Claude Doumet-Serhal | The British Museum (original) (raw)

Papers by Claude Doumet-Serhal

Research paper thumbnail of Sidon’s Iron Age temple in the last chapter of its usage, Berytus 61-62, 2021-2022, Pre-Press draft

Berytus, 2021

Berytus is an international peer-reviewed journal devoted to archaeological studies on Syria, Leb... more Berytus is an international peer-reviewed journal devoted to archaeological studies on Syria, Lebanon and neighbouring regions, and will also publish articles in related fields. Berytus is published annually by the Faculty of Arts and Sciences of the American University of Beirut (AUB).

Research paper thumbnail of The British Museum Excavation at Sidon: Markers for the Chronology of the Early and Middle Bronze Age in Lebanon

... Other examples from Byblos were found in a structure where cult-objects were in situ on the .... more ... Other examples from Byblos were found in a structure where cult-objects were in situ on the ... tombs of Lachish and Jericho and the late EB III phases at Ai and Jericho (DEVER & ... The British Museum Excavation at Sidon: Markers for the Chronology of the Early and Middle Bronze ...

Research paper thumbnail of Byblos Relations between Sidon and Byblos during the Bronze Ages

According to the parameters of today, a great city is all about growth and development. Five thou... more According to the parameters of today, a great city is all about growth and development. Five thousand years ago, the same progressive criteria, namely opportunity and entrepreneurship, is what defined the cities of Byblos (Asmar and Doumet-Serhal 2015, 2-6) and Sidon, both situated on the Lebanese coast about 30 km respectively north and south of the modern capital city of Beirut. Two cities, in different geographical locations, each experiencing an enhanced level of regionality and distinctiveness. Both were focal points of commercial allure and assumed, through their ports, a commanding role in the commercial relations of the Eastern Mediterranean and the regional economy. Very few harbours along the Levantine coast provide natural shelter. Sidon's naturally protected harbour, like that of Byblos, was reputed for its strategic location at the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea. Furthermore, Sidon's port was also endowed with an offshore reef which provided supplementary anchorage for visiting foreign ships; both facilities formed an extension of Sidon itself (Marriner et al. 2006, 1516-18). Thus, it is not by chance that a jar handle from the early 2nd millennium BC, bears a seal impression displaying a unique rolled imprint of a ship with an adjacent leonine dragon, Ušumgallum, the attendant of the storm god Adad (Fig. 30.1). The only comparable seal was found in Tell el-Dab'a, in the Nile delta. The similarities between the Tell el-Dab'a seal and the Sidon seal are striking, with both depicting more or less the same ship and the same theme of the weather god, located adjacent to the ship. This calls to attention the importance of maritime religion in Middle Bronze Age in both Sidon and Tell el-Dab'a, two close partners in the maritime trade and both deeply committed to the sacral protection of their seafaring citizens (Doumet-Serhal 2015, 14, 16; 2021, 229). The very unusual technique of rolling a seal on a handle, as used in Sidon, was commonly found in Byblos (Dunand 1945a, 25), further attesting to a symbiotic link between the two hubs. Like many other cities in the Levant, such as Byblos and Tyre, Sidon has been continuously inhabited over the centuries. This has made it particularly difficult to uncover the physical evidence of its history. Until recently, what we knew of ancient Sidon came from contemporary Egyptian, Assyrian, Babylonian and Greek records, as well as from the Old Testament. Excavations in the heart of modern Sidon, a city established when its first inhabitants set down their roots around 3700-3000 BC, is the second major urban excavation in Lebanon, after Beirut. It is a relatively recent, still 30.

Research paper thumbnail of Un nouveau temple phénicien à Sidon

Comptes Rendus Des Seances De L Academie Des Inscriptions & Belles-lettres, 2013

Bordreuil Pierre, Doumet-Serhal Claude. Un nouveau temple phénicien à Sidon. In: Comptes rendus d... more Bordreuil Pierre, Doumet-Serhal Claude. Un nouveau temple phénicien à Sidon. In: Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 157e année, N. 1, 2013. pp. 83-112

Research paper thumbnail of Bulletin de la Société francaise d'Archéologie classique (XLIII, 2011-2012)

Revue Archeologique, 2013

Research paper thumbnail of “Breathing from a Lotus Flower” in Middle Bronze Age Sidon

Peeters Publishers eBooks, Nov 4, 2021

Research paper thumbnail of Sidon and Tell el-Dab‘a – an Example of Levantine/Egyptian Commercial and Cultural Relations: A Step Towards the Understanding of the Hyksos Phenomenon

Harrassowitz Verlag eBooks, 2021

From the exchange of artefacts uncovered in Sidon and Tell el-Dab'a respectively, the close ties ... more From the exchange of artefacts uncovered in Sidon and Tell el-Dab'a respectively, the close ties that existed between these two ancient centres of civilization are irrefutably well established. This paper sums up the range of contacts between the two cities which encompassed commercial ties, transmission of ideas, beliefs and concepts as well as examining how the spatial organisation of each city compared to the other. In Sidon during the Middle Bronze Age, the evolution between the MB IIA and the MB IIB manifested itself in the arrangement of human internments and the architecture surrounding them. Two main units, each with a different function, were encountered at Sidon: one for cultic purposes and the other for housing the dead. This type of arrangement, with a separate special area for the dead, was also found in Tell el-Dab'a where it was known as "Totenhäuser". A further link between the two was the fact that this practice ended in both cities during the same time period (Sidon str. 6, Tell el-Dab'a E/2-1.

Research paper thumbnail of The early bronze age in Sidon: "College site" Excavations (1998 - 2000 - 2001) : تنقيبات موقع الثانوية الآثارية (١٩٩٨ - ٢٠٠٠ - ٢٠٠١) = العصر البرونزي القديم في صيدا

Research paper thumbnail of Sidon, Qedem and the Land of Iay

Research paper thumbnail of Phoenician Identity in Modern Lebanon

This chapter looks at the influence of Phoenician culture on the identity of modern Lebanon. Legi... more This chapter looks at the influence of Phoenician culture on the identity of modern Lebanon. Legitimizing identity through archaeology has generally been a popular approach to celebrate power and identity. Lebanese generations have made use of Phoenician history, archaeology, and myths to foster a proud and unique identity after the fall of the Ottoman Empire, and the various ongoing cultural movements reflect a symbiotic relationship between practical behavior and the symbolic realm. While Phoenician identity is embedded in modern Lebanese culture, current sectarianisms are sweeping through the region, as the search for a historical and philosophical basis for the historical Lebanese character continues.

Research paper thumbnail of La cruche Ë ''arête sur le col'': Ë propos de l''expansion phènicienne en Mèditerranèe au 9ème et 8ème siècle avant J.-C

Berytus: Archaeological Studies, 1993

Research paper thumbnail of Sidon (Lebanon): Twenty Middle Bronze Age Burials from the 2001 Season of Excavation

Levant, Jun 1, 2004

In 1998 permission was granted by the Lebanese Department of Antiquities for a British team to be... more In 1998 permission was granted by the Lebanese Department of Antiquities for a British team to begin excavations on the site of the ancient city of Sidon, located 20 km. south of the capital city Beirut (Curtis 1999, 27-28). A major obstacle to any in-depth research in the heart of the ancient city of Sidon, the essence of any definitive knowledge, has been modern Sidon, which covers what lies below. However, due to the propitious acquisition of three downtown sites by the Lebanese Directorate General of Antiquities in the early 1960s, access to the ancient layers of the city was made possible. The sites are located on the huge tell atop which sits the ruins of a Crusader castle known as the 'Castle of St Louis'. The British Museum excavations were begun in the medieval ditch surrounding the castle and its fortifications. To date there have been four

Research paper thumbnail of La Transition du fer Météoritique au fer terrestre à Sidon (College Site)

HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), 2018

depuis 1998, Special assistant the British Museum Résumé Les découvertes archéologiques indiquent... more depuis 1998, Special assistant the British Museum Résumé Les découvertes archéologiques indiquent que la métallurgie du fer est probablement apparue vers 1200 BCE quelque part au Proche-Orient, l'Age du Fer ayant commencé très peu après lorsque la pratique métallurgique se fut bien établie. Des analyses récentes d'objets en fer de l'âge du Bronze ont effectivement montré que tous ces objets étaient constitués de fer météoritique. Parmi les questions importantes qu'il nous reste à résoudre pour l'apparition du fer métallurgique, on peut mentionner : à quel endroit? dans quelle culture? et à quelle date? On ne pourra répondre à ces questions que par l'analyse précise d'objets bien datés, trouvés sur des sites variés autant que possible. Aucun objet de fer de l'âge du Bronze ou de l'Age du Fer précoce n'a été analysé au Liban jusqu'ici et le présent travail d'analyse des objets de fer trouvés sur le site du collège à Sidon a pour but de contribuer à combler cette lacune. Ce site parait aussi particulièrement intéressant car il présente une séquence stratigraphique continue de la fin du 4ème millénaire av. J.-C qui se prolonge jusqu'à l'époque romaine avec des éléments de l'époque médiévale. Le 13 ème siècle bien documenté représente l'âge d'or de Sidon. La fouille des niveaux du 12 ème siècle av. J,-C est en cours et de récentes découvertes ont révélée des niveaux d'occupation continue du milieu du 11 ème siècle av. J.-C au 8 ème au siècle. Cette continuité stratigraphique (Bordreuil & Doumet-Serhal 2013, 83-112) témoigne d'un temple conçu à long terme, selon une formule qui sera pérennisée durant l'époque phénicienne. Comme on pouvait s'y attendre, une bague de l'âge du Bronze Moyen, constituée d'un anneau d'or et d'un tore planoconvexe en fer, s'avère être en fer météoritique alors que les 4 objets de l'âge du Fer précoce (de la 2 ème moitié du 11 ème siècle BCE et du début du 10 ème siècle) sont en fer terrestre.

Research paper thumbnail of Thirteenth and fourteenth season of Excavation (2011-2012) at Sidon – Preliminary Report

Research paper thumbnail of Weapon injuries in the crusader mass graves from a 13th century attack on the port city of Sidon (Lebanon)

PLOS ONE, Aug 25, 2021

Archaeological excavations close to St Louis' castle in Sidon, Lebanon have revealed two mass gra... more Archaeological excavations close to St Louis' castle in Sidon, Lebanon have revealed two mass grave deposits containing partially articulated and disarticulated human skeletal remains. A minimum of 25 male individuals have been recovered, with no females or young children. Radiocarbon dating of the human remains, a crusader coin, and the design of Frankish belt buckles strongly indicate they belong to a single event in the mid-13th century CE. The skeletal remains demonstrate a high prevalence of unhealed sharp force, penetrating force and blunt force trauma consistent with medieval weaponry. Higher numbers of wounds on the back of individuals than the front suggests some were attacked from behind, possibly as they fled. The concentration of blade wounds to the back of the neck of others would be compatible with execution by decapitation following their capture. Taphonomic changes indicate the skeletal remains were left exposed for some weeks prior to being collected together and re-deposited in the defensive ditch by a fortified gateway within the town wall. Charring on some bones provides evidence of burning of the bodies. The findings imply the systematic clearance of partially decomposed corpses following an attack on the city, where adult and teenage males died as a result of weapon related trauma. The skeletons date from the second half of the Crusader period, when Christian-held Sidon came under direct assault from both the Mamluk Sultanate (1253 CE) and the Ilkhanate Mongols (1260 CE). It is likely that those in the mass graves died during one of these assaults.

Research paper thumbnail of Sidon during the Bronze Age: Burials, Rituals and Feasting Grounds at the "College Site

Near Eastern Archaeology, Jun 1, 2010

... the protein component of the diet was largely derived from plants and herbivores feeding on v... more ... the protein component of the diet was largely derived from plants and herbivores feeding on vegetation (Dr. Holger Schutkowski, personal communication ... from Amenemhet II's (1928–1878 B.C.E.) mari-time expedition to Lebanon notes several precious metals, silver in particular ...

Research paper thumbnail of Geoarchaeology of Sidon's ancient harbours, Phoenicia

Journal of Archaeological Science, Nov 1, 2006

Geoarchaeological data from Sidon's ancient harbour areas el... more Geoarchaeological data from Sidon's ancient harbour areas elucidate six evolutionary phases since the Bronze Age.(1) At the time of Sidon's foundation, during the third millennium BC, medium sand facies show the city's northern and southern pocket beaches to have served as proto-harbours for Middle to Late Bronze Age societies.(2) Towards the end of the Late Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age, expanding international trade prompted coastal populations into modifying these natural anchorages. In Sidon's northern harbour, ...

Research paper thumbnail of Jars from the First Millennium BC at Tell El Rachidieh (South of Tyre); Phoenician cinerary urns and grave goods

Archaeology History in Lebanon, 2003

Research paper thumbnail of Sidon : les fouilles du British Museum de 1998 à 2005

Comptes Rendus Des Seances De L Academie Des Inscriptions & Belles-lettres, 2006

Doumet-Serhal Claude, Karageorghis Vassos. Sidon : les fouilles du British Museum de 1998 à 2005.... more Doumet-Serhal Claude, Karageorghis Vassos. Sidon : les fouilles du British Museum de 1998 à 2005. In: Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 150ᵉ année, N. 1, 2006. pp. 305-331

Research paper thumbnail of A NEWLY UNCOVERED EARLIER MONUMENTAL ROOM IN THE CONCEALED UNDERGROUND TEMPLE OF SIDON: LATE BRONZE AGE CULTIC ACTIVITY INVOLVING TWOHORNED STONES AND A STANDING STONE WITH AN ASTRAGALUS

Archaeology and History of Lebanon, 2023

Research paper thumbnail of Sidon’s Iron Age temple in the last chapter of its usage, Berytus 61-62, 2021-2022, Pre-Press draft

Berytus, 2021

Berytus is an international peer-reviewed journal devoted to archaeological studies on Syria, Leb... more Berytus is an international peer-reviewed journal devoted to archaeological studies on Syria, Lebanon and neighbouring regions, and will also publish articles in related fields. Berytus is published annually by the Faculty of Arts and Sciences of the American University of Beirut (AUB).

Research paper thumbnail of The British Museum Excavation at Sidon: Markers for the Chronology of the Early and Middle Bronze Age in Lebanon

... Other examples from Byblos were found in a structure where cult-objects were in situ on the .... more ... Other examples from Byblos were found in a structure where cult-objects were in situ on the ... tombs of Lachish and Jericho and the late EB III phases at Ai and Jericho (DEVER & ... The British Museum Excavation at Sidon: Markers for the Chronology of the Early and Middle Bronze ...

Research paper thumbnail of Byblos Relations between Sidon and Byblos during the Bronze Ages

According to the parameters of today, a great city is all about growth and development. Five thou... more According to the parameters of today, a great city is all about growth and development. Five thousand years ago, the same progressive criteria, namely opportunity and entrepreneurship, is what defined the cities of Byblos (Asmar and Doumet-Serhal 2015, 2-6) and Sidon, both situated on the Lebanese coast about 30 km respectively north and south of the modern capital city of Beirut. Two cities, in different geographical locations, each experiencing an enhanced level of regionality and distinctiveness. Both were focal points of commercial allure and assumed, through their ports, a commanding role in the commercial relations of the Eastern Mediterranean and the regional economy. Very few harbours along the Levantine coast provide natural shelter. Sidon's naturally protected harbour, like that of Byblos, was reputed for its strategic location at the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea. Furthermore, Sidon's port was also endowed with an offshore reef which provided supplementary anchorage for visiting foreign ships; both facilities formed an extension of Sidon itself (Marriner et al. 2006, 1516-18). Thus, it is not by chance that a jar handle from the early 2nd millennium BC, bears a seal impression displaying a unique rolled imprint of a ship with an adjacent leonine dragon, Ušumgallum, the attendant of the storm god Adad (Fig. 30.1). The only comparable seal was found in Tell el-Dab'a, in the Nile delta. The similarities between the Tell el-Dab'a seal and the Sidon seal are striking, with both depicting more or less the same ship and the same theme of the weather god, located adjacent to the ship. This calls to attention the importance of maritime religion in Middle Bronze Age in both Sidon and Tell el-Dab'a, two close partners in the maritime trade and both deeply committed to the sacral protection of their seafaring citizens (Doumet-Serhal 2015, 14, 16; 2021, 229). The very unusual technique of rolling a seal on a handle, as used in Sidon, was commonly found in Byblos (Dunand 1945a, 25), further attesting to a symbiotic link between the two hubs. Like many other cities in the Levant, such as Byblos and Tyre, Sidon has been continuously inhabited over the centuries. This has made it particularly difficult to uncover the physical evidence of its history. Until recently, what we knew of ancient Sidon came from contemporary Egyptian, Assyrian, Babylonian and Greek records, as well as from the Old Testament. Excavations in the heart of modern Sidon, a city established when its first inhabitants set down their roots around 3700-3000 BC, is the second major urban excavation in Lebanon, after Beirut. It is a relatively recent, still 30.

Research paper thumbnail of Un nouveau temple phénicien à Sidon

Comptes Rendus Des Seances De L Academie Des Inscriptions & Belles-lettres, 2013

Bordreuil Pierre, Doumet-Serhal Claude. Un nouveau temple phénicien à Sidon. In: Comptes rendus d... more Bordreuil Pierre, Doumet-Serhal Claude. Un nouveau temple phénicien à Sidon. In: Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 157e année, N. 1, 2013. pp. 83-112

Research paper thumbnail of Bulletin de la Société francaise d'Archéologie classique (XLIII, 2011-2012)

Revue Archeologique, 2013

Research paper thumbnail of “Breathing from a Lotus Flower” in Middle Bronze Age Sidon

Peeters Publishers eBooks, Nov 4, 2021

Research paper thumbnail of Sidon and Tell el-Dab‘a – an Example of Levantine/Egyptian Commercial and Cultural Relations: A Step Towards the Understanding of the Hyksos Phenomenon

Harrassowitz Verlag eBooks, 2021

From the exchange of artefacts uncovered in Sidon and Tell el-Dab'a respectively, the close ties ... more From the exchange of artefacts uncovered in Sidon and Tell el-Dab'a respectively, the close ties that existed between these two ancient centres of civilization are irrefutably well established. This paper sums up the range of contacts between the two cities which encompassed commercial ties, transmission of ideas, beliefs and concepts as well as examining how the spatial organisation of each city compared to the other. In Sidon during the Middle Bronze Age, the evolution between the MB IIA and the MB IIB manifested itself in the arrangement of human internments and the architecture surrounding them. Two main units, each with a different function, were encountered at Sidon: one for cultic purposes and the other for housing the dead. This type of arrangement, with a separate special area for the dead, was also found in Tell el-Dab'a where it was known as "Totenhäuser". A further link between the two was the fact that this practice ended in both cities during the same time period (Sidon str. 6, Tell el-Dab'a E/2-1.

Research paper thumbnail of The early bronze age in Sidon: "College site" Excavations (1998 - 2000 - 2001) : تنقيبات موقع الثانوية الآثارية (١٩٩٨ - ٢٠٠٠ - ٢٠٠١) = العصر البرونزي القديم في صيدا

Research paper thumbnail of Sidon, Qedem and the Land of Iay

Research paper thumbnail of Phoenician Identity in Modern Lebanon

This chapter looks at the influence of Phoenician culture on the identity of modern Lebanon. Legi... more This chapter looks at the influence of Phoenician culture on the identity of modern Lebanon. Legitimizing identity through archaeology has generally been a popular approach to celebrate power and identity. Lebanese generations have made use of Phoenician history, archaeology, and myths to foster a proud and unique identity after the fall of the Ottoman Empire, and the various ongoing cultural movements reflect a symbiotic relationship between practical behavior and the symbolic realm. While Phoenician identity is embedded in modern Lebanese culture, current sectarianisms are sweeping through the region, as the search for a historical and philosophical basis for the historical Lebanese character continues.

Research paper thumbnail of La cruche Ë ''arête sur le col'': Ë propos de l''expansion phènicienne en Mèditerranèe au 9ème et 8ème siècle avant J.-C

Berytus: Archaeological Studies, 1993

Research paper thumbnail of Sidon (Lebanon): Twenty Middle Bronze Age Burials from the 2001 Season of Excavation

Levant, Jun 1, 2004

In 1998 permission was granted by the Lebanese Department of Antiquities for a British team to be... more In 1998 permission was granted by the Lebanese Department of Antiquities for a British team to begin excavations on the site of the ancient city of Sidon, located 20 km. south of the capital city Beirut (Curtis 1999, 27-28). A major obstacle to any in-depth research in the heart of the ancient city of Sidon, the essence of any definitive knowledge, has been modern Sidon, which covers what lies below. However, due to the propitious acquisition of three downtown sites by the Lebanese Directorate General of Antiquities in the early 1960s, access to the ancient layers of the city was made possible. The sites are located on the huge tell atop which sits the ruins of a Crusader castle known as the 'Castle of St Louis'. The British Museum excavations were begun in the medieval ditch surrounding the castle and its fortifications. To date there have been four

Research paper thumbnail of La Transition du fer Météoritique au fer terrestre à Sidon (College Site)

HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), 2018

depuis 1998, Special assistant the British Museum Résumé Les découvertes archéologiques indiquent... more depuis 1998, Special assistant the British Museum Résumé Les découvertes archéologiques indiquent que la métallurgie du fer est probablement apparue vers 1200 BCE quelque part au Proche-Orient, l'Age du Fer ayant commencé très peu après lorsque la pratique métallurgique se fut bien établie. Des analyses récentes d'objets en fer de l'âge du Bronze ont effectivement montré que tous ces objets étaient constitués de fer météoritique. Parmi les questions importantes qu'il nous reste à résoudre pour l'apparition du fer métallurgique, on peut mentionner : à quel endroit? dans quelle culture? et à quelle date? On ne pourra répondre à ces questions que par l'analyse précise d'objets bien datés, trouvés sur des sites variés autant que possible. Aucun objet de fer de l'âge du Bronze ou de l'Age du Fer précoce n'a été analysé au Liban jusqu'ici et le présent travail d'analyse des objets de fer trouvés sur le site du collège à Sidon a pour but de contribuer à combler cette lacune. Ce site parait aussi particulièrement intéressant car il présente une séquence stratigraphique continue de la fin du 4ème millénaire av. J.-C qui se prolonge jusqu'à l'époque romaine avec des éléments de l'époque médiévale. Le 13 ème siècle bien documenté représente l'âge d'or de Sidon. La fouille des niveaux du 12 ème siècle av. J,-C est en cours et de récentes découvertes ont révélée des niveaux d'occupation continue du milieu du 11 ème siècle av. J.-C au 8 ème au siècle. Cette continuité stratigraphique (Bordreuil & Doumet-Serhal 2013, 83-112) témoigne d'un temple conçu à long terme, selon une formule qui sera pérennisée durant l'époque phénicienne. Comme on pouvait s'y attendre, une bague de l'âge du Bronze Moyen, constituée d'un anneau d'or et d'un tore planoconvexe en fer, s'avère être en fer météoritique alors que les 4 objets de l'âge du Fer précoce (de la 2 ème moitié du 11 ème siècle BCE et du début du 10 ème siècle) sont en fer terrestre.

Research paper thumbnail of Thirteenth and fourteenth season of Excavation (2011-2012) at Sidon – Preliminary Report

Research paper thumbnail of Weapon injuries in the crusader mass graves from a 13th century attack on the port city of Sidon (Lebanon)

PLOS ONE, Aug 25, 2021

Archaeological excavations close to St Louis' castle in Sidon, Lebanon have revealed two mass gra... more Archaeological excavations close to St Louis' castle in Sidon, Lebanon have revealed two mass grave deposits containing partially articulated and disarticulated human skeletal remains. A minimum of 25 male individuals have been recovered, with no females or young children. Radiocarbon dating of the human remains, a crusader coin, and the design of Frankish belt buckles strongly indicate they belong to a single event in the mid-13th century CE. The skeletal remains demonstrate a high prevalence of unhealed sharp force, penetrating force and blunt force trauma consistent with medieval weaponry. Higher numbers of wounds on the back of individuals than the front suggests some were attacked from behind, possibly as they fled. The concentration of blade wounds to the back of the neck of others would be compatible with execution by decapitation following their capture. Taphonomic changes indicate the skeletal remains were left exposed for some weeks prior to being collected together and re-deposited in the defensive ditch by a fortified gateway within the town wall. Charring on some bones provides evidence of burning of the bodies. The findings imply the systematic clearance of partially decomposed corpses following an attack on the city, where adult and teenage males died as a result of weapon related trauma. The skeletons date from the second half of the Crusader period, when Christian-held Sidon came under direct assault from both the Mamluk Sultanate (1253 CE) and the Ilkhanate Mongols (1260 CE). It is likely that those in the mass graves died during one of these assaults.

Research paper thumbnail of Sidon during the Bronze Age: Burials, Rituals and Feasting Grounds at the "College Site

Near Eastern Archaeology, Jun 1, 2010

... the protein component of the diet was largely derived from plants and herbivores feeding on v... more ... the protein component of the diet was largely derived from plants and herbivores feeding on vegetation (Dr. Holger Schutkowski, personal communication ... from Amenemhet II's (1928–1878 B.C.E.) mari-time expedition to Lebanon notes several precious metals, silver in particular ...

Research paper thumbnail of Geoarchaeology of Sidon's ancient harbours, Phoenicia

Journal of Archaeological Science, Nov 1, 2006

Geoarchaeological data from Sidon's ancient harbour areas el... more Geoarchaeological data from Sidon's ancient harbour areas elucidate six evolutionary phases since the Bronze Age.(1) At the time of Sidon's foundation, during the third millennium BC, medium sand facies show the city's northern and southern pocket beaches to have served as proto-harbours for Middle to Late Bronze Age societies.(2) Towards the end of the Late Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age, expanding international trade prompted coastal populations into modifying these natural anchorages. In Sidon's northern harbour, ...

Research paper thumbnail of Jars from the First Millennium BC at Tell El Rachidieh (South of Tyre); Phoenician cinerary urns and grave goods

Archaeology History in Lebanon, 2003

Research paper thumbnail of Sidon : les fouilles du British Museum de 1998 à 2005

Comptes Rendus Des Seances De L Academie Des Inscriptions & Belles-lettres, 2006

Doumet-Serhal Claude, Karageorghis Vassos. Sidon : les fouilles du British Museum de 1998 à 2005.... more Doumet-Serhal Claude, Karageorghis Vassos. Sidon : les fouilles du British Museum de 1998 à 2005. In: Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 150ᵉ année, N. 1, 2006. pp. 305-331

Research paper thumbnail of A NEWLY UNCOVERED EARLIER MONUMENTAL ROOM IN THE CONCEALED UNDERGROUND TEMPLE OF SIDON: LATE BRONZE AGE CULTIC ACTIVITY INVOLVING TWOHORNED STONES AND A STANDING STONE WITH AN ASTRAGALUS

Archaeology and History of Lebanon, 2023