Atilla Akkoyunlu | Bogazici University (original) (raw)

Papers by Atilla Akkoyunlu

International Journal of Environment and Pollution, 2010

WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, 1970

Lakes are frequently subjected to wastewater discharges. If nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus a... more Lakes are frequently subjected to wastewater discharges. If nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon are present in sufficiently large amounts, the water body will be polluted and eutrophication can take place. Eutrophication of a lake induced by municipal wastes can be retarded by removing the source of plant nutrients, notably phosphorus. This is accomplished by diversion of the effluent around the lake, or by treatment of the wastewater employing advanced treatment processes. In this study, first a mathematical model with different assumptions about nutrient exchange processes is introduced, then the mass balance considering input, output, net loss to the sediments was used to predict the lake nutrient concentration as a function of nutrient residence time. Lake Iznik located in the southern part of the Marmara region of Turkey is subjected to three different levels of nutrient loadings, with a certain amount of diversions each time to study the response of the lake.

Water Science and Technology, May 1, 1992

This paper covers research results and construction techniques applied for marine outfall systems... more This paper covers research results and construction techniques applied for marine outfall systems of three medium sized cities located on the coast of the Black Sea. The treatability and design data related to the pre-treatraent and marine outfall system of a large pulp and paper mill on the same coast are presented. The preliminary studies and the development of the design criteria of the related marine outfall systems were carried out by the Department of Environmental Engineering of Istanbul Technical University. The scope of the project included oceanographie, hydrographie, and geotechnical surveys and water quality measurements. A construction method, which is widely applied in Turkey for laying of the glass reinforced pipes(GRP), has been evaluated. Pollution loads originated from the land based sources have been given and their probable environmental impacts in the receiving water body have been discussed.

Analytical Chemistry, 1967

Environmental Science and the Technological Connection. Chemistry and Environmental Chemistry. Bi... more Environmental Science and the Technological Connection. Chemistry and Environmental Chemistry. Biology and Biochemistry. The Anthrosphere and the Environment. Water. Characteristics of Water and Bodies of Water. Aquatic Biology, Microbiology, and Chemistry. Water Pollution. Water Treatment. The Atmosphere. Meteorology and Characteristics of the Atmosphere. Atmospheric Chemistry. Air Pollution and its Control. The Endangered Global Atmosphere. Earth. The Geosphere. Soil. Environmental Geology and Geospheric Pollution. Geosphere Resources. Life. Ecosystems and Biological Communities. Biotransformations and Biodegradation. Biogeochemical Cycles. Toxicology and Toxicological Chemistry. Technology. Technology, Manufacturing, Transportation, and Communication. Energy and Resource Utilization. Wastes from the Anthrosphere. Waste Minimization, Treatment, and Disposal

Fresenius Environmental …, 2007

The upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor(UASBR) is efficient in treating wastewater, especiall... more The upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor(UASBR) is efficient in treating wastewater, especially when dissolved organic matter is present. In this study, a laboratory scale of an UASBR was configured to treat biscuit waste-water. Hydraulic retention time(HRT), organic loading ...

European Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences

Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 2015

Istanbul is the largest city of Turkey with its current population of 12 million people and situa... more Istanbul is the largest city of Turkey with its current population of 12 million people and situated uniquely on both continents of Europe and Asia. Bosphorus strait which joins Black Sea and Sea of Marmara also divides Istanbul city as European and Asian sides. There are seven watersheds supplying the potable water demand of Istanbul. These watersheds are under the control of Istanbul Water and Sewerage Administration (ISKI). It is within the framework of the Greater Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality (GIMM). ISKI has taken precautions to protect these watersheds. Water Pollution Control Regulation of ISKI sets the protection zones about the lakes and rivers in these basins. These are namely the absolute protection zone, proximate protection zone, mediate protection zone, and remote protection zone. Within the context of watershed protection and management project, ISKI has environmental Protection and Control applications for the Omerli, Buyukcekmece, Elmali and Terkos watersheds....

International Journal of Environmental Research, 2013

In this study, the effect of some toxic organic chemicals on Mogan Lake has been investigatedusin... more In this study, the effect of some toxic organic chemicals on Mogan Lake has been investigatedusing the AQUATOX Model. The unique property of the Model includes the sub ecotoxicological modelwhen compared to the other water quality models. The ecosystem model AQUATOX, which is one of the fewgeneral ecological risk models that represents the combined environmental repercussions and effects of toxicborganic chemicals, was selected for this study. The Model also supplies conventional pollutants, such as nutrients and sediments, and considers several trophic levels, including attached and planktonic algae, submerged aquatic vegetation, several types of invertebrates, and several types of fish. All data measured at both lake and creeks have been loaded into the AQUATOX Model as both initial concentration and dynamic loading for the year of 2002. Then, the AQUATOX Model was calibrated and verified for the years of 2004 and 2005. After verification and calibration, the effects of toxic orga...

Journal of Marine Science: Research & Development, 2018

Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 2017

Omerli dam reservoir is very important source of drinking water for Istanbul metropolitan area. T... more Omerli dam reservoir is very important source of drinking water for Istanbul metropolitan area. The present study covers measurement and evaluation of water quality parameters. Omerli Dam Reservoir has eutrophic character in terms of secchi disc depth (varies between 1.0-3.0 m) and phosphorus parameter (varies between 0.001-3.52 mg/L). It has oligotrophic character in terms of phytoplankton and carbon produced per unit area. Although pH of the reservoir is often alkaline in character, it shows categorically weak acid character after heavy rains. The chlorophyll-a parameter measured in the reservoir varies in vertical and horizontal positions. The average chlorophyll-a in the reservoir is 1.03 mg/L. Based on the water temperature measurements in the reservoir, it was determined that there was stratification in the reservoir during summer months. This stratification (the thermocline) was determined to be destroyed during winter months and the spring. The mean value of the measured dissolved oxygen in the reservoir was 8.49 mg/L. The TKN average in the reservoir was calculated as 1.83 mg/L. With these parameters, Omerli Dam Reservoir water quality could not be considered in a very clean class. Some rehabilitation studies have been carried out to solve the pollution problem in the lake basin. Preventing the pollution and improving water quality have affected the nature of the reservoir basin but it is necessary to continuously monitor the ecological balance of the reservoir continuously, which is significant for drinking water, fisheries and recreation facilities.

Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste, 2017

AbstractThe objective of this study is to analyze the time processes of hazardous waste managemen... more AbstractThe objective of this study is to analyze the time processes of hazardous waste management (HWM) in Turkey. There should be a holistic evaluation of a country’s hazardous waste management p...

Archives of Environmental Protection, 2016

Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2015

In this study, the improvement scenarios for water quality in Mogan Lake were investigated using ... more In this study, the improvement scenarios for water quality in Mogan Lake were investigated using the AQUATOX Model. The ecosystem model AQUATOX simulates conventional pollutants, such as nutrients and sediments, and considers several trophic levels, including attached and planktonic algae, submerged aquatic vegetation, several types of invertebrates, and several types of fish. In this study, all data measured at both lakes and creeks was loaded into the AQUATOX Model including both initial concentration and dynamic loading for the year 2002. Then, the AQUATOX Model was calibrated and verified for the years 2004 and 2005. Accordingly, the Aquatox Model was utilized for the analysis of future scenarios as to improve water quality in terms of conventional parameters such as dissolved oxygen, temperature, total suspended solids, pH, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and labile and refractory organic matters in water colon and sediment. During the development of future scenarios, some plans regarding measures were taken into account the modeling periods. In one of the scenarios, constructed wetlands located in big creeks' mouths were used for improving the water quality in Mogan Lake. The results indicated that Mogan Lake would improve its hypertrophic situation towards eutrophic situation. It would be anticipated that if the situation goes on like this, Mogan Lake would improve eutrophic situation towards mezotrophic situation.

International Journal of Environment and Pollution, 2003

ABSTRACT

Water Resources Management, 2010

Data-driven models are commonly used in a wide range of disciplines, including environmental engi... more Data-driven models are commonly used in a wide range of disciplines, including environmental engineering. To analyze Omerli Lake's historic water pollution status, this study monitors data for dissolved oxygen, 5-day biochemical oxygen demand, ammonium nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, and ortho phosphate. The quality of the lake water is assessed based on measurements of dissolved oxygen. The collected data are analyzed using regression analysis and artificial neural network models. The main goal of this paper is to reveal the best applicable data-driven model in order to gain forward-looking information regarding the dissolved oxygen level of the lake using other pollution parameters. In order to ascertain eutrophic status, total phosphorus loads for each year are represented on a Vollenweider diagram. Results designate an increasing risk of eutrophication for Omerli Lake in recent years. Results of the data-driven models show that the artificial neural networks model constitutes the best relationship between the dissolved oxygen and other parameters.

Journal of Hydrology, 2012

ABSTRACT

Environmental Engineering Science, 2003

In this study a mathematical model has been developed for graded filter media, which has a substa... more In this study a mathematical model has been developed for graded filter media, which has a substantial size range, to predict the expansions at different flow rates. The model is applicable both for spherical and irregular media. Angularity greatly influences the whole behavior of fluidization during backwashing. To express sphericity, physical properties and hydrodynamic parameters of filter materials are used in the model. Filter media was divided into unisized portions for expanded length calculations. Backwashing experiments were also performed in the laboratory with sand and coal materials to check the validity of the derived model. Experiments cover the diffused layer for coal at the uppermost portion of the filter.

Ecological Indicators, 2012

The stream water quality in Sapanca Lake Basin (Turkey) was investigated in terms of Canadian Cou... more The stream water quality in Sapanca Lake Basin (Turkey) was investigated in terms of Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Water Quality Index (CCME-WQI), Oregon Water Quality Index (OWQI) and National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Index (NSF-WQI). The main reason is to see the current pollution status in streams and also to compare leading three international water quality indices using domestic data. Also, a modified model that is adopted particularly from National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Index (NSF-WQI) was prepared. Modified WQI incorporates the impact of temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), chloride (Cl), sulfate (SO 4), orthophosphate-phosphorus (o-PO 4-P), nitrate (NO 3-N), nitrite (NO 2-N), 5-day biological oxygen demand (BOD 5), and the formation of chemical oxygen demand (COD). Developing modified indices in order to get sufficient results using limited amount of parameters is particularly useful for conserving the money required to measure huge number of parameters. Hence the aim of this research is to decrease the number of pollution parameters. For this aim, WQI min (minimum)-which take into account temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), total suspended solid (TSS), and electrical conductivity (EC)-was generated. The same methodology was repeated using eutrophication parameters. An alternative index, named WQI eut (eutrophication), was developed using DO, o-PO 4-P, NO 3-N, NO 2-N, BOD 5 , and COD parameters. A good relationship was found between the developed indices and fifteen-parameter WQI. Finally, the research uncovered a threat of eutrophication for Sapanca Lake and streams feeding it.

Tez (Doktora) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 1984Thesis (Ph.D.) -- İst... more Tez (Doktora) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 1984Thesis (Ph.D.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 1984Bu çalışmada, içme suyu tekniğinde kullanılan filtrele rin geri yıkanması ile ilgili hız ifadeleri araştırılmış ve boyut itibariyle dereceli veya uniform filtre malzemesine uy gulanabilen yatak genleşmesini veren matematik bir model ge liştirilmiştir. Birinci bölümde Çevre Mühendisliğinde filtrasyon olayına genel bir giriş yapılmış ve filtrelerin geri yıkanmasında mey dana gelen yatak genleşmesine ait daha önce verilen amprik, ya rı teorik ve teorik modeller ele alınmıştır. İkinci bölümde filtre malzemesine ait tane karekteristik- ler i incelenmiş, taneye ait eşdeğer çap ve benzeri büyüklükle rin tespiti için lüzumlu bağıntılar verilmiştir. Ayrıca tane biçiminin fonksiyonu olan şekil faktörünün ölçülmesi ile ilgi li dolaylı ve dolaysız metodlar ele alınmıştır. Üçüncü bölümde flüdize olmuş bir yatağın karekteristikle- ri...

International Journal of Environment and Pollution, 2010

WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, 1970

Lakes are frequently subjected to wastewater discharges. If nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus a... more Lakes are frequently subjected to wastewater discharges. If nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon are present in sufficiently large amounts, the water body will be polluted and eutrophication can take place. Eutrophication of a lake induced by municipal wastes can be retarded by removing the source of plant nutrients, notably phosphorus. This is accomplished by diversion of the effluent around the lake, or by treatment of the wastewater employing advanced treatment processes. In this study, first a mathematical model with different assumptions about nutrient exchange processes is introduced, then the mass balance considering input, output, net loss to the sediments was used to predict the lake nutrient concentration as a function of nutrient residence time. Lake Iznik located in the southern part of the Marmara region of Turkey is subjected to three different levels of nutrient loadings, with a certain amount of diversions each time to study the response of the lake.

Water Science and Technology, May 1, 1992

This paper covers research results and construction techniques applied for marine outfall systems... more This paper covers research results and construction techniques applied for marine outfall systems of three medium sized cities located on the coast of the Black Sea. The treatability and design data related to the pre-treatraent and marine outfall system of a large pulp and paper mill on the same coast are presented. The preliminary studies and the development of the design criteria of the related marine outfall systems were carried out by the Department of Environmental Engineering of Istanbul Technical University. The scope of the project included oceanographie, hydrographie, and geotechnical surveys and water quality measurements. A construction method, which is widely applied in Turkey for laying of the glass reinforced pipes(GRP), has been evaluated. Pollution loads originated from the land based sources have been given and their probable environmental impacts in the receiving water body have been discussed.

Analytical Chemistry, 1967

Environmental Science and the Technological Connection. Chemistry and Environmental Chemistry. Bi... more Environmental Science and the Technological Connection. Chemistry and Environmental Chemistry. Biology and Biochemistry. The Anthrosphere and the Environment. Water. Characteristics of Water and Bodies of Water. Aquatic Biology, Microbiology, and Chemistry. Water Pollution. Water Treatment. The Atmosphere. Meteorology and Characteristics of the Atmosphere. Atmospheric Chemistry. Air Pollution and its Control. The Endangered Global Atmosphere. Earth. The Geosphere. Soil. Environmental Geology and Geospheric Pollution. Geosphere Resources. Life. Ecosystems and Biological Communities. Biotransformations and Biodegradation. Biogeochemical Cycles. Toxicology and Toxicological Chemistry. Technology. Technology, Manufacturing, Transportation, and Communication. Energy and Resource Utilization. Wastes from the Anthrosphere. Waste Minimization, Treatment, and Disposal

Fresenius Environmental …, 2007

The upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor(UASBR) is efficient in treating wastewater, especiall... more The upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor(UASBR) is efficient in treating wastewater, especially when dissolved organic matter is present. In this study, a laboratory scale of an UASBR was configured to treat biscuit waste-water. Hydraulic retention time(HRT), organic loading ...

European Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences

Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 2015

Istanbul is the largest city of Turkey with its current population of 12 million people and situa... more Istanbul is the largest city of Turkey with its current population of 12 million people and situated uniquely on both continents of Europe and Asia. Bosphorus strait which joins Black Sea and Sea of Marmara also divides Istanbul city as European and Asian sides. There are seven watersheds supplying the potable water demand of Istanbul. These watersheds are under the control of Istanbul Water and Sewerage Administration (ISKI). It is within the framework of the Greater Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality (GIMM). ISKI has taken precautions to protect these watersheds. Water Pollution Control Regulation of ISKI sets the protection zones about the lakes and rivers in these basins. These are namely the absolute protection zone, proximate protection zone, mediate protection zone, and remote protection zone. Within the context of watershed protection and management project, ISKI has environmental Protection and Control applications for the Omerli, Buyukcekmece, Elmali and Terkos watersheds....

International Journal of Environmental Research, 2013

In this study, the effect of some toxic organic chemicals on Mogan Lake has been investigatedusin... more In this study, the effect of some toxic organic chemicals on Mogan Lake has been investigatedusing the AQUATOX Model. The unique property of the Model includes the sub ecotoxicological modelwhen compared to the other water quality models. The ecosystem model AQUATOX, which is one of the fewgeneral ecological risk models that represents the combined environmental repercussions and effects of toxicborganic chemicals, was selected for this study. The Model also supplies conventional pollutants, such as nutrients and sediments, and considers several trophic levels, including attached and planktonic algae, submerged aquatic vegetation, several types of invertebrates, and several types of fish. All data measured at both lake and creeks have been loaded into the AQUATOX Model as both initial concentration and dynamic loading for the year of 2002. Then, the AQUATOX Model was calibrated and verified for the years of 2004 and 2005. After verification and calibration, the effects of toxic orga...

Journal of Marine Science: Research & Development, 2018

Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 2017

Omerli dam reservoir is very important source of drinking water for Istanbul metropolitan area. T... more Omerli dam reservoir is very important source of drinking water for Istanbul metropolitan area. The present study covers measurement and evaluation of water quality parameters. Omerli Dam Reservoir has eutrophic character in terms of secchi disc depth (varies between 1.0-3.0 m) and phosphorus parameter (varies between 0.001-3.52 mg/L). It has oligotrophic character in terms of phytoplankton and carbon produced per unit area. Although pH of the reservoir is often alkaline in character, it shows categorically weak acid character after heavy rains. The chlorophyll-a parameter measured in the reservoir varies in vertical and horizontal positions. The average chlorophyll-a in the reservoir is 1.03 mg/L. Based on the water temperature measurements in the reservoir, it was determined that there was stratification in the reservoir during summer months. This stratification (the thermocline) was determined to be destroyed during winter months and the spring. The mean value of the measured dissolved oxygen in the reservoir was 8.49 mg/L. The TKN average in the reservoir was calculated as 1.83 mg/L. With these parameters, Omerli Dam Reservoir water quality could not be considered in a very clean class. Some rehabilitation studies have been carried out to solve the pollution problem in the lake basin. Preventing the pollution and improving water quality have affected the nature of the reservoir basin but it is necessary to continuously monitor the ecological balance of the reservoir continuously, which is significant for drinking water, fisheries and recreation facilities.

Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste, 2017

AbstractThe objective of this study is to analyze the time processes of hazardous waste managemen... more AbstractThe objective of this study is to analyze the time processes of hazardous waste management (HWM) in Turkey. There should be a holistic evaluation of a country’s hazardous waste management p...

Archives of Environmental Protection, 2016

Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2015

In this study, the improvement scenarios for water quality in Mogan Lake were investigated using ... more In this study, the improvement scenarios for water quality in Mogan Lake were investigated using the AQUATOX Model. The ecosystem model AQUATOX simulates conventional pollutants, such as nutrients and sediments, and considers several trophic levels, including attached and planktonic algae, submerged aquatic vegetation, several types of invertebrates, and several types of fish. In this study, all data measured at both lakes and creeks was loaded into the AQUATOX Model including both initial concentration and dynamic loading for the year 2002. Then, the AQUATOX Model was calibrated and verified for the years 2004 and 2005. Accordingly, the Aquatox Model was utilized for the analysis of future scenarios as to improve water quality in terms of conventional parameters such as dissolved oxygen, temperature, total suspended solids, pH, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and labile and refractory organic matters in water colon and sediment. During the development of future scenarios, some plans regarding measures were taken into account the modeling periods. In one of the scenarios, constructed wetlands located in big creeks' mouths were used for improving the water quality in Mogan Lake. The results indicated that Mogan Lake would improve its hypertrophic situation towards eutrophic situation. It would be anticipated that if the situation goes on like this, Mogan Lake would improve eutrophic situation towards mezotrophic situation.

International Journal of Environment and Pollution, 2003

ABSTRACT

Water Resources Management, 2010

Data-driven models are commonly used in a wide range of disciplines, including environmental engi... more Data-driven models are commonly used in a wide range of disciplines, including environmental engineering. To analyze Omerli Lake's historic water pollution status, this study monitors data for dissolved oxygen, 5-day biochemical oxygen demand, ammonium nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, and ortho phosphate. The quality of the lake water is assessed based on measurements of dissolved oxygen. The collected data are analyzed using regression analysis and artificial neural network models. The main goal of this paper is to reveal the best applicable data-driven model in order to gain forward-looking information regarding the dissolved oxygen level of the lake using other pollution parameters. In order to ascertain eutrophic status, total phosphorus loads for each year are represented on a Vollenweider diagram. Results designate an increasing risk of eutrophication for Omerli Lake in recent years. Results of the data-driven models show that the artificial neural networks model constitutes the best relationship between the dissolved oxygen and other parameters.

Journal of Hydrology, 2012

ABSTRACT

Environmental Engineering Science, 2003

In this study a mathematical model has been developed for graded filter media, which has a substa... more In this study a mathematical model has been developed for graded filter media, which has a substantial size range, to predict the expansions at different flow rates. The model is applicable both for spherical and irregular media. Angularity greatly influences the whole behavior of fluidization during backwashing. To express sphericity, physical properties and hydrodynamic parameters of filter materials are used in the model. Filter media was divided into unisized portions for expanded length calculations. Backwashing experiments were also performed in the laboratory with sand and coal materials to check the validity of the derived model. Experiments cover the diffused layer for coal at the uppermost portion of the filter.

Ecological Indicators, 2012

The stream water quality in Sapanca Lake Basin (Turkey) was investigated in terms of Canadian Cou... more The stream water quality in Sapanca Lake Basin (Turkey) was investigated in terms of Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Water Quality Index (CCME-WQI), Oregon Water Quality Index (OWQI) and National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Index (NSF-WQI). The main reason is to see the current pollution status in streams and also to compare leading three international water quality indices using domestic data. Also, a modified model that is adopted particularly from National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Index (NSF-WQI) was prepared. Modified WQI incorporates the impact of temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), chloride (Cl), sulfate (SO 4), orthophosphate-phosphorus (o-PO 4-P), nitrate (NO 3-N), nitrite (NO 2-N), 5-day biological oxygen demand (BOD 5), and the formation of chemical oxygen demand (COD). Developing modified indices in order to get sufficient results using limited amount of parameters is particularly useful for conserving the money required to measure huge number of parameters. Hence the aim of this research is to decrease the number of pollution parameters. For this aim, WQI min (minimum)-which take into account temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), total suspended solid (TSS), and electrical conductivity (EC)-was generated. The same methodology was repeated using eutrophication parameters. An alternative index, named WQI eut (eutrophication), was developed using DO, o-PO 4-P, NO 3-N, NO 2-N, BOD 5 , and COD parameters. A good relationship was found between the developed indices and fifteen-parameter WQI. Finally, the research uncovered a threat of eutrophication for Sapanca Lake and streams feeding it.

Tez (Doktora) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 1984Thesis (Ph.D.) -- İst... more Tez (Doktora) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 1984Thesis (Ph.D.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 1984Bu çalışmada, içme suyu tekniğinde kullanılan filtrele rin geri yıkanması ile ilgili hız ifadeleri araştırılmış ve boyut itibariyle dereceli veya uniform filtre malzemesine uy gulanabilen yatak genleşmesini veren matematik bir model ge liştirilmiştir. Birinci bölümde Çevre Mühendisliğinde filtrasyon olayına genel bir giriş yapılmış ve filtrelerin geri yıkanmasında mey dana gelen yatak genleşmesine ait daha önce verilen amprik, ya rı teorik ve teorik modeller ele alınmıştır. İkinci bölümde filtre malzemesine ait tane karekteristik- ler i incelenmiş, taneye ait eşdeğer çap ve benzeri büyüklükle rin tespiti için lüzumlu bağıntılar verilmiştir. Ayrıca tane biçiminin fonksiyonu olan şekil faktörünün ölçülmesi ile ilgi li dolaylı ve dolaysız metodlar ele alınmıştır. Üçüncü bölümde flüdize olmuş bir yatağın karekteristikle- ri...