Peter S Groff | Bucknell University (original) (raw)

Books by Peter S Groff

Research paper thumbnail of Islamic Philosophy A-Z

Edinburgh University Press, 2007

A unique introductory guide to the rich, complex and diverse tradition of Islamic philosophy. Is... more A unique introductory guide to the rich, complex and diverse tradition of Islamic philosophy.

Islamic Philosophy A-Z comprises over a hundred concise entries, alphabetically ordered and cross-referenced for easy access. All the essential aspects of Islamic philosophy are covered here: key figures, schools, concepts, topics, and issues. Articles on the Peripatetics, Isma'ilis, Illuminationists, Sufis, kalam theologians and later modern thinkers are supplemented by entries on classical Greek influences as well as Jewish philosophers who lived and worked in the Islamic world. Topical entries cover various issues and key positions in all the major areas of philosophy, making clear why the central problems of Islamic philosophy have been, and remain, matters of rational disputation.

This book will prove an indispensable resource to anyone who wishes to gain a better understanding of this fascinating intellectual tradition.

Papers by Peter S Groff

Research paper thumbnail of The Return of the Epicurean Gods

Nietzsche's Gods: Critical and Constructive Perspectives ed. Russell Re Manning, Carlotta Santini and Isabelle Wienand (Walter de Gruyter, 2022). , 2022

This paper examines the significance of Epicureanism for Nietzsche’s critique of Christian monoth... more This paper examines the significance of Epicureanism for Nietzsche’s critique of Christian monotheism and his subsequent attempt to reanimate a kind of this-worldly, affirmative religiosity of immanence. After a brief overview of the pivotal role that Epicurus’ thought plays in the death of God, I focus on Epicurus’ own residual conception of the gods and the ways in which Nietzsche strategically retrieves it and puts it use in his writing. Nietzsche juxtaposes the distant, serene, indifferent Epicurean gods with the omniscient, intrusive, jealous and needy God of middle-Eastern monotheisms. One might say that they constitute a ‘halfway house’ of sorts between Christianity and Nietzsche’s new Dionysian religion of the earth. But they also figure prominently in his own conflicted desire to intervene in the aleatory course of natural history and legislate the the future of humanity: Nietzsche finds he cannot simply look down with “the mocking and aloof eyes” of an Epicurean god upon the degeneration and diminution of the human being under Christian ascetic regimes of cultivation. Ultimately, Nietzsche fails to achieve the divine temperament of the Epicurean gods (looking down from afar on human ignorance, desire and suffering with a noble pathos of distance).

Research paper thumbnail of What Does 'New Wave' Mean?

Forthcoming in: Reversing into the Future: New Wave Graphics, ed. Andrew Krivine (Pavilion, 2021), 2021

An examination of 'new wave' as a musical genre, focusing on its history and relation to punk as ... more An examination of 'new wave' as a musical genre, focusing on its history and relation to punk as well as its unique ethos and aesthetic.

Research paper thumbnail of "Is the Sea Not Full of Verdant Islands?": Zarathustra on Passing by the Great City

Joy and Laughter in Nietzsche’s Political Philosophy: Alternative Liberatory Politics, ed. Michael McNeal and Paul Kirkland (Bloomsbury, 2022), 2022

I examine Zarathustra's increasing ambivalence about his role as philosopher-prophet-legislator, ... more I examine Zarathustra's increasing ambivalence about his role as philosopher-prophet-legislator, connecting the speech "On Passing By" (Z III.7) with his doctrine of amor fati (GS 276) as a pivotal moment in his gradual ascent up the ladder of love/affirmation and consequent overcoming of great politics.

Research paper thumbnail of Zarathustra's Blessed Isles: Before and After Great Politics

Journal of Nietzsche Studies 52.1, 2021

This article considers the significance of the Blessed Isles in Nietzsche's Thus Spoke Zarathustr... more This article considers the significance of the Blessed Isles in Nietzsche's Thus Spoke Zarathustra. They are the isolated locale to which Zarathustra and his fellow creators retreat in the Second Part of the book. I trace Zarathustra's Blessed Isles back to the ancient Greek paradisiacal afterlife of the makarōn nēsoi and frame them against Nietzsche's Platonic conception of philosophers as "commanders and legislators, " but I argue that they represent something more like a modern Epicurean Garden. Ultimately, I suggest that Zarathustra's Epicurean impulse toward withdrawal (whether into a sequestered friendship community or mountain solitude) undermines his Platonic attempts at great politics.

Research paper thumbnail of Cultivating Weeds: The Place of Solitude in the Political Philosophies of Ibn Bājja and Nietzsche

Philosophy East and West 70.2 (July 2020)

This article re-exams the old tension between the philosopher and the city. Reading Ibn Bājja’s G... more This article re-exams the old tension between the philosopher and the city. Reading Ibn Bājja’s Governance of the Solitary and Nietzsche’s Thus Spoke Zarathustra against the background of Plato’s Republic, I argue that they both embrace several key aspects of Platonic political philosophy: the assumption that philosophical natures can grow spontaneously in sick cities, the ideal of the philosopher legislator and the correlative project of founding a virtuous new regime. Yet in preparation for this final task, each prescribes a regimen of solitude for philosophers, so that they might preserve their own health and autonomy. While this spiritual exercise at first appears merely temporary and provisional—aimed at the cultivation of a philosopher ruler and the eventual establishment of a healthy political regime —I argue that both Ibn Bājja and Zarathustra ultimately abandon their Platonic ambitions and opt instead for the apolitical contemplative life.

Research paper thumbnail of Great Politics and the Unnoticed Life: Nietzsche and Epicurus on the Boundaries of Cultivation

Nietzsche and Epicurus: Nature, Health and Ethics, ed. Ryan Johnson and Vinod Acharya (Bloomsbury, 2020)

This paper examines Nietzsche’s conflicted relation to Epicurus, an important naturalistic predec... more This paper examines Nietzsche’s conflicted relation to Epicurus, an important naturalistic predecessor in the ‘art of living’ tradition. I focus in particular on the Epicurean credo “live unnoticed” (lathe biōsas), which advocated an inconspicuous life of quiet philosophical reflection, self-cultivation and friendship, avoiding the public radar and eschewing the larger ambitions and perturbations of political life. Perhaps unsurprisingly, the idea looms largest and is most warmly received in Nietzsche’s middle period writings, where one finds a repeated concern with prudence, withdrawal and concealment, and where the primary emphasis is on private pluralistic experiments in therapeutic self-cultivation among small groups of free spirits. The idea of the Epicurean Garden appeals greatly to Nietzsche at this time as well, and I suggest that Zarathustra’s Blessed Isles are best understood as a friendship community along these lines. However, Nietzsche’s growing impatience with human imperfections and the siren song of great politics eventually lead him away from Epicurus and back to Plato. Beginning with Zarathustra, the paradigm of the modest, hidden helpful philosopher-therapist is replaced by the more ambitious philosopher-legislator who takes upon himself the task of determining the future of humanity. Nonetheless, I argue that we can profit more from the modest, practical insights of Nietzsche’s Epicurean art of living. (full version)

Research paper thumbnail of Nietzsche and the Falāsifa

European/Supra-European: Cultural Encounters in Nietzsche's Philosophy, ed. Marco Brusotti, Michael J. McNeal, Corinna Schubert and Herman Siemens (Walter de Gruyter, 2020), 333-48.

The last twenty-five years or so have seen the emergence of exciting comparative work on Nietzsch... more The last twenty-five years or so have seen the emergence of exciting comparative work on Nietzsche and various philosophical traditions beyond the bounds of Europe. So far, however, the emphasis has been primarily on the cultures of India, China and Japan, with an almost exclusive focus on Buddhist, Hindu, Daoist, and Confucian traditions. Surprisingly, little work has been done on Nietzsche and the Islamic tradition. In this paper, I sketch out Nietzsche’s understanding of Islam, the ways in which he uses it as a resource for his critique of Christianity and European modernity and the criticisms he has to make of it as one of the great monotheistic world religions. I then argue for the need to engage Nietzsche with specific Islamic falāsifa of the classical period (9-12th c.) rather than Islam itself, as some recent scholars have attempted to do. Although Nietzsche himself seems to have had no direct familiarity with any of the falāsifa, there are, I argue, many entry points for productive comparison and dialogue. This is at least in part because they share a significant common heritage: both were careful students of classical Greek and Hellenistic thought, and both put the insights they encountered there to work in bold new ways. Indeed, they appropriated, transformed and reanimated Greek ideas in new contexts and towards new ends that their progenitors would scarcely have recognized, and that were often radically challenging to their contemporaries. I focus here on a few select themes—the idea of philosophy as a “way of life,” the ideal of “becoming like God so far as it is possible” and the Platonic figure of the philosopher-ruler, all of which get taken up and re-imagined in radically novel and sometimes antipodal ways.

Research paper thumbnail of Great Politics and the Unnoticed Life: Nietzsche and Epicurus on the Boundaries of Cultivation

The Agonist X.2, 2017

This paper examines Nietzsche’s conflicted relation to Epicurus, an important naturalistic predec... more This paper examines Nietzsche’s conflicted relation to Epicurus, an important naturalistic predecessor in the ‘art of living’ tradition. I focus in particular on the Epicurean credo “live unnoticed” (lathe biōsas), which advocated an inconspicuous life of quiet philosophical reflection, self-cultivation and friendship, avoiding the public radar and eschewing the larger ambitions and perturbations of political life, and track its influence on Nietzsche’s thought and life. Perhaps unsurprisingly, the idea looms largest and is most warmly received in Nietzsche’s middle period writings, where one finds a repeated concern with prudence, withdrawal and concealment, and where the primary emphasis is on private pluralistic experiments in therapeutic self-cultivation among small groups of free spirits. The idea of the Epicurean Garden appeals greatly to Nietzsche at this time, and I suggest that Zarathustra’s Blessed Isles are best understood as a friendship community along these lines. However, Nietzsche’s growing impatience with human imperfections and the siren song of great politics eventually lead him away from Epicurus and back to Plato. Beginning with Thus Spoke Zarathustra, the paradigm of the modest, hidden helpful philosopher-therapist is replaced by the more ambitious philosopher-legislator who takes upon himself the task of determining the future of humanity. Nonetheless, I argue that we can profit more from the modest, practical insights of Nietzsche’s Epicurean art of living.

Research paper thumbnail of Leaving the Garden: al-Rāzī and Netzsche as Wayward Epicureans

Philosophy East and West 64.4, 2014

This paper initiates a dialogue between classical Islamic philosophy and late modern European tho... more This paper initiates a dialogue between classical Islamic philosophy and late modern European thought, by focusing on two peripheral, ‘heretical’ figures within these traditions: Abū Bakr Muḥammad ibn Zakariyāʾ al-Rāzī and Friedrich Nietzsche. What affiliates these thinkers across the cultural and historical chasm that separates them is their mutual fascination with, and profound indebtedness to, ancient Greek and Hellenistic philosophy. Given the specific themes, concerns and doctrines that they appropriate from this common source, I argue that al-Rāzī and Nietzsche should be read as Epicureans and seen in relation to their predecessor as part of the subterranean tradition of philosophical naturalism. However, while each figure appropriates the philosophy of Epicurus, they ultimately transform it in important ways: al-Rāzī offers us a qualified “Platonic” Epicureanism, while Nietzsche forges a radicalized “Dionysian” Epicureanism. The point of such a comparative examination is twofold. First, analyzing the divergent paths of these “wayward” Epicureans sheds new light on the historical trajectory of naturalism as a philosophical stance (as well as its current prospects and limitations). Second, by initiating a dialogue between the classical Islamic and modern European philosophical traditions, we can better understand the antagonisms and shared concerns between these two horizons, as well as the ambiguities and self-questioning that occur within them.

Research paper thumbnail of Amor fati (lexicon entry)

Nietzsche-Lexikon, ed. Christian Niemeyer (Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft), 2011

Research paper thumbnail of Züchtung (lexicon entry)

Nietzsche-Lexikon, ed. Christian Niemeyer (Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft), 2011

Research paper thumbnail of Islamic Philosophy (dictionary article)

A Dictionary of Cultural and Critical Theory, 2nd ed., ed. Michael Payne and Jessica Rae Barbera (Wiley-Blackwell)., 2010

Research paper thumbnail of Wisdom and Violence: The Legacy of Platonic Political Philosophy in al-Fārābī and Nietzsche

Comparative Philosophy in Times of Terror, ed. Douglas Allen (Lexington Books, 2006)

A vast historical, cultural and philosophical chasm separates the thought of the 10th century Isl... more A vast historical, cultural and philosophical chasm separates the thought of the 10th century Islamic philosopher al-Farabi and Friedrich Nietzsche, the progenitor of postmodernity. However, despite their significant differences, they share one important commitment: an attempt to resuscitate and reappropriate the project of Platonic political philosophy, particularly through their conceptions of the “true philosopher” as prophet, leader, and lawgiver. This paper examines al-Farabi and Nietzsche’s respective conceptions of the philosopher as commander and legislator against the background of their Platonic source, and reflects upon the human cost each thinker is willing to abide in order to establish a regime that would be conducive to the perfectibility and flourishing of the human being.

Research paper thumbnail of Dialectic in Islamic and Jewish Philosophy (encyclopedia entry)

Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2nd ed., ed. Donald Borchert, (Thompson Gale, 2005)

Research paper thumbnail of Al-Kindī and Nietzsche on the Stoic Art of Banishing Sorrow

Journal of Nietzsche Studies 28, Jan 1, 2004

This comparative examination of Nietzsche and the Islamic philosopher al-Kindi emphasizes their m... more This comparative examination of Nietzsche and the Islamic philosopher al-Kindi emphasizes their mutual commitment to the recovery of classical Greek and Hellenistic thought and the idea of philosophy as a way of life. Affiliating both thinkers with the Stoic lineage in particular, I examine the ways in which they appropriate common themes such as fatalism, self-cultivation via spiritual exercises, and the banishing of sorrow. Focusing primarily on their respective conceptions of self and nature, I argue that the antipodal worldviews of al-Kindi and Nietzsche can be understood as a bifurcation of Stoic philosophy.

Research paper thumbnail of Who is Zarathustra's Ape?

A Nietzschean Bestiary: Animality Beyond Docile and Brutal, ed. Christa and Ralph Acampora (Rowman and Littlefield, 2004)., 2004

In this paper I focus on the figure of the ape in Nietzsche's texts, and how it fits into his put... more In this paper I focus on the figure of the ape in Nietzsche's texts, and how it fits into his putative naturalism. I examine the lowly status and ignoble qualities that he associates with this animal and argue that they betray a residual anthropocentricism profoundly at odds with Nietzsche's dehumanized conception of nature. Accordingly, I suggest a reading of Nietzsche's ape remarks that brings them more into accord with his nonteleological and nonhierarchical conception of species. Ultimately, I argue that a robust, thorough going Nietzschean naturalism would require the affirmation of the ape, including everything it comes to represent for Nietzsche.

Research paper thumbnail of A Comparative Approach to Teaching Philosophy

ASIANetwork Exchange, Vol. XI, No. 1 (Fall 2003),

Research paper thumbnail of Amor Fati and Züchtung: The Paradox of Nietzsche's Nomothetic Naturalism

International Studies in Philosophy, Vol. 35 No. 3 (Fall 2003)., Jan 1, 2003

In this essay I examine the tension between Nietzsche's doctrine of amor fati and his political p... more In this essay I examine the tension between Nietzsche's doctrine of amor fati and his political project of Zuchtung. As philosophical naturalist, Nietzsche espouses a love of fate and a respect for necessity and reality. However, as philosophical legislator, he apparently denies the fatality of the human being in his attempts to cultivate or perfect it. I argue that Nietzsche's Zuchtung differs importantly from "idealistic" varieties of legislation in that it both requires and aims at the affirmation of fate. On my reading, Nietzsche's nomothetic project neither contradicts nor undermines his naturalistic project: rather it represents its apotheosis and culmination.

Research paper thumbnail of Peirce on Berkeley's Nominalistic Platonism

American Catholic Philosophical Quarterly, Vol. LXXII, No. 2 (Spring 1998)

Research paper thumbnail of Islamic Philosophy A-Z

Edinburgh University Press, 2007

A unique introductory guide to the rich, complex and diverse tradition of Islamic philosophy. Is... more A unique introductory guide to the rich, complex and diverse tradition of Islamic philosophy.

Islamic Philosophy A-Z comprises over a hundred concise entries, alphabetically ordered and cross-referenced for easy access. All the essential aspects of Islamic philosophy are covered here: key figures, schools, concepts, topics, and issues. Articles on the Peripatetics, Isma'ilis, Illuminationists, Sufis, kalam theologians and later modern thinkers are supplemented by entries on classical Greek influences as well as Jewish philosophers who lived and worked in the Islamic world. Topical entries cover various issues and key positions in all the major areas of philosophy, making clear why the central problems of Islamic philosophy have been, and remain, matters of rational disputation.

This book will prove an indispensable resource to anyone who wishes to gain a better understanding of this fascinating intellectual tradition.

Research paper thumbnail of The Return of the Epicurean Gods

Nietzsche's Gods: Critical and Constructive Perspectives ed. Russell Re Manning, Carlotta Santini and Isabelle Wienand (Walter de Gruyter, 2022). , 2022

This paper examines the significance of Epicureanism for Nietzsche’s critique of Christian monoth... more This paper examines the significance of Epicureanism for Nietzsche’s critique of Christian monotheism and his subsequent attempt to reanimate a kind of this-worldly, affirmative religiosity of immanence. After a brief overview of the pivotal role that Epicurus’ thought plays in the death of God, I focus on Epicurus’ own residual conception of the gods and the ways in which Nietzsche strategically retrieves it and puts it use in his writing. Nietzsche juxtaposes the distant, serene, indifferent Epicurean gods with the omniscient, intrusive, jealous and needy God of middle-Eastern monotheisms. One might say that they constitute a ‘halfway house’ of sorts between Christianity and Nietzsche’s new Dionysian religion of the earth. But they also figure prominently in his own conflicted desire to intervene in the aleatory course of natural history and legislate the the future of humanity: Nietzsche finds he cannot simply look down with “the mocking and aloof eyes” of an Epicurean god upon the degeneration and diminution of the human being under Christian ascetic regimes of cultivation. Ultimately, Nietzsche fails to achieve the divine temperament of the Epicurean gods (looking down from afar on human ignorance, desire and suffering with a noble pathos of distance).

Research paper thumbnail of What Does 'New Wave' Mean?

Forthcoming in: Reversing into the Future: New Wave Graphics, ed. Andrew Krivine (Pavilion, 2021), 2021

An examination of 'new wave' as a musical genre, focusing on its history and relation to punk as ... more An examination of 'new wave' as a musical genre, focusing on its history and relation to punk as well as its unique ethos and aesthetic.

Research paper thumbnail of "Is the Sea Not Full of Verdant Islands?": Zarathustra on Passing by the Great City

Joy and Laughter in Nietzsche’s Political Philosophy: Alternative Liberatory Politics, ed. Michael McNeal and Paul Kirkland (Bloomsbury, 2022), 2022

I examine Zarathustra's increasing ambivalence about his role as philosopher-prophet-legislator, ... more I examine Zarathustra's increasing ambivalence about his role as philosopher-prophet-legislator, connecting the speech "On Passing By" (Z III.7) with his doctrine of amor fati (GS 276) as a pivotal moment in his gradual ascent up the ladder of love/affirmation and consequent overcoming of great politics.

Research paper thumbnail of Zarathustra's Blessed Isles: Before and After Great Politics

Journal of Nietzsche Studies 52.1, 2021

This article considers the significance of the Blessed Isles in Nietzsche's Thus Spoke Zarathustr... more This article considers the significance of the Blessed Isles in Nietzsche's Thus Spoke Zarathustra. They are the isolated locale to which Zarathustra and his fellow creators retreat in the Second Part of the book. I trace Zarathustra's Blessed Isles back to the ancient Greek paradisiacal afterlife of the makarōn nēsoi and frame them against Nietzsche's Platonic conception of philosophers as "commanders and legislators, " but I argue that they represent something more like a modern Epicurean Garden. Ultimately, I suggest that Zarathustra's Epicurean impulse toward withdrawal (whether into a sequestered friendship community or mountain solitude) undermines his Platonic attempts at great politics.

Research paper thumbnail of Cultivating Weeds: The Place of Solitude in the Political Philosophies of Ibn Bājja and Nietzsche

Philosophy East and West 70.2 (July 2020)

This article re-exams the old tension between the philosopher and the city. Reading Ibn Bājja’s G... more This article re-exams the old tension between the philosopher and the city. Reading Ibn Bājja’s Governance of the Solitary and Nietzsche’s Thus Spoke Zarathustra against the background of Plato’s Republic, I argue that they both embrace several key aspects of Platonic political philosophy: the assumption that philosophical natures can grow spontaneously in sick cities, the ideal of the philosopher legislator and the correlative project of founding a virtuous new regime. Yet in preparation for this final task, each prescribes a regimen of solitude for philosophers, so that they might preserve their own health and autonomy. While this spiritual exercise at first appears merely temporary and provisional—aimed at the cultivation of a philosopher ruler and the eventual establishment of a healthy political regime —I argue that both Ibn Bājja and Zarathustra ultimately abandon their Platonic ambitions and opt instead for the apolitical contemplative life.

Research paper thumbnail of Great Politics and the Unnoticed Life: Nietzsche and Epicurus on the Boundaries of Cultivation

Nietzsche and Epicurus: Nature, Health and Ethics, ed. Ryan Johnson and Vinod Acharya (Bloomsbury, 2020)

This paper examines Nietzsche’s conflicted relation to Epicurus, an important naturalistic predec... more This paper examines Nietzsche’s conflicted relation to Epicurus, an important naturalistic predecessor in the ‘art of living’ tradition. I focus in particular on the Epicurean credo “live unnoticed” (lathe biōsas), which advocated an inconspicuous life of quiet philosophical reflection, self-cultivation and friendship, avoiding the public radar and eschewing the larger ambitions and perturbations of political life. Perhaps unsurprisingly, the idea looms largest and is most warmly received in Nietzsche’s middle period writings, where one finds a repeated concern with prudence, withdrawal and concealment, and where the primary emphasis is on private pluralistic experiments in therapeutic self-cultivation among small groups of free spirits. The idea of the Epicurean Garden appeals greatly to Nietzsche at this time as well, and I suggest that Zarathustra’s Blessed Isles are best understood as a friendship community along these lines. However, Nietzsche’s growing impatience with human imperfections and the siren song of great politics eventually lead him away from Epicurus and back to Plato. Beginning with Zarathustra, the paradigm of the modest, hidden helpful philosopher-therapist is replaced by the more ambitious philosopher-legislator who takes upon himself the task of determining the future of humanity. Nonetheless, I argue that we can profit more from the modest, practical insights of Nietzsche’s Epicurean art of living. (full version)

Research paper thumbnail of Nietzsche and the Falāsifa

European/Supra-European: Cultural Encounters in Nietzsche's Philosophy, ed. Marco Brusotti, Michael J. McNeal, Corinna Schubert and Herman Siemens (Walter de Gruyter, 2020), 333-48.

The last twenty-five years or so have seen the emergence of exciting comparative work on Nietzsch... more The last twenty-five years or so have seen the emergence of exciting comparative work on Nietzsche and various philosophical traditions beyond the bounds of Europe. So far, however, the emphasis has been primarily on the cultures of India, China and Japan, with an almost exclusive focus on Buddhist, Hindu, Daoist, and Confucian traditions. Surprisingly, little work has been done on Nietzsche and the Islamic tradition. In this paper, I sketch out Nietzsche’s understanding of Islam, the ways in which he uses it as a resource for his critique of Christianity and European modernity and the criticisms he has to make of it as one of the great monotheistic world religions. I then argue for the need to engage Nietzsche with specific Islamic falāsifa of the classical period (9-12th c.) rather than Islam itself, as some recent scholars have attempted to do. Although Nietzsche himself seems to have had no direct familiarity with any of the falāsifa, there are, I argue, many entry points for productive comparison and dialogue. This is at least in part because they share a significant common heritage: both were careful students of classical Greek and Hellenistic thought, and both put the insights they encountered there to work in bold new ways. Indeed, they appropriated, transformed and reanimated Greek ideas in new contexts and towards new ends that their progenitors would scarcely have recognized, and that were often radically challenging to their contemporaries. I focus here on a few select themes—the idea of philosophy as a “way of life,” the ideal of “becoming like God so far as it is possible” and the Platonic figure of the philosopher-ruler, all of which get taken up and re-imagined in radically novel and sometimes antipodal ways.

Research paper thumbnail of Great Politics and the Unnoticed Life: Nietzsche and Epicurus on the Boundaries of Cultivation

The Agonist X.2, 2017

This paper examines Nietzsche’s conflicted relation to Epicurus, an important naturalistic predec... more This paper examines Nietzsche’s conflicted relation to Epicurus, an important naturalistic predecessor in the ‘art of living’ tradition. I focus in particular on the Epicurean credo “live unnoticed” (lathe biōsas), which advocated an inconspicuous life of quiet philosophical reflection, self-cultivation and friendship, avoiding the public radar and eschewing the larger ambitions and perturbations of political life, and track its influence on Nietzsche’s thought and life. Perhaps unsurprisingly, the idea looms largest and is most warmly received in Nietzsche’s middle period writings, where one finds a repeated concern with prudence, withdrawal and concealment, and where the primary emphasis is on private pluralistic experiments in therapeutic self-cultivation among small groups of free spirits. The idea of the Epicurean Garden appeals greatly to Nietzsche at this time, and I suggest that Zarathustra’s Blessed Isles are best understood as a friendship community along these lines. However, Nietzsche’s growing impatience with human imperfections and the siren song of great politics eventually lead him away from Epicurus and back to Plato. Beginning with Thus Spoke Zarathustra, the paradigm of the modest, hidden helpful philosopher-therapist is replaced by the more ambitious philosopher-legislator who takes upon himself the task of determining the future of humanity. Nonetheless, I argue that we can profit more from the modest, practical insights of Nietzsche’s Epicurean art of living.

Research paper thumbnail of Leaving the Garden: al-Rāzī and Netzsche as Wayward Epicureans

Philosophy East and West 64.4, 2014

This paper initiates a dialogue between classical Islamic philosophy and late modern European tho... more This paper initiates a dialogue between classical Islamic philosophy and late modern European thought, by focusing on two peripheral, ‘heretical’ figures within these traditions: Abū Bakr Muḥammad ibn Zakariyāʾ al-Rāzī and Friedrich Nietzsche. What affiliates these thinkers across the cultural and historical chasm that separates them is their mutual fascination with, and profound indebtedness to, ancient Greek and Hellenistic philosophy. Given the specific themes, concerns and doctrines that they appropriate from this common source, I argue that al-Rāzī and Nietzsche should be read as Epicureans and seen in relation to their predecessor as part of the subterranean tradition of philosophical naturalism. However, while each figure appropriates the philosophy of Epicurus, they ultimately transform it in important ways: al-Rāzī offers us a qualified “Platonic” Epicureanism, while Nietzsche forges a radicalized “Dionysian” Epicureanism. The point of such a comparative examination is twofold. First, analyzing the divergent paths of these “wayward” Epicureans sheds new light on the historical trajectory of naturalism as a philosophical stance (as well as its current prospects and limitations). Second, by initiating a dialogue between the classical Islamic and modern European philosophical traditions, we can better understand the antagonisms and shared concerns between these two horizons, as well as the ambiguities and self-questioning that occur within them.

Research paper thumbnail of Amor fati (lexicon entry)

Nietzsche-Lexikon, ed. Christian Niemeyer (Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft), 2011

Research paper thumbnail of Züchtung (lexicon entry)

Nietzsche-Lexikon, ed. Christian Niemeyer (Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft), 2011

Research paper thumbnail of Islamic Philosophy (dictionary article)

A Dictionary of Cultural and Critical Theory, 2nd ed., ed. Michael Payne and Jessica Rae Barbera (Wiley-Blackwell)., 2010

Research paper thumbnail of Wisdom and Violence: The Legacy of Platonic Political Philosophy in al-Fārābī and Nietzsche

Comparative Philosophy in Times of Terror, ed. Douglas Allen (Lexington Books, 2006)

A vast historical, cultural and philosophical chasm separates the thought of the 10th century Isl... more A vast historical, cultural and philosophical chasm separates the thought of the 10th century Islamic philosopher al-Farabi and Friedrich Nietzsche, the progenitor of postmodernity. However, despite their significant differences, they share one important commitment: an attempt to resuscitate and reappropriate the project of Platonic political philosophy, particularly through their conceptions of the “true philosopher” as prophet, leader, and lawgiver. This paper examines al-Farabi and Nietzsche’s respective conceptions of the philosopher as commander and legislator against the background of their Platonic source, and reflects upon the human cost each thinker is willing to abide in order to establish a regime that would be conducive to the perfectibility and flourishing of the human being.

Research paper thumbnail of Dialectic in Islamic and Jewish Philosophy (encyclopedia entry)

Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2nd ed., ed. Donald Borchert, (Thompson Gale, 2005)

Research paper thumbnail of Al-Kindī and Nietzsche on the Stoic Art of Banishing Sorrow

Journal of Nietzsche Studies 28, Jan 1, 2004

This comparative examination of Nietzsche and the Islamic philosopher al-Kindi emphasizes their m... more This comparative examination of Nietzsche and the Islamic philosopher al-Kindi emphasizes their mutual commitment to the recovery of classical Greek and Hellenistic thought and the idea of philosophy as a way of life. Affiliating both thinkers with the Stoic lineage in particular, I examine the ways in which they appropriate common themes such as fatalism, self-cultivation via spiritual exercises, and the banishing of sorrow. Focusing primarily on their respective conceptions of self and nature, I argue that the antipodal worldviews of al-Kindi and Nietzsche can be understood as a bifurcation of Stoic philosophy.

Research paper thumbnail of Who is Zarathustra's Ape?

A Nietzschean Bestiary: Animality Beyond Docile and Brutal, ed. Christa and Ralph Acampora (Rowman and Littlefield, 2004)., 2004

In this paper I focus on the figure of the ape in Nietzsche's texts, and how it fits into his put... more In this paper I focus on the figure of the ape in Nietzsche's texts, and how it fits into his putative naturalism. I examine the lowly status and ignoble qualities that he associates with this animal and argue that they betray a residual anthropocentricism profoundly at odds with Nietzsche's dehumanized conception of nature. Accordingly, I suggest a reading of Nietzsche's ape remarks that brings them more into accord with his nonteleological and nonhierarchical conception of species. Ultimately, I argue that a robust, thorough going Nietzschean naturalism would require the affirmation of the ape, including everything it comes to represent for Nietzsche.

Research paper thumbnail of A Comparative Approach to Teaching Philosophy

ASIANetwork Exchange, Vol. XI, No. 1 (Fall 2003),

Research paper thumbnail of Amor Fati and Züchtung: The Paradox of Nietzsche's Nomothetic Naturalism

International Studies in Philosophy, Vol. 35 No. 3 (Fall 2003)., Jan 1, 2003

In this essay I examine the tension between Nietzsche's doctrine of amor fati and his political p... more In this essay I examine the tension between Nietzsche's doctrine of amor fati and his political project of Zuchtung. As philosophical naturalist, Nietzsche espouses a love of fate and a respect for necessity and reality. However, as philosophical legislator, he apparently denies the fatality of the human being in his attempts to cultivate or perfect it. I argue that Nietzsche's Zuchtung differs importantly from "idealistic" varieties of legislation in that it both requires and aims at the affirmation of fate. On my reading, Nietzsche's nomothetic project neither contradicts nor undermines his naturalistic project: rather it represents its apotheosis and culmination.

Research paper thumbnail of Peirce on Berkeley's Nominalistic Platonism

American Catholic Philosophical Quarterly, Vol. LXXII, No. 2 (Spring 1998)