Zakia Ahmed | Cairo University (original) (raw)

Papers by Zakia Ahmed

Research paper thumbnail of Review Article; Occupational Hazards in Fish Industry

The current review is directed to workers in aquaculture, fish handlers, consumers, private and g... more The current review is directed to workers in aquaculture, fish handlers, consumers, private and governmental fish industry producers and researchers. They should consider the possible occupational hazards and follow regulations and legislations adopted. The occupational hazards, safety concerns and risks to health in the aquaculture industry are based on the types of operation, scale of production and the specific species of interest. Hazard is a biological, chemical, or physical agent with the potential to cause an adverse health effect. Fish grown in excreta-fertilized or wastewater ponds may be contaminated with pathogens. Transgenic fish is hazardous because of their potential allergenicity and toxicity. Awareness of the health hazards involved in the handling of industrial fish is important, particularly for those working in the vicinity of fishin g communities. Farmhands and other workers in aquafarms are susceptible to many injuries, noise, sting from fish spines, sprain and ...

Research paper thumbnail of Effect of Water Quality Parameters on Some Health and Reproductive Indicators in Cattle Farms Associated Emerged Epidemics in Egypt

Drinking water of bad quality plays detrimental role in suppression of cattle immunity, causing h... more Drinking water of bad quality plays detrimental role in suppression of cattle immunity, causing health and reproductive problems, giving chance for increasing rate of emerged epidemics and resulting in high rates of morbidity and mortality. The present study aimed to evaluate rate of emerged epidemics with different health and reproductive indicators in cattle farms in relation to drinking water quality in these farms. Structured questionnaire is used to survey convenience sample of 132 Egyptian cattle beef and dairy farms suffering emerged epidemics to identify different risk factors and hygienic standards which may affect cattle health and reproduction. 132 water samples were collected for physiochemical and microbial analysis. Statistical analysis was performed to identify the level of association between each water quality parameter and number of emerged epidemics, health and reproductive indicators in each farm. Results revealed that large percent (78.8, 30.3, 70.5, 48.5, 15.9,...

Research paper thumbnail of Veterinary Occupational Hazards

Research paper thumbnail of Evaluation of the efficacy of commonly used disinfectants against isolated chlorine-resistant strains from drinking water used in Egyptian cattle farms

December-2019, 2019

Background and Aim: Drinking water of poor microbiological quality contains high percentages of m... more Background and Aim: Drinking water of poor microbiological quality contains high percentages of microbes causing outbreaks of mainly coliform-related diseases. These microbes could be controlled by many hygienic standards including disinfection, but disinfectants misuse causes the developing of disinfectant-resistant strains. The present study aimed to investigate drinking water bacterial profile, determine chlorine-resistant strains, and statistically correlate that with the used disinfectant and disinfection process variables. In vitro evaluation of the bactericidal effect of the most commonly used disinfectants in cattle operations against the isolated chlorine-resistant strains and detection of qacE resistance gene in the isolated chlorine-resistant Escherichia coli strains in some cattle farms suffering coliform and non-coliform related disease around Egypt. Materials and Methods: A structured questionnaire is used to survey a convenience sample of 132 Egyptian cattle beef and ...

Research paper thumbnail of Corresponding Author: Efficacy of Composting Dead Poultry and Farms Wastes Infected with Avian Influenza Virus H5N1

Composting had proven to be an environmentally sound method for disposing dead birds. The compost... more Composting had proven to be an environmentally sound method for disposing dead birds. The composting process management and monitoring it´s thermal profile, moisture content, nutrient ingredients were determined and recorded during day 1 to 33. Isolation and characterization of H5N1 avian influenza virus (AIV) in freshly dead birds and their wastes before, during and after composting was carried out using RT-PCR based assay and sequence analysis. In composting the temperature was increased gradually from 40-60°C through days 5 to 15 then declined after day 15 till end composting. The dry conditions and increased temperature were important virus determinants. Failure of re-isolation of virus in consequence to increased temperature during composting was proven when tested at day 15, end composting and dryness period. AIV was characterized before composting in the birds trachea and compost mix. Positive isolation, characterization and sequence analysis of fragment 4 of H5 gene revealed...

Research paper thumbnail of Corresponding Author: Review Article; Occupational Hazards in Fish Industry Department of Animal Hygiene

The current review is directed to workers in aquaculture, fish handlers, consumers, private and g... more The current review is directed to workers in aquaculture, fish handlers, consumers, private and governmental fish industry producers and researchers. They should consider the possible occupational hazards and follow regulations and legislations adopted. The occupational hazards, safety concerns and risks to health in the aquaculture industry are based on the types of operation, scale of production and the specific species of interest. Hazard is a biological, chemical, or physical agent with the potential to cause an adverse health effect. Fish grown in excreta-fertilized or wastewater ponds may be contaminated with pathogens. Transgenic fish is hazardous because of their potential allergenicity and toxicity. Awareness of the health hazards involved in the handling of industrial fish is important, particularly for those working in the vicinity of fishing communities. Farmhands and other workers in aquafarms are susceptible to many injuries, noise, sting from fish spines, sprain and f...

Research paper thumbnail of International Conference Challenges in Poultry Industry (Reality and Expectation

Research paper thumbnail of Protective Efficacy of Salmonella Local Strains Representing Groups B, C, D and E in a Prepared Polyvalent Formalin Inactivated Oil Adjuvant Vaccine in Layers

Microbiological Research

Salmonellosis is one of the most important bacterial diseases affecting poultry. Its importance i... more Salmonellosis is one of the most important bacterial diseases affecting poultry. Its importance is derived from the loss in productivity in affected birds and the hazard it causes for public health. Vaccination is the best mean for controlling salmonellosis in birds. In the present study, the immunizing and protective efficacy of local strains (S. Typhimurium, S. Infantis, S. Enteritidis and S. Meleagridis) and imported ones (S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis) in a prepared polyvalent and bivalent formalin inactivated oil adjuvant vaccines had been studied. A total of 150, six-weeks old SPF Lohmman layer chickens were divided into 3 groups; 50 chickens each. The 1st group was vaccinated with the polyvalent locally prepared vaccine, the 2nd group was vaccinated with the imported bivalent vaccine and the 3rd group was kept unvaccinated as a control group. The three groups were challenged with virulent S. Typhimurium, S. Infantis, S. Enteritidis and S. Meleagridis strains (108 CFU/ml o...

Research paper thumbnail of Efficacy of Composting Poultry Mortality and Farms Wastes with Mixed Respiratory Infection Viruses H5N1 and H9N2 in Egypt Zakia A.M. Ahmed, H.A. Hussein, 1 2 2M.A. Rohaim and 1H.A. Abdel Rahman

Proper hygienic disposing of dead poultry with respiratory infection and their wastes is imperati... more Proper hygienic disposing of dead poultry with respiratory infection and their wastes is imperative from socioeconomic concept. Composting is one of disposing methods and represents a major goal for control and combating this infection. Collected fresh dead birds as well their litter and wastes from broiler farms with high mortalities associated mixed respiratory symptoms were subjected to composting process. The avian influenza viruses (H5N1 & H9N2) were isolated and characterized phenotypically and genotypically from trachea prior subjecting to composting. Compost mix was kept in environmentally controlled composter from 1-28 days (end experiment). Monitoring thermal profile of the composting process was recorded. Failure of re-isolation and characterization of AIV (H5N1 & H9N2) in current work on days 15th confirmed the efficacy of composting poultry farms mortality and wastes with special concern to the current isolated classical AIV H5N1 and H9N2. Secured Composting potentiated...

Research paper thumbnail of Registeration Form

Research paper thumbnail of Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Management

Research paper thumbnail of Evaluation of the Immune Response in AI Vaccinated Broiler Chickens: Effect of Biosecurity Faults on Immune Response

International Journal of Poultry Science, 2008

This article was a trial to evaluate: The immune responses of broiler chickens vaccinated with co... more This article was a trial to evaluate: The immune responses of broiler chickens vaccinated with common AI commercial vaccines in Egypt and the effect of the applied biosecurity measures on the immune response of vaccinated chickens. The results revealed that: There were high to moderate levels of maternal immunity against AIV (H5N1and H5N2) on the 1st, 5th day of age and low levels on the 7th day of age. There was no significant difference concerning the immune response of H5N1 and H5N2 AI vaccines (P < 0.05) in vaccinated broilers. Vaccination at 10-days of age with 0.5ml of vaccine, gave satisfactory titers, on the 3rd week post vaccination. By the 4th week post vaccination chickens exhibited highest titers and continued to the 5th week post vaccination. Mortality rate was relatively higher in flocks have been given vaccine at the age of 5 days specially H5N1 vaccine (Mortality rates were 1%, 0.5 and 1%, 0.2% in the 1st and 2nd week post vaccination respectively) than those have been given at the age of 10 days (Mortality rates were 0.5%, 0.1% in both 1st and 2nd weeks post vaccination respectively). The relationships between the major components of biosecurity and immune response of vaccinated chickens revealed: 1. There was a significant correlation between HI titer and the distance between farms (r = 0.72, P < 0.05) 2. There was a significant difference between broiler houses of incorrect microclimatic conditions(Moisture content of litter, Air temperature, Air relative humidity) and immune response of broilers vaccinated against AIV (P < 0.05). The association between biosecurity faults as risk factors in broiler house and their effects on HI titers in chickens vaccinated against AIV revealed that, there was an association between faults of biosecurity measurements (Malbiosecurity measures) and the low value in HI titer of chicken sera vaccinated against AIV vaccines.

Research paper thumbnail of Indoor Air Particulates in Broiler Environment During Winter

International Journal of Poultry Science, 2011

Research paper thumbnail of Ecomonitoring of Climate Impact on Tilapia niloticus Performance and Development of Different Histopathological Changes

Research paper thumbnail of Environmental Impact of Food Deprivation on Tilapia Niloticus Performance

researchgate.net

Page 1. 1 J.Egypt.Vet.Med.Assoc.67 No.1:, (2007). ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF FOOD DEPRIVATION ON TIL... more Page 1. 1 J.Egypt.Vet.Med.Assoc.67 No.1:, (2007). ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF FOOD DEPRIVATION ON TILAPIA NILOTICUS PERFORMANCE By ZAKIA.AM AHMED: MOHGA.F.BADAWY and STMOUBARAK. Department ...

Research paper thumbnail of Ecomonitoring of Climate Impact on Earthen Pond Water Quality in El-Fayoum, Egypt

Page 1. International Research Journal of Microbiology (IRJM) (ISSN: 2141-5463) Vol. 2(11) pp. 44... more Page 1. International Research Journal of Microbiology (IRJM) (ISSN: 2141-5463) Vol. 2(11) pp. 442-454, December 2011 Available online http://www.interesjournals.org/IRJM Copyright © 2011 International Research Journals Full Length Research Paper ...

Research paper thumbnail of Microbial Ecology of Composting Dead Poultry and Their Wastes

Composting is environmentally acceptable disposal route, with potential financial benefits. Emerg... more Composting is environmentally acceptable disposal route, with potential financial benefits. Emerged Avian influenza virus epidemics in Egypt 2005-2009 potentiate proposing composting as sound method.Constructing a newly designed movable closed composting unit for dead poultry with AIV H5N1 and their wastes was one of main project goals for hygienic disposal. Field litter samples before composting confirmed existence of 4 species of Gram negative and 3 species of Gram positive bacteria as well as Aspergillus species with absence of anaerobes. Efficient composting was attained at temperature ranged 40-60°C, relative humidity 60-74%. The litter carbon content ranged from 43.77-54.72% with mean 49.25 % and carbon: nitrogen ranged (C:N) from 21.54-24.33%. Composting reduced total colony count 80 % and total fungi count 66.10%, Salmonella Spp. and Clostridium spp. count (70.59 and73.68% respectively). End compost had the highest C:N value 24.33%, moisture content 22.34%, total nitrogen 2....

Research paper thumbnail of Assessment of climatic change impact on efficiency of fish culture programs in Egypt

ECSA53 and Ocean Costal Managment , 13-17 October Shanghai , China

Research paper thumbnail of Dominant Environmental Kids Diseases In Western Region, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

saudibiosoc.com

Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 15 (1) 147-158 June, 2008 ISSN 1319-562 X The Official Journ... more Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 15 (1) 147-158 June, 2008 ISSN 1319-562 X The Official Journal of the Saudi Biological Society htt:www.saudibiosoc.com ... Dominant Environmental Kids Diseases In Western Region, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Research paper thumbnail of Application of the Japanese Johkasou Decentralised Sewage Wastewater System in Egypt: Impact on Broiler Health and Performance

Research paper thumbnail of Review Article; Occupational Hazards in Fish Industry

The current review is directed to workers in aquaculture, fish handlers, consumers, private and g... more The current review is directed to workers in aquaculture, fish handlers, consumers, private and governmental fish industry producers and researchers. They should consider the possible occupational hazards and follow regulations and legislations adopted. The occupational hazards, safety concerns and risks to health in the aquaculture industry are based on the types of operation, scale of production and the specific species of interest. Hazard is a biological, chemical, or physical agent with the potential to cause an adverse health effect. Fish grown in excreta-fertilized or wastewater ponds may be contaminated with pathogens. Transgenic fish is hazardous because of their potential allergenicity and toxicity. Awareness of the health hazards involved in the handling of industrial fish is important, particularly for those working in the vicinity of fishin g communities. Farmhands and other workers in aquafarms are susceptible to many injuries, noise, sting from fish spines, sprain and ...

Research paper thumbnail of Effect of Water Quality Parameters on Some Health and Reproductive Indicators in Cattle Farms Associated Emerged Epidemics in Egypt

Drinking water of bad quality plays detrimental role in suppression of cattle immunity, causing h... more Drinking water of bad quality plays detrimental role in suppression of cattle immunity, causing health and reproductive problems, giving chance for increasing rate of emerged epidemics and resulting in high rates of morbidity and mortality. The present study aimed to evaluate rate of emerged epidemics with different health and reproductive indicators in cattle farms in relation to drinking water quality in these farms. Structured questionnaire is used to survey convenience sample of 132 Egyptian cattle beef and dairy farms suffering emerged epidemics to identify different risk factors and hygienic standards which may affect cattle health and reproduction. 132 water samples were collected for physiochemical and microbial analysis. Statistical analysis was performed to identify the level of association between each water quality parameter and number of emerged epidemics, health and reproductive indicators in each farm. Results revealed that large percent (78.8, 30.3, 70.5, 48.5, 15.9,...

Research paper thumbnail of Veterinary Occupational Hazards

Research paper thumbnail of Evaluation of the efficacy of commonly used disinfectants against isolated chlorine-resistant strains from drinking water used in Egyptian cattle farms

December-2019, 2019

Background and Aim: Drinking water of poor microbiological quality contains high percentages of m... more Background and Aim: Drinking water of poor microbiological quality contains high percentages of microbes causing outbreaks of mainly coliform-related diseases. These microbes could be controlled by many hygienic standards including disinfection, but disinfectants misuse causes the developing of disinfectant-resistant strains. The present study aimed to investigate drinking water bacterial profile, determine chlorine-resistant strains, and statistically correlate that with the used disinfectant and disinfection process variables. In vitro evaluation of the bactericidal effect of the most commonly used disinfectants in cattle operations against the isolated chlorine-resistant strains and detection of qacE resistance gene in the isolated chlorine-resistant Escherichia coli strains in some cattle farms suffering coliform and non-coliform related disease around Egypt. Materials and Methods: A structured questionnaire is used to survey a convenience sample of 132 Egyptian cattle beef and ...

Research paper thumbnail of Corresponding Author: Efficacy of Composting Dead Poultry and Farms Wastes Infected with Avian Influenza Virus H5N1

Composting had proven to be an environmentally sound method for disposing dead birds. The compost... more Composting had proven to be an environmentally sound method for disposing dead birds. The composting process management and monitoring it´s thermal profile, moisture content, nutrient ingredients were determined and recorded during day 1 to 33. Isolation and characterization of H5N1 avian influenza virus (AIV) in freshly dead birds and their wastes before, during and after composting was carried out using RT-PCR based assay and sequence analysis. In composting the temperature was increased gradually from 40-60°C through days 5 to 15 then declined after day 15 till end composting. The dry conditions and increased temperature were important virus determinants. Failure of re-isolation of virus in consequence to increased temperature during composting was proven when tested at day 15, end composting and dryness period. AIV was characterized before composting in the birds trachea and compost mix. Positive isolation, characterization and sequence analysis of fragment 4 of H5 gene revealed...

Research paper thumbnail of Corresponding Author: Review Article; Occupational Hazards in Fish Industry Department of Animal Hygiene

The current review is directed to workers in aquaculture, fish handlers, consumers, private and g... more The current review is directed to workers in aquaculture, fish handlers, consumers, private and governmental fish industry producers and researchers. They should consider the possible occupational hazards and follow regulations and legislations adopted. The occupational hazards, safety concerns and risks to health in the aquaculture industry are based on the types of operation, scale of production and the specific species of interest. Hazard is a biological, chemical, or physical agent with the potential to cause an adverse health effect. Fish grown in excreta-fertilized or wastewater ponds may be contaminated with pathogens. Transgenic fish is hazardous because of their potential allergenicity and toxicity. Awareness of the health hazards involved in the handling of industrial fish is important, particularly for those working in the vicinity of fishing communities. Farmhands and other workers in aquafarms are susceptible to many injuries, noise, sting from fish spines, sprain and f...

Research paper thumbnail of International Conference Challenges in Poultry Industry (Reality and Expectation

Research paper thumbnail of Protective Efficacy of Salmonella Local Strains Representing Groups B, C, D and E in a Prepared Polyvalent Formalin Inactivated Oil Adjuvant Vaccine in Layers

Microbiological Research

Salmonellosis is one of the most important bacterial diseases affecting poultry. Its importance i... more Salmonellosis is one of the most important bacterial diseases affecting poultry. Its importance is derived from the loss in productivity in affected birds and the hazard it causes for public health. Vaccination is the best mean for controlling salmonellosis in birds. In the present study, the immunizing and protective efficacy of local strains (S. Typhimurium, S. Infantis, S. Enteritidis and S. Meleagridis) and imported ones (S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis) in a prepared polyvalent and bivalent formalin inactivated oil adjuvant vaccines had been studied. A total of 150, six-weeks old SPF Lohmman layer chickens were divided into 3 groups; 50 chickens each. The 1st group was vaccinated with the polyvalent locally prepared vaccine, the 2nd group was vaccinated with the imported bivalent vaccine and the 3rd group was kept unvaccinated as a control group. The three groups were challenged with virulent S. Typhimurium, S. Infantis, S. Enteritidis and S. Meleagridis strains (108 CFU/ml o...

Research paper thumbnail of Efficacy of Composting Poultry Mortality and Farms Wastes with Mixed Respiratory Infection Viruses H5N1 and H9N2 in Egypt Zakia A.M. Ahmed, H.A. Hussein, 1 2 2M.A. Rohaim and 1H.A. Abdel Rahman

Proper hygienic disposing of dead poultry with respiratory infection and their wastes is imperati... more Proper hygienic disposing of dead poultry with respiratory infection and their wastes is imperative from socioeconomic concept. Composting is one of disposing methods and represents a major goal for control and combating this infection. Collected fresh dead birds as well their litter and wastes from broiler farms with high mortalities associated mixed respiratory symptoms were subjected to composting process. The avian influenza viruses (H5N1 & H9N2) were isolated and characterized phenotypically and genotypically from trachea prior subjecting to composting. Compost mix was kept in environmentally controlled composter from 1-28 days (end experiment). Monitoring thermal profile of the composting process was recorded. Failure of re-isolation and characterization of AIV (H5N1 & H9N2) in current work on days 15th confirmed the efficacy of composting poultry farms mortality and wastes with special concern to the current isolated classical AIV H5N1 and H9N2. Secured Composting potentiated...

Research paper thumbnail of Registeration Form

Research paper thumbnail of Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Management

Research paper thumbnail of Evaluation of the Immune Response in AI Vaccinated Broiler Chickens: Effect of Biosecurity Faults on Immune Response

International Journal of Poultry Science, 2008

This article was a trial to evaluate: The immune responses of broiler chickens vaccinated with co... more This article was a trial to evaluate: The immune responses of broiler chickens vaccinated with common AI commercial vaccines in Egypt and the effect of the applied biosecurity measures on the immune response of vaccinated chickens. The results revealed that: There were high to moderate levels of maternal immunity against AIV (H5N1and H5N2) on the 1st, 5th day of age and low levels on the 7th day of age. There was no significant difference concerning the immune response of H5N1 and H5N2 AI vaccines (P < 0.05) in vaccinated broilers. Vaccination at 10-days of age with 0.5ml of vaccine, gave satisfactory titers, on the 3rd week post vaccination. By the 4th week post vaccination chickens exhibited highest titers and continued to the 5th week post vaccination. Mortality rate was relatively higher in flocks have been given vaccine at the age of 5 days specially H5N1 vaccine (Mortality rates were 1%, 0.5 and 1%, 0.2% in the 1st and 2nd week post vaccination respectively) than those have been given at the age of 10 days (Mortality rates were 0.5%, 0.1% in both 1st and 2nd weeks post vaccination respectively). The relationships between the major components of biosecurity and immune response of vaccinated chickens revealed: 1. There was a significant correlation between HI titer and the distance between farms (r = 0.72, P < 0.05) 2. There was a significant difference between broiler houses of incorrect microclimatic conditions(Moisture content of litter, Air temperature, Air relative humidity) and immune response of broilers vaccinated against AIV (P < 0.05). The association between biosecurity faults as risk factors in broiler house and their effects on HI titers in chickens vaccinated against AIV revealed that, there was an association between faults of biosecurity measurements (Malbiosecurity measures) and the low value in HI titer of chicken sera vaccinated against AIV vaccines.

Research paper thumbnail of Indoor Air Particulates in Broiler Environment During Winter

International Journal of Poultry Science, 2011

Research paper thumbnail of Ecomonitoring of Climate Impact on Tilapia niloticus Performance and Development of Different Histopathological Changes

Research paper thumbnail of Environmental Impact of Food Deprivation on Tilapia Niloticus Performance

researchgate.net

Page 1. 1 J.Egypt.Vet.Med.Assoc.67 No.1:, (2007). ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF FOOD DEPRIVATION ON TIL... more Page 1. 1 J.Egypt.Vet.Med.Assoc.67 No.1:, (2007). ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF FOOD DEPRIVATION ON TILAPIA NILOTICUS PERFORMANCE By ZAKIA.AM AHMED: MOHGA.F.BADAWY and STMOUBARAK. Department ...

Research paper thumbnail of Ecomonitoring of Climate Impact on Earthen Pond Water Quality in El-Fayoum, Egypt

Page 1. International Research Journal of Microbiology (IRJM) (ISSN: 2141-5463) Vol. 2(11) pp. 44... more Page 1. International Research Journal of Microbiology (IRJM) (ISSN: 2141-5463) Vol. 2(11) pp. 442-454, December 2011 Available online http://www.interesjournals.org/IRJM Copyright © 2011 International Research Journals Full Length Research Paper ...

Research paper thumbnail of Microbial Ecology of Composting Dead Poultry and Their Wastes

Composting is environmentally acceptable disposal route, with potential financial benefits. Emerg... more Composting is environmentally acceptable disposal route, with potential financial benefits. Emerged Avian influenza virus epidemics in Egypt 2005-2009 potentiate proposing composting as sound method.Constructing a newly designed movable closed composting unit for dead poultry with AIV H5N1 and their wastes was one of main project goals for hygienic disposal. Field litter samples before composting confirmed existence of 4 species of Gram negative and 3 species of Gram positive bacteria as well as Aspergillus species with absence of anaerobes. Efficient composting was attained at temperature ranged 40-60°C, relative humidity 60-74%. The litter carbon content ranged from 43.77-54.72% with mean 49.25 % and carbon: nitrogen ranged (C:N) from 21.54-24.33%. Composting reduced total colony count 80 % and total fungi count 66.10%, Salmonella Spp. and Clostridium spp. count (70.59 and73.68% respectively). End compost had the highest C:N value 24.33%, moisture content 22.34%, total nitrogen 2....

Research paper thumbnail of Assessment of climatic change impact on efficiency of fish culture programs in Egypt

ECSA53 and Ocean Costal Managment , 13-17 October Shanghai , China

Research paper thumbnail of Dominant Environmental Kids Diseases In Western Region, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

saudibiosoc.com

Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 15 (1) 147-158 June, 2008 ISSN 1319-562 X The Official Journ... more Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 15 (1) 147-158 June, 2008 ISSN 1319-562 X The Official Journal of the Saudi Biological Society htt:www.saudibiosoc.com ... Dominant Environmental Kids Diseases In Western Region, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Research paper thumbnail of Application of the Japanese Johkasou Decentralised Sewage Wastewater System in Egypt: Impact on Broiler Health and Performance