, conventional and serological techniques provides a cornerstone for the control of S. aureus

Background: Nigeria is being ranked among the top five countries for tuberculosis (TB), Multi Dru... more Background: Nigeria is being ranked among the top five countries for tuberculosis (TB), Multi Drug Resistance TB and HIV deaths worldwide with the prevalence of 219/100, 000 population, 2.9% and 1.4% respectively. Non tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) is an emerging health problem and an important cause of tuberculosis-like pulmonary disease. This study investigated the demographic and risk factors associated with Non tuberculous mycobacteria in Kaduna State, Nigeria. Method: In a cross sectional study, structured questionnaire were used to collect demographic characteristics (age, sex, ethnicity, education, and marital status), health/behavioral factors (HIV, diabetes, smoking, alcohol use) and environmental exposures (farming, animal contact, and dust season).The questionnaires were administered at the point of sample collection by oral interview of the participants. The data generated were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software.Simple frequency and percentages were the descriptive statistics used in this study for the analysis of results obtained. Chi-square was used to assess whether or not a relationship exists between risk factors and the prevalence of NTM at 95% level of significance. The degree of association between the risk factors examined and NTM were analyzed using odds ratio (OR). Results: From the 300 questionnaires analyzed, there was no significant statistical associated between demographic characteristics examined (p<0.05). However, female participants were higher (56.3%) than the male (43.7%). Participants within the age range of 35-44 had the higher positive cases (20.8%). Participants who were married, had medium economic status and were civil servants had the higher NTM cases of 13.3%, 21.5% and 23.5% respectively. Among the risk factors examined, Cigarrete smoking, alcohol drinking and HIV status were significantly associated with the prevalence of NTM (p>0.05). Conclusion: This study concludes that Cigarrete smoking, alcohol consumption and HIV status were the risk factors significantly associated with the prevalence of NTM within the study population. Hence, there is need for awareness creation and sensitization to enhance effective prevention and control of this public health threat.

Biodegradation of mechanic workshop polluted soil amended with 2.4kg lime (Confluence fertilizer)... more Biodegradation of mechanic workshop polluted soil amended with 2.4kg lime (Confluence fertilizer) was studied for a period of eight weeks (56 days). This was done by physicochemical analysis of the soil samples and microbiological analysis by spread plate inoculation on Nutrient agar (NA). The results revealed higher bacteria population in amended soil (AS) compared to oil free soil (OFS) and polluted soil (PS). The range of bacterial counts was Oil free soil (1.6×10 4-6.8 ×10 4 cfu/g), polluted soil (2.2×10 4-9.8×10 4 cfu/g) and Amended soil (1.62×10 4-1.12×10 5 cfu/g). The fungi counts range were Oil free soil (2.5×10 3-3.0×10 4 cfu/g), polluted soil (2.2×10 3-4.0×10 4 cfu/g) and Amended soil (2.1×10 3-2.7×10 3 cfu/g). Eleven (11) organisms were isolated in the course of this study. The bacteria isolated were Pseudomonas putida, Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus luteus, Proteus mirabilis and Staphylococcus aureus while the fungi isolated include Mucor mucedo, Candida tropicalis, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus and Rhizopus nigricans. The moisture content (MC), organic carbon, organic matter, pH and nitrate were higher in amended soil compared to unpolluted soil and polluted soil. The result of the study shows that lime (confluence fertilizer) can be used to enhanced biodegradation of oil polluted soil.

Hemoglobinopathies are among the most common inherited diseases around the world. Over the years,... more Hemoglobinopathies are among the most common inherited diseases around the world. Over the years, there have been many studies which tried to assess and explain the role of various haemoglobinopathies and duffy antigen receptor for chemokines (DARC) in malaria. As a result, there are different published findings with respect to the impact of haemoglobonopathies and duffy antigen on malaria. In this review, different literatures were consulted from Web of Science, Pubmed, AJOL etc, using google search engine, and findings from these studies were put together in an attempt to explain how malaria is impacted by haemoglobinopathies and the presence of duffy antigen receptor on red blood cells. Therefore, the review aims to provide useful information on haemoglobinopathies and duffy antigen, and how they influence malaria.

Microbes and Infectious Diseases, 2022

Background: Mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus was initially considered the major problem i... more Background: Mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus was initially considered the major problem in dairy herds, but over the last few decades, the incidence of coliform mastitis has increased among the pastoral herds in Nigeria due to poor environmental and milking hygiene. Hence, this study was aimed at genotypic identification of coliform bacteria isolated from cases of bovine mastitis among pastoral herds in parts of Kaduna State, Nigeria. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of 30 herds of cows across 7 Local Government Areas of Kaduna State, Nigeria, was conducted. One hundred and forty seven cows were proportionately selected by purposive sampling technique. The milk samples were aseptically collected and bacteriologically screened for coliform bacteria following standard bacteriological techniques. Nine out of 12 coliforms identified phenotypically were selected for PCR amplification and sequencing of their 16S rRNA gene. The Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) analysis of the sequences obtained was done on the National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) data base, and isolates confirmed based on similarity to 16S rDNA sequences in the Gen Bank Results: Five of the 9 coliforms were confirmed to be Klebsiella pneumoniae (prevalence rate, 3.4%) and 4 were confirmed to be Escherichia coli (prevalence rate, 2.7%). Conclusion: This study shows that raw milk of mastitic cows can serve as a vehicle for the spread of pathogens such as K. pneumoniae and E. coli which, according to the Department of Health and Human Services of the United States Public Health Services, are potential threats to public health and safety of humans, animals and plant products.

In this study, investigation on Escherichia coli associated with subclinical mastitis among selec... more In this study, investigation on Escherichia coli associated with subclinical mastitis among selected dairy cows in Lokoja, Kogi State was carried out. Thirty (30) milk samples were collected across the Fulani settlements in Lokoja using sterile bottles. The samples were screened for subclinical mastitis using California Mastitis Test (CMT) Reagents in accordance with the manufacturer's guidelines. The cows were also examined for clinical signs of mastitis by physical examination and palpation of udders. Isolation and identification of Escherichia coli was carried out by colony morphology and conventional biochemical tests following standard bacteriological procedures. Results obtained in this study revealed that none (0.0%) of the cows examined had clinical signs of mastitis. However, this study established a prevalence of 16.7% for subclinical mastitis among the cows studied and a prevalence of 13.3% for E. coli associated with subclinical mastitis within the study population. Therefore, occurrence of subclinical mastitis and presence of E. coli in the milk samples of cows reared for human consumption is a threat to public health as they have fallen below the World Health Organization's Standard for acceptable milk quality. Hence, routine CMT screening and bacteriological examination of raw cow milk across the herders' settlements in Lokoja is strongly recommended to avoid epidemics of food borne infections.

Journal of Environment and Earth Sciences, 2013

Physicochemical properties of soil contaminated with spent lubricating oil undergoing phytoremedi... more Physicochemical properties of soil contaminated with spent lubricating oil undergoing phytoremediation using corn (Zea mays) was studied for a period of 8 weeks. The results revealed low pH, organic carbon, organic matter content, phosphorus, iron, nickel, copper, zinc and lead in the soil seeded with corn compared to spent lubricating oil polluted soil without corn (OPS). The remediation had no significant difference (p>0.05) in pH, organic carbon, organic matter content, phosphorus, iron, nickel, copper, zinc and lead whereas moisture and phosphorus concentration of the polluted soil was significantly different (p<0.05). This result suggests that corn possess the potential to reclaim spent lubricating oil polluted soil and reduce metal concentration in the soil caused by the spent lubricating oil pollution.