Abikesh P K Mahapatra | Biju Patnaik University of Technology (original) (raw)

Papers by Abikesh P K Mahapatra

International Journal of Trends in OncoScience, Jan 4, 2024

Breast Cancer (BC) is a major universal health problem. Early detection and precise diagnosis are... more Breast Cancer (BC) is a major universal health problem. Early detection and precise diagnosis are vital for enlightening outcomes. Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies can potentially revolutionize the field of BC by providing quantitative representations of medical images to assist in segmentation, diagnosis, and prognosis. AI can improve image quality, detect and segment breast lesions, classify cancer and predict its behavior, and integrate data from multiple sources to predict clinical outcomes. It can lead to more personalized and effective treatment for BC patients. Challenges faced by AI in real-life solicitations include data curation, model interpretability, and run-through guidelines. However, the clinical implementation of AI is expected to deliver vital guidance for patient-tailored management. BC is a major global health problem; early detection and treatment are crucial for improving outcomes. Imaging detection is a key screening, diagnosis, and treatment effectiveness assessment tool. However, the irresistible number of images creates a heavy capacity for radiologists and delays reporting. AI has the potential to revolutionize BC imaging by improving efficiency and accuracy. AI can recognize, segment, and diagnose tumor lesions automatically and analyze tumor images on a molecular level. It could lead to more personalized treatment strategies. However, AI-assisted imaging diagnosis is still in its early stages of development, and more research is needed to validate its clinical effectiveness. Therefore, AI is a promising new technology that has the potential to progress the diagnosis and treatment of BC, and AI-assisted imaging diagnosis is a promising new technology for improving the early detection and diagnosis of BC. More research is needed to bring this technology to clinical practice.

International journal of pharma and bio sciences, 2024

This Review focuses on the pressing global healthcare concerns surrounding the high prevalence of... more This Review focuses on the pressing global healthcare concerns surrounding the high prevalence of oral carcinoma and its late-stage detection. The World Health Organization (WHO) prioritizes early diagnosis and prevention of oral cancer, emphasizing the significance of timely oral screenings for understanding disease prognosis. Detecting crucial signs and symptoms during initial oral screening significantly enhances patient survival rates. Contributing factors to elevated mortality and morbidity include socioeconomic elements, insufficient public awareness, as well as basic medical shortages. While visual examination is conventionally employed to In the presence of risk factors, keep track of client survival, its clinical utility is limited. To address this, efficient screening tools are needed to differentiate between benign and malignant lesions, providing early information about oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Optical imaging techniques such as tissue-fluorescence imaging and optical coherence tomography show promise. Oral cancer ranks as the sixth most frequent cancer globally, primarily oral squamous cell carcinoma. Detection methods include comprehensive clinical examinations, costly biochemical tests, and invasive biopsies. Saliva emerges as a noninvasive, promising diagnostic fluid for early oral cancer detection. This Review emphasizes its potential, containing a variety of biomarkers (DNA, RNA, and protein indicators) that help with early diagnosis. Direct contact with oral cancer lesions improves the specificity and sensitivity of saliva for screening. Numerous salivary biomarkers have been found, including defensin-1, P53, and cells (IL-8, IL-1b, and TNF-a). However, further research is needed for clinical validation. Late-stage oral cancer diagnosis contributes to elevated mortality rates. Early detection and treatment remain crucial for improved patient outcomes. Spectroscopy, salivary proteomics, toluidine blue staining, auto fluorescence, brush biopsy, DNA analysis, and biomarkers are a few noninvasive techniques that show potential. Nanotechnology-based detection systems, utilizing nanoparticles, offer highly sensitive and specific diagnostic techniques, potentially revolutionizing oral cancer management.

Advance Pharmaceutical Journal

Objective: The present study describes a simple, sensitive, fast, accurate, and cost-effective UV... more Objective: The present study describes a simple, sensitive, fast, accurate, and cost-effective UV (Ultraviolet) spectrophotometric method for the determination of moclobemide in its various pharmaceutical dosage forms. Materials and methods: This UV spectrophotometric method is used the first time and has been applied for the quantification and determination of moclobemide drug substances in pharmaceutical formulations with suitable validation parameters and stability studies. A stable, precise, and stability-indicating ultraviolet spectrophotometric method was developed Results: for the analysis of the moclobemide in the presence of the degradation products. It involves method development by validation and force degradation studies; in which distilled water, hydrochloric acid as acidic environment, sodium hydroxide as basic treatment, hydrogen peroxide as oxidation agent were used as solvents. Two methods (method A and method B) were developed. Method A involves for method development and validation studies whereas method B involves forced degradation studies. Beer's law was followed and showed peak maxima at 239 nm wavelength. The method was validated for linearity, accuracy, precision, sensitivity, specificity, recovery, robustness, and ruggedness as per the ICH guideline. The results of the forced degradation study also indicated that the developed ultraviolet method is capable of detecting percent degradation in different stress conditions, which signifies that the developed method is robust and stable. Statistical analysis of the data showed that the proposed UV spectrophotometric method is novel, Conclusions: reproducible, accurate, and precise while being simple and rapid for the determination of moclobemide in bulk drugs and its pharmaceutical formulations.

Advance Pharmaceutical Journal

Objective: The present study describes a simple, sensitive, fast, accurate, and cost-effective UV... more Objective: The present study describes a simple, sensitive, fast, accurate, and cost-effective UV (Ultraviolet) spectrophotometric method for the determination of moclobemide in its various pharmaceutical dosage forms. Materials and methods: This UV spectrophotometric method is used the first time and has been applied for the quantification and determination of moclobemide drug substances in pharmaceutical formulations with suitable validation parameters and stability studies. A stable, precise, and stability-indicating ultraviolet spectrophotometric method was developed Results: for the analysis of the moclobemide in the presence of the degradation products. It involves method development by validation and force degradation studies; in which distilled water, hydrochloric acid as acidic environment, sodium hydroxide as basic treatment, hydrogen peroxide as oxidation agent were used as solvents. Two methods (method A and method B) were developed. Method A involves for method development and validation studies whereas method B involves forced degradation studies. Beer's law was followed and showed peak maxima at 239 nm wavelength. The method was validated for linearity, accuracy, precision, sensitivity, specificity, recovery, robustness, and ruggedness as per the ICH guideline. The results of the forced degradation study also indicated that the developed ultraviolet method is capable of detecting percent degradation in different stress conditions, which signifies that the developed method is robust and stable. Statistical analysis of the data showed that the proposed UV spectrophotometric method is novel, Conclusions: reproducible, accurate, and precise while being simple and rapid for the determination of moclobemide in bulk drugs and its pharmaceutical formulations.

BioMed research international, 2014

Thermoreversible biogels can serve as effective systems for delivery of drugs through nose with i... more Thermoreversible biogels can serve as effective systems for delivery of drugs through nose with increased nasal residence time. The objective of this study was to use chitosan and glycerophosphate based thermoreversible systems for delivery of doxepin to brain through intranasal administration. Formulations were prepared by admixture of suitable dilutions of chitosan and glycerophosphate with or without polyethylene glycol, followed by addition of the antidepressant doxepin hydrochloride. Both systems were evaluated for gelling characteristics, rheology, mucoadhesion, in vitro release, and ex vivo permeation through sheep nasal mucosa. In vivo efficacy was evaluated in Swiss albino mice through the forced swim test. Nasal tissues of mice subjected to repeated exposure to formulation were evaluated histopathologically. Both formulations gelled rapidly at 37°C, returned to sol state on cooling, and exhibited thixotropy. Addition of polyethylene glycol decreased the glycerophosphate co...

International Journal of Life Science and Pharma Research

The transdermal route has drawn considerable attention and has emerged as a solid alternative to ... more The transdermal route has drawn considerable attention and has emerged as a solid alternative to mimic the drawbacks of drugdelivery through the oral and parenteral routes. However, the effectiveness of TDDS is often limited by the skin's outermost layer, the stratumcorneum (SC), which acts as a barrier to drug diffusion. In addition, the drug molecule's molecular weight, hydrophilicity, and ionic nature canalso impact its transdermal delivery. Various methods have been developed to overcome these limitations to facilitate drug penetration acrossthe SC, including nano-carriers, wearable delivery systems, and combination-based approaches. The use of nano-carriers, such as dendrimers,liposomes, niosomes, and micro sponges, has shown promise in enhancing the efficacy of TDDS. Another emerging innovation for TDDS iswearable delivery systems, which offer non-invasive, convenient, and extended drug administration. Additionally, combination-based approaches,such as ultrasound and m...

International Journal of Life science and Pharma Research, 2023

The transdermal route has drawn considerable attention and has emerged as a solid alternative to ... more The transdermal route has drawn considerable attention and has emerged as a solid alternative to mimic the drawbacks of drugdelivery through the oral and parenteral routes. However, the effectiveness of TDDS is often limited by the skin's outermost layer, the stratumcorneum (SC), which acts as a barrier to drug diffusion. In addition, the drug molecule's molecular weight, hydrophilicity, and ionic nature canalso impact its transdermal delivery. Various methods have been developed to overcome these limitations to facilitate drug penetration acrossthe SC, including nano-carriers, wearable delivery systems, and combination-based approaches. The use of nano-carriers, such as dendrimers,liposomes, niosomes, and micro sponges, has shown promise in enhancing the efficacy of TDDS. Another emerging innovation for TDDS iswearable delivery systems, which offer non-invasive, convenient, and extended drug administration. Additionally, combination-based approaches,such as ultrasound and microneedle-based systems or ultrasound and electrical-based techniques, are also being investigated and are the centerof attraction in the research of TDDS approaches. This review summarizes a combination of all different novel penetration enhancementtechniques used to enhance the efficacy of transdermal drug delivery systems that were not precisely captured by other review articles. Most ofthe review articles emphasized these penetration enhancement techniques separately. However, a careful review of all the penetrationenhancement techniques in one article is missing. Thus, the purpose of this article is to comprehensively review and summarize the recentlyused penetration enhancement techniques along with the possible mechanism of action in a single article. Our primary aim is to collect relevantreviews and research articles by searching various databases to provide a comprehensive overview of the field. By providing a comprehensiveoverview of the available techniques, this review article will help students and researchers stay up-to-date with the latest developments in thefield of novel penetration enhancement techniques used to increase the efficiency of TDDS.

International Journal of Trends on OncoScience, 2024

Breast Cancer (BC) is a major universal health problem. Early detection and precise diagnosis are... more Breast Cancer (BC) is a major universal health problem. Early detection and precise diagnosis are vital for enlightening outcomes.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies can potentially revolutionize the field of BC by providing quantitative representations of medical images to
assist in segmentation, diagnosis, and prognosis. AI can improve image quality, detect and segment breast lesions, classify cancer and predict its
behavior, and integrate data from multiple sources to predict clinical outcomes. It can lead to more personalized and effective treatment for BC
patients. Challenges faced by AI in real-life solicitations include data curation, model interpretability, and run-through guidelines. However, the
clinical implementation of AI is expected to deliver vital guidance for patient-tailored management. BC is a major global health problem; early
detection and treatment are crucial for improving outcomes. Imaging detection is a key screening, diagnosis, and treatment effectiveness assessment tool. However, the irresistible number of images creates a heavy capacity for radiologists and delays reporting. AI has the potential to revolutionize BC imaging by improving efficiency and accuracy. AI can recognize, segment, and diagnose tumor lesions automatically and analyze tumor images on a molecular level. It could lead to more personalized treatment strategies. However, AI-assisted imaging diagnosis is still in its early stages of development, and more research is needed to validate its clinical effectiveness. Therefore, AI is a promising new technology that has the potential to progress the diagnosis and treatment of BC, and AI-assisted imaging diagnosis is a promising new technology for improving the early detection and diagnosis of BC. More research is needed to bring this technology to clinical practice.

International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences, 2024

This Review focuses on the pressing global healthcare concerns surrounding the high prevalence of... more This Review focuses on the pressing global healthcare concerns surrounding the high prevalence of oral carcinoma and its late-stage detection. The World Health Organization (WHO) prioritizes early diagnosis and prevention of oral cancer, emphasizing the significance of timely oral screenings for understanding disease prognosis. Detecting crucial signs and symptoms during initial oral screening significantly enhances patient survival rates. Contributing factors to elevated mortality and morbidity include socioeconomic elements, insufficient public awareness, as well as basic medical shortages. While visual examination is conventionally employed to In the presence of risk factors, keep track of client survival, its clinical utility is limited. To address this, efficient screening tools are needed to differentiate between benign and malignant lesions, providing early information about oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Optical imaging techniques such as tissue-fluorescence imaging and optical coherence tomography show promise. Oral cancer ranks as the sixth most frequent cancer globally, primarily oral squamous cell carcinoma. Detection methods include comprehensive clinical examinations, costly biochemical tests, and invasive biopsies. Saliva emerges as a noninvasive, promising diagnostic fluid for early oral cancer detection. This Review emphasizes its potential, containing a variety of biomarkers (DNA, RNA, and protein indicators) that help with early diagnosis. Direct contact with oral cancer lesions improves the specificity and sensitivity of saliva for screening. Numerous salivary biomarkers have been found, including defensin-1, P53, and cells (IL-8, IL-1b, and TNF-a). However, further research is needed for clinical validation. Late-stage oral cancer diagnosis contributes to elevated mortality rates. Early detection and treatment remain crucial for improved patient outcomes. Spectroscopy, salivary proteomics, toluidine blue staining, auto fluorescence, brush biopsy, DNA analysis, and biomarkers are a few noninvasive techniques that show potential. Nanotechnology-based detection systems, utilizing nanoparticles, offer highly sensitive and specific diagnostic techniques, potentially revolutionizing oral cancer management.

International Journal of Current Research and Review

Introduction: The uses of Lepidium sativum seed mucilage (LSSM) as a disintegrant in various phar... more Introduction: The uses of Lepidium sativum seed mucilage (LSSM) as a disintegrant in various pharmaceutical formulations were already discussed. Researchers claimed that the different functional properties of the seed mucilage of Lepidium sativum enable it to use as a natural disintegrant. Furthermore, scientific research on the disintegrant activity of the LSSM has revealed that it could be effectively used as an alternative to synthetic disintegrant. However, certain factors restrict its use as a disintegrant on the large scale. Aim: In the current scientific discussion, we technically analyzed the prospective obstacles that limit the use of Lepidium sativum seed mucilage as a natural disintegrant in pharmaceuticals. Discussion: In the present discussion, the real case scenario of the functional use of LSSM as a disintegrant on the large scale in different pharmaceutical formulations was summarized. Diligence effort was given to evaluate the different factors associated with the i...

International Journal of Current Research and Review, 2021

Introduction: The uses of Lepidium sativum seed mucilage (LSSM) as a disintegrant in various phar... more Introduction: The uses of Lepidium sativum seed mucilage (LSSM) as a disintegrant in various pharmaceutical formulations were already discussed. Researchers claimed that the different functional properties of the seed mucilage of Lepidium sativum enable it to use as a natural disintegrant. Furthermore, scientific research on the disintegrant activity of the LSSM has revealed that it could be effectively used as an alternative to synthetic disintegrant. However, certain factors restrict its use as a disinte- grant on the large scale.
Aim: In the current scientific discussion, we technically analyzed the prospective obstacles that limit the use of Lepidium sativum
seed mucilage as a natural disintegrant in pharmaceuticals.
Discussion: In the present discussion, the real case scenario of the functional use of LSSM as a disintegrant on the large scale in different pharmaceutical formulations was summarized. Diligence effort was given to evaluate the different factors associated with the isolation process as well as the intrinsic functional properties that restrict its use as a disintegrant.
Conclusion: In conclusion, we opined that Lepidium sativum seed mucilage (LSSM) can be used as a disintegrant. However, before its use in the pharmaceutical industry on a commercial scale, a lot of research and development must be done.

International Journal of Current Research and Review, 2021

Introduction: Asenapine maleate, a second-generation atypical antipsychotic drug, used for the me... more Introduction: Asenapine maleate, a second-generation atypical antipsychotic drug, used for the medical management, pharmacotherapy of bipolar 1 disorder and schizophrenia had been already discussed and well established in the scientific domain. A number of scientific research findings and post-marketing studies have claimed the efficacy of marketed formulation SAPHRIS® (Asenapine maleate) sublingual tablet in combating schizophrenia and bipolar mania. The sublingual administration of SAPHRIS® has both positive and negative effects. Medication discontinuation is more prevalent due to bitter taste of the medication thus negatively impacting the patient acceptability and compliance to dosage regimen. Objective: In the current study, we technically evaluate the palatability and patient compliance of the marketed formulation SAPHRIS® (Asenapine maleate) sublingual tablet. We have also recommended the most relevant formulation technology that can be implemented to further enhance palatability of Asenapine maleate having an outcome similar to SAPHRIS® marketed sublingual tablet formulation. Methods: Human volunteers were used to evaluate taste perception of Asenapine maleate drug substance and its marketed formulation SAPHRIS® (Asenapine maleate) tablet by human sensory evaluation test. Bitterness scale (Score 1 to 4) was used for the evaluation of bitterness level in SAPHRIS® (Asenapine maleate) Sublingual tablet and Asenapine maleate. Results: In the present study, bitterness and patient acceptability of the marketed sublingual tablet formulation of asenapine maleate SAPHRIS® was evaluated by the human sensory evaluation test. The study results revealed that Asenapine is bitter in taste but barely acceptable however its marketed formulation SAPHRIS® is bitter in taste but acceptable. Effort was given to provide the techniques available in the research domain along with suitable hydrophilic excipients that can be used to further completely mask the bitter taste in formulation. Conclusion: In conclusion, we opined that there is a need for improvement in the taste of the currently available marketed sublingual tablet dosage form of Asenapine maleate. The study also explores the relevant techniques that can be used to increase palatability among patients.

Journal of Advances in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2020

The buccal region of oral cavity is a interesting target for the drug of choice administration. T... more The buccal region of oral cavity is a interesting target for the drug of choice administration. To increase prevent first pass metabolism and bioavailability, Alfuzocin Hydrochloride is embedded in buccal film for a sustained release over a period of 8 hours. The purpose of this study was to develop formulations and systematically evaluate in vitro performances of buccoadhesive films of Alfuzocin hydrochloride using the polymers HPMC K100M, Sodium Alginate and Chitosan. The films were provided with a backing layer of Eudragit RS100 so as to get an unidirectional release pattern. The films were evaluated for their physical characteristics like weight, thickness, content uniformity, folding endurance, bioadhesive strength, surface pH, in vitro drug release, ex vivo buccal permeation and XRD studies. The films, which were prepared by the solvent casting method, were smooth and elegant in appearance; uniform in thickness, weight, and drug content; and showed good folding endurance. The ...

Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International

Objective: The present investigation helps to isolate the seed mucilage of Lepidium sativum by us... more Objective: The present investigation helps to isolate the seed mucilage of Lepidium sativum by using an economic extraction process with utmost yield. Diligence effort was given to get the maximum yield of the mucilage with good flow properties without affecting the intrinsic properties of the extracted mucilage. The yield of the seed mucilage of Lepidium sativum was optimized by using a quality by design approach. The full factorial design was used using three variables (pH of extract, water to seed ratio, and drying temperature) at two levels (high and low). Overall, ten formulation trials were generated through statistical software Minitab placing 2 center points, 1 replicate, and 1 block. All trials were executed to evaluate the percentage yield. Results: The extraction process was evaluated with different solvents (such as ethanol and acetone) and different techniques to monitor the yield of the process. The maximum yield was achieved by soaking Lepidium sativum seeds in water ...

Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International, 2021

Objective: The present investigation helps to isolate the seed mucilage of Lepidium sativum by us... more Objective: The present investigation helps to isolate the seed mucilage of Lepidium sativum by using an economic extraction process with utmost yield. Diligence effort was given to get the maximum yield of the mucilage with good flow properties without affecting the intrinsic properties of the extracted mucilage. The yield of the seed mucilage of Lepidium sativum was optimized by using a quality by design approach. The full factorial design was used using three variables (pH of extract, water to seed ratio, and drying temperature) at two levels (high and low). Overall, ten

Biotechnology is a multidisciplinary scientific research field which uses living organisms or the... more Biotechnology is a multidisciplinary scientific research field which uses living organisms or their parts to develop or modify products, or improve plants, animals and microorganisms. Biotechnology and the world of colors are always connected with each other through biotech applications. This has encouraged the requirement to construct a classification system based on colors. Advance technologies and products are developed within the areas include medicine (development of new medicines and therapies), agriculture (development of genetically modified plants, biofuels, biological treatment) or industrial biotechnology (production of chemicals, paper, textiles and food), environment (maintenance of biodiversity, bioremediation) etc. However, Biotechnology achieved considerable progress in the branch of healthcare sector. Pharmaceutical biotechnology is a relatively new and growing field in which the principles of biotechnology are applied to the development of drugs. A majority of therapeutic drugs in the current market are bioformulations, such as antibodies, nucleic acid products and vaccines. Biotechnology helps the pharmaceutical industry to develop new products, new processes, methods and services and to improve existing ones. This article is an inclusive review of use of biotechnology in the development of novel pharmaceutical products. It also covers the impact of biotechnology in research and invention related to different aspects of medicine. There is a widespread list of biopharmaceutical products in healthcare management available for therapeutic use. In this review we are discussed about various classes of biotechnology-based products such as gene therapy, monoclonal antibody, DNA fingerprinting, vaccines, biopharmaceuticals, stem cell therapy, pharmacogenomics along with their therapeutic applications.

Purpose: The physiology of mouth enabled so many drugs to delivery through oral route. Oral mucos... more Purpose: The physiology of mouth enabled so many drugs to delivery through oral route. Oral mucosal drug delivery is another option and promising technique for drug delivery which offers a number of advantages The purpose of this study was to prevent first pass metabolism and increase bioavailability of a drug molecule alfuzosin hydrochloride by embedding in a sustained release buccal film over a period of 8 hours. Materials and Methods: In the present study sustained release formulation of buccoadhesive films of alfuzosin hydrochloride were developed using polymers HPMC, K100M, sodium alginate, chitosan and the prepared buccoadhesive films were systematically evaluated for in vitro performances. The films were provided with a backing layer of Eudragit RS100 so as to get an unidirectional release pattern. The films were evaluated for their physical characteristics like weight, thickness, content uniformity, folding endurance, bioadhesive strength, surface pH, in vitro drug release, ...

International Journal of Statistics and Applied Mathematics, 2021

Examining a huge amount of data is a typical issue in any research process. However, different st... more Examining a huge amount of data is a typical issue in any research process. However, different statistical processes and techniques play essential role to derive a meaningful conclusion from the presented enormous data. Control of type I error is highly essential for a researcher or statistician while dealing with comparisons test with more than two variables. Multiple testing statistical tests provides a structural system and minimizes the error rate by helping to derive meaningful accurate conclusions. Among the different multiple test procedures Tukey's honestly significant difference test (Tukey's HSD) is most common and popular techniques. The main objective of this study was to explore how significantly selection of confidence level or error rate can affect the rate of committing type I error while drawing conclusion. The effect of committing type I error with selection of confidence level or error rate was explored with citing suitable case study in a special education setting. The case study focuses cognitive effect of music on growth and enhancement of the motor behavior (running, jumping and sliding) of children with mild intellectual disability enrolled in the special school setting. ANOVA test was performed and the significance of selection of individual confidence level and simultaneous confidence level) in Tukey's HSD test was described.

Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics, 2020

The main objective of the present study is to present the concept of process capability and to fo... more The main objective of the present study is to present the concept of process capability and to focus its significance in pharmaceutical industries. From a practical view point, the control charts (such as X and R hart) sometimes are not convenient summary statistics when hundreds of characteristics in a plant or supply base are considered. In many situations, capability indices can be used to relate the process parameters. The resulting indices are unit less and provide a common, easily understood language for quantifying the performance of a process. Process capability indices (PCIs) are powerful means of studying the process ability for manufacturing a product that meets specifications. Several capability indices including Cp, Cpu, Cpl and Cpk have been widely used in manufacturing industry to provide common quantitative measures on process potential and performance. The formulas for these indices are easily understood and can be directly implemented. A process capability analysis...

Asian Research Journal of Mathematics, 2020

Collection of data and to check its suitability is the first step in any statistical data analysi... more Collection of data and to check its suitability is the first step in any statistical data analysis. In such analyses, the presence of outliers appears as an unavoidable important problem. Outliers are unexpected random values in dataset, and they can alter the statistical conclusion and also affect their assumptions. Thus, in order to manage the data properly, outliers must be defined and treated. So all statisticians have to confront the analysis and forced to take a decision. There is only being one of the two extreme choices left for the researcher or statistician during the analysis of outliers. First, either to reject the outlier with the risk of loss of genuine information and the second one is to include them with the risk of error in drawing conclusion. The study therefore summarize the various potential causes of extreme scores in a data set (e.g., data recording or entry errors, sampling errors, and legitimate sampling), how to detect them, and whether they should be remo...

International Journal of Trends in OncoScience, Jan 4, 2024

Breast Cancer (BC) is a major universal health problem. Early detection and precise diagnosis are... more Breast Cancer (BC) is a major universal health problem. Early detection and precise diagnosis are vital for enlightening outcomes. Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies can potentially revolutionize the field of BC by providing quantitative representations of medical images to assist in segmentation, diagnosis, and prognosis. AI can improve image quality, detect and segment breast lesions, classify cancer and predict its behavior, and integrate data from multiple sources to predict clinical outcomes. It can lead to more personalized and effective treatment for BC patients. Challenges faced by AI in real-life solicitations include data curation, model interpretability, and run-through guidelines. However, the clinical implementation of AI is expected to deliver vital guidance for patient-tailored management. BC is a major global health problem; early detection and treatment are crucial for improving outcomes. Imaging detection is a key screening, diagnosis, and treatment effectiveness assessment tool. However, the irresistible number of images creates a heavy capacity for radiologists and delays reporting. AI has the potential to revolutionize BC imaging by improving efficiency and accuracy. AI can recognize, segment, and diagnose tumor lesions automatically and analyze tumor images on a molecular level. It could lead to more personalized treatment strategies. However, AI-assisted imaging diagnosis is still in its early stages of development, and more research is needed to validate its clinical effectiveness. Therefore, AI is a promising new technology that has the potential to progress the diagnosis and treatment of BC, and AI-assisted imaging diagnosis is a promising new technology for improving the early detection and diagnosis of BC. More research is needed to bring this technology to clinical practice.

International journal of pharma and bio sciences, 2024

This Review focuses on the pressing global healthcare concerns surrounding the high prevalence of... more This Review focuses on the pressing global healthcare concerns surrounding the high prevalence of oral carcinoma and its late-stage detection. The World Health Organization (WHO) prioritizes early diagnosis and prevention of oral cancer, emphasizing the significance of timely oral screenings for understanding disease prognosis. Detecting crucial signs and symptoms during initial oral screening significantly enhances patient survival rates. Contributing factors to elevated mortality and morbidity include socioeconomic elements, insufficient public awareness, as well as basic medical shortages. While visual examination is conventionally employed to In the presence of risk factors, keep track of client survival, its clinical utility is limited. To address this, efficient screening tools are needed to differentiate between benign and malignant lesions, providing early information about oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Optical imaging techniques such as tissue-fluorescence imaging and optical coherence tomography show promise. Oral cancer ranks as the sixth most frequent cancer globally, primarily oral squamous cell carcinoma. Detection methods include comprehensive clinical examinations, costly biochemical tests, and invasive biopsies. Saliva emerges as a noninvasive, promising diagnostic fluid for early oral cancer detection. This Review emphasizes its potential, containing a variety of biomarkers (DNA, RNA, and protein indicators) that help with early diagnosis. Direct contact with oral cancer lesions improves the specificity and sensitivity of saliva for screening. Numerous salivary biomarkers have been found, including defensin-1, P53, and cells (IL-8, IL-1b, and TNF-a). However, further research is needed for clinical validation. Late-stage oral cancer diagnosis contributes to elevated mortality rates. Early detection and treatment remain crucial for improved patient outcomes. Spectroscopy, salivary proteomics, toluidine blue staining, auto fluorescence, brush biopsy, DNA analysis, and biomarkers are a few noninvasive techniques that show potential. Nanotechnology-based detection systems, utilizing nanoparticles, offer highly sensitive and specific diagnostic techniques, potentially revolutionizing oral cancer management.

Advance Pharmaceutical Journal

Objective: The present study describes a simple, sensitive, fast, accurate, and cost-effective UV... more Objective: The present study describes a simple, sensitive, fast, accurate, and cost-effective UV (Ultraviolet) spectrophotometric method for the determination of moclobemide in its various pharmaceutical dosage forms. Materials and methods: This UV spectrophotometric method is used the first time and has been applied for the quantification and determination of moclobemide drug substances in pharmaceutical formulations with suitable validation parameters and stability studies. A stable, precise, and stability-indicating ultraviolet spectrophotometric method was developed Results: for the analysis of the moclobemide in the presence of the degradation products. It involves method development by validation and force degradation studies; in which distilled water, hydrochloric acid as acidic environment, sodium hydroxide as basic treatment, hydrogen peroxide as oxidation agent were used as solvents. Two methods (method A and method B) were developed. Method A involves for method development and validation studies whereas method B involves forced degradation studies. Beer's law was followed and showed peak maxima at 239 nm wavelength. The method was validated for linearity, accuracy, precision, sensitivity, specificity, recovery, robustness, and ruggedness as per the ICH guideline. The results of the forced degradation study also indicated that the developed ultraviolet method is capable of detecting percent degradation in different stress conditions, which signifies that the developed method is robust and stable. Statistical analysis of the data showed that the proposed UV spectrophotometric method is novel, Conclusions: reproducible, accurate, and precise while being simple and rapid for the determination of moclobemide in bulk drugs and its pharmaceutical formulations.

Advance Pharmaceutical Journal

Objective: The present study describes a simple, sensitive, fast, accurate, and cost-effective UV... more Objective: The present study describes a simple, sensitive, fast, accurate, and cost-effective UV (Ultraviolet) spectrophotometric method for the determination of moclobemide in its various pharmaceutical dosage forms. Materials and methods: This UV spectrophotometric method is used the first time and has been applied for the quantification and determination of moclobemide drug substances in pharmaceutical formulations with suitable validation parameters and stability studies. A stable, precise, and stability-indicating ultraviolet spectrophotometric method was developed Results: for the analysis of the moclobemide in the presence of the degradation products. It involves method development by validation and force degradation studies; in which distilled water, hydrochloric acid as acidic environment, sodium hydroxide as basic treatment, hydrogen peroxide as oxidation agent were used as solvents. Two methods (method A and method B) were developed. Method A involves for method development and validation studies whereas method B involves forced degradation studies. Beer's law was followed and showed peak maxima at 239 nm wavelength. The method was validated for linearity, accuracy, precision, sensitivity, specificity, recovery, robustness, and ruggedness as per the ICH guideline. The results of the forced degradation study also indicated that the developed ultraviolet method is capable of detecting percent degradation in different stress conditions, which signifies that the developed method is robust and stable. Statistical analysis of the data showed that the proposed UV spectrophotometric method is novel, Conclusions: reproducible, accurate, and precise while being simple and rapid for the determination of moclobemide in bulk drugs and its pharmaceutical formulations.

BioMed research international, 2014

Thermoreversible biogels can serve as effective systems for delivery of drugs through nose with i... more Thermoreversible biogels can serve as effective systems for delivery of drugs through nose with increased nasal residence time. The objective of this study was to use chitosan and glycerophosphate based thermoreversible systems for delivery of doxepin to brain through intranasal administration. Formulations were prepared by admixture of suitable dilutions of chitosan and glycerophosphate with or without polyethylene glycol, followed by addition of the antidepressant doxepin hydrochloride. Both systems were evaluated for gelling characteristics, rheology, mucoadhesion, in vitro release, and ex vivo permeation through sheep nasal mucosa. In vivo efficacy was evaluated in Swiss albino mice through the forced swim test. Nasal tissues of mice subjected to repeated exposure to formulation were evaluated histopathologically. Both formulations gelled rapidly at 37°C, returned to sol state on cooling, and exhibited thixotropy. Addition of polyethylene glycol decreased the glycerophosphate co...

International Journal of Life Science and Pharma Research

The transdermal route has drawn considerable attention and has emerged as a solid alternative to ... more The transdermal route has drawn considerable attention and has emerged as a solid alternative to mimic the drawbacks of drugdelivery through the oral and parenteral routes. However, the effectiveness of TDDS is often limited by the skin's outermost layer, the stratumcorneum (SC), which acts as a barrier to drug diffusion. In addition, the drug molecule's molecular weight, hydrophilicity, and ionic nature canalso impact its transdermal delivery. Various methods have been developed to overcome these limitations to facilitate drug penetration acrossthe SC, including nano-carriers, wearable delivery systems, and combination-based approaches. The use of nano-carriers, such as dendrimers,liposomes, niosomes, and micro sponges, has shown promise in enhancing the efficacy of TDDS. Another emerging innovation for TDDS iswearable delivery systems, which offer non-invasive, convenient, and extended drug administration. Additionally, combination-based approaches,such as ultrasound and m...

International Journal of Life science and Pharma Research, 2023

The transdermal route has drawn considerable attention and has emerged as a solid alternative to ... more The transdermal route has drawn considerable attention and has emerged as a solid alternative to mimic the drawbacks of drugdelivery through the oral and parenteral routes. However, the effectiveness of TDDS is often limited by the skin's outermost layer, the stratumcorneum (SC), which acts as a barrier to drug diffusion. In addition, the drug molecule's molecular weight, hydrophilicity, and ionic nature canalso impact its transdermal delivery. Various methods have been developed to overcome these limitations to facilitate drug penetration acrossthe SC, including nano-carriers, wearable delivery systems, and combination-based approaches. The use of nano-carriers, such as dendrimers,liposomes, niosomes, and micro sponges, has shown promise in enhancing the efficacy of TDDS. Another emerging innovation for TDDS iswearable delivery systems, which offer non-invasive, convenient, and extended drug administration. Additionally, combination-based approaches,such as ultrasound and microneedle-based systems or ultrasound and electrical-based techniques, are also being investigated and are the centerof attraction in the research of TDDS approaches. This review summarizes a combination of all different novel penetration enhancementtechniques used to enhance the efficacy of transdermal drug delivery systems that were not precisely captured by other review articles. Most ofthe review articles emphasized these penetration enhancement techniques separately. However, a careful review of all the penetrationenhancement techniques in one article is missing. Thus, the purpose of this article is to comprehensively review and summarize the recentlyused penetration enhancement techniques along with the possible mechanism of action in a single article. Our primary aim is to collect relevantreviews and research articles by searching various databases to provide a comprehensive overview of the field. By providing a comprehensiveoverview of the available techniques, this review article will help students and researchers stay up-to-date with the latest developments in thefield of novel penetration enhancement techniques used to increase the efficiency of TDDS.

International Journal of Trends on OncoScience, 2024

Breast Cancer (BC) is a major universal health problem. Early detection and precise diagnosis are... more Breast Cancer (BC) is a major universal health problem. Early detection and precise diagnosis are vital for enlightening outcomes.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies can potentially revolutionize the field of BC by providing quantitative representations of medical images to
assist in segmentation, diagnosis, and prognosis. AI can improve image quality, detect and segment breast lesions, classify cancer and predict its
behavior, and integrate data from multiple sources to predict clinical outcomes. It can lead to more personalized and effective treatment for BC
patients. Challenges faced by AI in real-life solicitations include data curation, model interpretability, and run-through guidelines. However, the
clinical implementation of AI is expected to deliver vital guidance for patient-tailored management. BC is a major global health problem; early
detection and treatment are crucial for improving outcomes. Imaging detection is a key screening, diagnosis, and treatment effectiveness assessment tool. However, the irresistible number of images creates a heavy capacity for radiologists and delays reporting. AI has the potential to revolutionize BC imaging by improving efficiency and accuracy. AI can recognize, segment, and diagnose tumor lesions automatically and analyze tumor images on a molecular level. It could lead to more personalized treatment strategies. However, AI-assisted imaging diagnosis is still in its early stages of development, and more research is needed to validate its clinical effectiveness. Therefore, AI is a promising new technology that has the potential to progress the diagnosis and treatment of BC, and AI-assisted imaging diagnosis is a promising new technology for improving the early detection and diagnosis of BC. More research is needed to bring this technology to clinical practice.

International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences, 2024

This Review focuses on the pressing global healthcare concerns surrounding the high prevalence of... more This Review focuses on the pressing global healthcare concerns surrounding the high prevalence of oral carcinoma and its late-stage detection. The World Health Organization (WHO) prioritizes early diagnosis and prevention of oral cancer, emphasizing the significance of timely oral screenings for understanding disease prognosis. Detecting crucial signs and symptoms during initial oral screening significantly enhances patient survival rates. Contributing factors to elevated mortality and morbidity include socioeconomic elements, insufficient public awareness, as well as basic medical shortages. While visual examination is conventionally employed to In the presence of risk factors, keep track of client survival, its clinical utility is limited. To address this, efficient screening tools are needed to differentiate between benign and malignant lesions, providing early information about oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Optical imaging techniques such as tissue-fluorescence imaging and optical coherence tomography show promise. Oral cancer ranks as the sixth most frequent cancer globally, primarily oral squamous cell carcinoma. Detection methods include comprehensive clinical examinations, costly biochemical tests, and invasive biopsies. Saliva emerges as a noninvasive, promising diagnostic fluid for early oral cancer detection. This Review emphasizes its potential, containing a variety of biomarkers (DNA, RNA, and protein indicators) that help with early diagnosis. Direct contact with oral cancer lesions improves the specificity and sensitivity of saliva for screening. Numerous salivary biomarkers have been found, including defensin-1, P53, and cells (IL-8, IL-1b, and TNF-a). However, further research is needed for clinical validation. Late-stage oral cancer diagnosis contributes to elevated mortality rates. Early detection and treatment remain crucial for improved patient outcomes. Spectroscopy, salivary proteomics, toluidine blue staining, auto fluorescence, brush biopsy, DNA analysis, and biomarkers are a few noninvasive techniques that show potential. Nanotechnology-based detection systems, utilizing nanoparticles, offer highly sensitive and specific diagnostic techniques, potentially revolutionizing oral cancer management.

International Journal of Current Research and Review

Introduction: The uses of Lepidium sativum seed mucilage (LSSM) as a disintegrant in various phar... more Introduction: The uses of Lepidium sativum seed mucilage (LSSM) as a disintegrant in various pharmaceutical formulations were already discussed. Researchers claimed that the different functional properties of the seed mucilage of Lepidium sativum enable it to use as a natural disintegrant. Furthermore, scientific research on the disintegrant activity of the LSSM has revealed that it could be effectively used as an alternative to synthetic disintegrant. However, certain factors restrict its use as a disintegrant on the large scale. Aim: In the current scientific discussion, we technically analyzed the prospective obstacles that limit the use of Lepidium sativum seed mucilage as a natural disintegrant in pharmaceuticals. Discussion: In the present discussion, the real case scenario of the functional use of LSSM as a disintegrant on the large scale in different pharmaceutical formulations was summarized. Diligence effort was given to evaluate the different factors associated with the i...

International Journal of Current Research and Review, 2021

Introduction: The uses of Lepidium sativum seed mucilage (LSSM) as a disintegrant in various phar... more Introduction: The uses of Lepidium sativum seed mucilage (LSSM) as a disintegrant in various pharmaceutical formulations were already discussed. Researchers claimed that the different functional properties of the seed mucilage of Lepidium sativum enable it to use as a natural disintegrant. Furthermore, scientific research on the disintegrant activity of the LSSM has revealed that it could be effectively used as an alternative to synthetic disintegrant. However, certain factors restrict its use as a disinte- grant on the large scale.
Aim: In the current scientific discussion, we technically analyzed the prospective obstacles that limit the use of Lepidium sativum
seed mucilage as a natural disintegrant in pharmaceuticals.
Discussion: In the present discussion, the real case scenario of the functional use of LSSM as a disintegrant on the large scale in different pharmaceutical formulations was summarized. Diligence effort was given to evaluate the different factors associated with the isolation process as well as the intrinsic functional properties that restrict its use as a disintegrant.
Conclusion: In conclusion, we opined that Lepidium sativum seed mucilage (LSSM) can be used as a disintegrant. However, before its use in the pharmaceutical industry on a commercial scale, a lot of research and development must be done.

International Journal of Current Research and Review, 2021

Introduction: Asenapine maleate, a second-generation atypical antipsychotic drug, used for the me... more Introduction: Asenapine maleate, a second-generation atypical antipsychotic drug, used for the medical management, pharmacotherapy of bipolar 1 disorder and schizophrenia had been already discussed and well established in the scientific domain. A number of scientific research findings and post-marketing studies have claimed the efficacy of marketed formulation SAPHRIS® (Asenapine maleate) sublingual tablet in combating schizophrenia and bipolar mania. The sublingual administration of SAPHRIS® has both positive and negative effects. Medication discontinuation is more prevalent due to bitter taste of the medication thus negatively impacting the patient acceptability and compliance to dosage regimen. Objective: In the current study, we technically evaluate the palatability and patient compliance of the marketed formulation SAPHRIS® (Asenapine maleate) sublingual tablet. We have also recommended the most relevant formulation technology that can be implemented to further enhance palatability of Asenapine maleate having an outcome similar to SAPHRIS® marketed sublingual tablet formulation. Methods: Human volunteers were used to evaluate taste perception of Asenapine maleate drug substance and its marketed formulation SAPHRIS® (Asenapine maleate) tablet by human sensory evaluation test. Bitterness scale (Score 1 to 4) was used for the evaluation of bitterness level in SAPHRIS® (Asenapine maleate) Sublingual tablet and Asenapine maleate. Results: In the present study, bitterness and patient acceptability of the marketed sublingual tablet formulation of asenapine maleate SAPHRIS® was evaluated by the human sensory evaluation test. The study results revealed that Asenapine is bitter in taste but barely acceptable however its marketed formulation SAPHRIS® is bitter in taste but acceptable. Effort was given to provide the techniques available in the research domain along with suitable hydrophilic excipients that can be used to further completely mask the bitter taste in formulation. Conclusion: In conclusion, we opined that there is a need for improvement in the taste of the currently available marketed sublingual tablet dosage form of Asenapine maleate. The study also explores the relevant techniques that can be used to increase palatability among patients.

Journal of Advances in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2020

The buccal region of oral cavity is a interesting target for the drug of choice administration. T... more The buccal region of oral cavity is a interesting target for the drug of choice administration. To increase prevent first pass metabolism and bioavailability, Alfuzocin Hydrochloride is embedded in buccal film for a sustained release over a period of 8 hours. The purpose of this study was to develop formulations and systematically evaluate in vitro performances of buccoadhesive films of Alfuzocin hydrochloride using the polymers HPMC K100M, Sodium Alginate and Chitosan. The films were provided with a backing layer of Eudragit RS100 so as to get an unidirectional release pattern. The films were evaluated for their physical characteristics like weight, thickness, content uniformity, folding endurance, bioadhesive strength, surface pH, in vitro drug release, ex vivo buccal permeation and XRD studies. The films, which were prepared by the solvent casting method, were smooth and elegant in appearance; uniform in thickness, weight, and drug content; and showed good folding endurance. The ...

Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International

Objective: The present investigation helps to isolate the seed mucilage of Lepidium sativum by us... more Objective: The present investigation helps to isolate the seed mucilage of Lepidium sativum by using an economic extraction process with utmost yield. Diligence effort was given to get the maximum yield of the mucilage with good flow properties without affecting the intrinsic properties of the extracted mucilage. The yield of the seed mucilage of Lepidium sativum was optimized by using a quality by design approach. The full factorial design was used using three variables (pH of extract, water to seed ratio, and drying temperature) at two levels (high and low). Overall, ten formulation trials were generated through statistical software Minitab placing 2 center points, 1 replicate, and 1 block. All trials were executed to evaluate the percentage yield. Results: The extraction process was evaluated with different solvents (such as ethanol and acetone) and different techniques to monitor the yield of the process. The maximum yield was achieved by soaking Lepidium sativum seeds in water ...

Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International, 2021

Objective: The present investigation helps to isolate the seed mucilage of Lepidium sativum by us... more Objective: The present investigation helps to isolate the seed mucilage of Lepidium sativum by using an economic extraction process with utmost yield. Diligence effort was given to get the maximum yield of the mucilage with good flow properties without affecting the intrinsic properties of the extracted mucilage. The yield of the seed mucilage of Lepidium sativum was optimized by using a quality by design approach. The full factorial design was used using three variables (pH of extract, water to seed ratio, and drying temperature) at two levels (high and low). Overall, ten

Biotechnology is a multidisciplinary scientific research field which uses living organisms or the... more Biotechnology is a multidisciplinary scientific research field which uses living organisms or their parts to develop or modify products, or improve plants, animals and microorganisms. Biotechnology and the world of colors are always connected with each other through biotech applications. This has encouraged the requirement to construct a classification system based on colors. Advance technologies and products are developed within the areas include medicine (development of new medicines and therapies), agriculture (development of genetically modified plants, biofuels, biological treatment) or industrial biotechnology (production of chemicals, paper, textiles and food), environment (maintenance of biodiversity, bioremediation) etc. However, Biotechnology achieved considerable progress in the branch of healthcare sector. Pharmaceutical biotechnology is a relatively new and growing field in which the principles of biotechnology are applied to the development of drugs. A majority of therapeutic drugs in the current market are bioformulations, such as antibodies, nucleic acid products and vaccines. Biotechnology helps the pharmaceutical industry to develop new products, new processes, methods and services and to improve existing ones. This article is an inclusive review of use of biotechnology in the development of novel pharmaceutical products. It also covers the impact of biotechnology in research and invention related to different aspects of medicine. There is a widespread list of biopharmaceutical products in healthcare management available for therapeutic use. In this review we are discussed about various classes of biotechnology-based products such as gene therapy, monoclonal antibody, DNA fingerprinting, vaccines, biopharmaceuticals, stem cell therapy, pharmacogenomics along with their therapeutic applications.

Purpose: The physiology of mouth enabled so many drugs to delivery through oral route. Oral mucos... more Purpose: The physiology of mouth enabled so many drugs to delivery through oral route. Oral mucosal drug delivery is another option and promising technique for drug delivery which offers a number of advantages The purpose of this study was to prevent first pass metabolism and increase bioavailability of a drug molecule alfuzosin hydrochloride by embedding in a sustained release buccal film over a period of 8 hours. Materials and Methods: In the present study sustained release formulation of buccoadhesive films of alfuzosin hydrochloride were developed using polymers HPMC, K100M, sodium alginate, chitosan and the prepared buccoadhesive films were systematically evaluated for in vitro performances. The films were provided with a backing layer of Eudragit RS100 so as to get an unidirectional release pattern. The films were evaluated for their physical characteristics like weight, thickness, content uniformity, folding endurance, bioadhesive strength, surface pH, in vitro drug release, ...

International Journal of Statistics and Applied Mathematics, 2021

Examining a huge amount of data is a typical issue in any research process. However, different st... more Examining a huge amount of data is a typical issue in any research process. However, different statistical processes and techniques play essential role to derive a meaningful conclusion from the presented enormous data. Control of type I error is highly essential for a researcher or statistician while dealing with comparisons test with more than two variables. Multiple testing statistical tests provides a structural system and minimizes the error rate by helping to derive meaningful accurate conclusions. Among the different multiple test procedures Tukey's honestly significant difference test (Tukey's HSD) is most common and popular techniques. The main objective of this study was to explore how significantly selection of confidence level or error rate can affect the rate of committing type I error while drawing conclusion. The effect of committing type I error with selection of confidence level or error rate was explored with citing suitable case study in a special education setting. The case study focuses cognitive effect of music on growth and enhancement of the motor behavior (running, jumping and sliding) of children with mild intellectual disability enrolled in the special school setting. ANOVA test was performed and the significance of selection of individual confidence level and simultaneous confidence level) in Tukey's HSD test was described.

Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics, 2020

The main objective of the present study is to present the concept of process capability and to fo... more The main objective of the present study is to present the concept of process capability and to focus its significance in pharmaceutical industries. From a practical view point, the control charts (such as X and R hart) sometimes are not convenient summary statistics when hundreds of characteristics in a plant or supply base are considered. In many situations, capability indices can be used to relate the process parameters. The resulting indices are unit less and provide a common, easily understood language for quantifying the performance of a process. Process capability indices (PCIs) are powerful means of studying the process ability for manufacturing a product that meets specifications. Several capability indices including Cp, Cpu, Cpl and Cpk have been widely used in manufacturing industry to provide common quantitative measures on process potential and performance. The formulas for these indices are easily understood and can be directly implemented. A process capability analysis...

Asian Research Journal of Mathematics, 2020

Collection of data and to check its suitability is the first step in any statistical data analysi... more Collection of data and to check its suitability is the first step in any statistical data analysis. In such analyses, the presence of outliers appears as an unavoidable important problem. Outliers are unexpected random values in dataset, and they can alter the statistical conclusion and also affect their assumptions. Thus, in order to manage the data properly, outliers must be defined and treated. So all statisticians have to confront the analysis and forced to take a decision. There is only being one of the two extreme choices left for the researcher or statistician during the analysis of outliers. First, either to reject the outlier with the risk of loss of genuine information and the second one is to include them with the risk of error in drawing conclusion. The study therefore summarize the various potential causes of extreme scores in a data set (e.g., data recording or entry errors, sampling errors, and legitimate sampling), how to detect them, and whether they should be remo...

Technological Innovation in Pharmaceutical Research, 2021

Purpose: The physiology of mouth enabled so many drugs to delivery through oral route. Oral mucos... more Purpose: The physiology of mouth enabled so many drugs to delivery through oral route. Oral mucosal drug delivery is another option and promising technique for drug delivery which offers a number of advantages The purpose of this study was to prevent first pass metabolism and increase bioavailability of a drug molecule alfuzosin hydrochloride by embedding in a sustained release buccal film over a period of 8 hours. Materials and Methods: In the present study sustained release formulation of buccoadhesive films of alfuzosin hydrochloride were developed using polymers HPMC, K100M, sodium alginate, chitosan and the prepared buccoadhesive films were systematically evaluated for in vitro performances. The films were provided with a backing layer of Eudragit RS100 so as to get an unidirectional release pattern. The films were evaluated for their physical characteristics like weight, thickness, content uniformity, folding endurance, bioadhesive strength, surface pH, in vitro drug release, ex vivo buccal permeation studies. Results: The films, prepared by the solvent casting method, were smooth and elegant in appearance; uniform in thickness, weight, and drug content; and showed good folding endurance. The mechanical properties reveal that the formulations were found to be strong but not brittle. The in vitro release data were fit to different equations and kinetic models viz. zero order, first order, higuchi's plot and peppas plot. The best mucoadhesive performance and matrix controlled release was exhibited by the formulation A7 (2% HPMC K100 M and 2% chitosan). The correlation coefficient value (r) indicates, the kinetic of drug release was zero order. Stability study of optimized films was done and it was found that both drug and buccal films were stable. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the present buccal formulation can be an ideal system to improve the bioavailability of the drug by avoiding hepatic first-pass metabolism. The optimized buccoadhesive films of alfuzosin hydrochloride with the combination of HPMC and chitosan can meet the ideal requirements for oral buccoadhesive film and a therapeutically effective amount of alfuzosin hydrochloride can be delivered via sustained release manner.