Francesco Correale | Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique / French National Centre for Scientific Research (original) (raw)
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Papers by Francesco Correale
A l'Ecole de toute l'Italie. Carnet de l'Ecole Française de Rome, 2022
Francesco Correale, Alberto López Bargados, Laura Feliu, Rebelarse en el desierto Movilizaciones políticas en el Oeste sahariano (1932-2020), Barcelona, Edicions Bellaterra, 2022 ISBN: 978-84-18723-49-0., 2022
Francesco Correale, Alberto López Bargados eds, Rebelarse en el desierto. Movilizaciones populares en el Oeste sahariano, Ediciones Bellaterra, Barcelona, 2022
Diplomatie - Affaires stratégiques et relations internationales, 2021
Itinerario, 2020
In Spain’s last colony, Western Sahara, both efforts by the colonial power to stimulate developme... more In Spain’s last colony, Western Sahara, both efforts by the colonial power to stimulate development and
the negative impacts of colonisation intensified between the end of the Ifni-Sahara War (1957–58) and the
Spanish withdrawal in 1975. Spanish economical and geopolitical interests triggered an important
industrial and urban development of the territory. Cities such as Laayoune, Villa Cisneros, Smara, and the
Bou Craa phosphate deposits were to showcase Spanish modernising colonial policies.
However, the effects of war, the control of colonial frontiers, and severe droughts during the 1960s
strongly affected Sahrawi society. In this context, the Spanish colonial state developed new forms of
control over the Sahrawi population, which included the progressive (forced) settling of nomadic people
around military posts and Spanish cities, bringing about the adoption of new economic paradigms. Not
only did the Francoist government distribute subsidies, both money and goods; it furthermore
implemented policies aimed at controlling the Sahrawi way of life, particularly in the areas of hygiene,
education, and gender relations. The essay analyses these “carrot-and-stick” strategies at the intersection
of colonial control and forced sedentarisation with regard to the implementation of a market-oriented
economy in Western Sahara.
The European Union Approach Towards Western Sahara, 2017
S. Boulay, F. Freire (dir.) Culture et politique dans l 'ouest saharien, Igé, L'Etrave, 2017, p.211-241., 2017
S. Caratini (dir), La question du pouvoir en Afrique du Nord et de l'Ouest. Du rapport colonial au rapport de développement, L'Ouest Saharien, HS 9-1, Paris, L'Harmattan, p.103-152, 2009, 2009
Oltreconfine Temi e fonti per lo studio dell’Africa, 2019
Immediatamente dopo il trattato di Fez, che nel marzo 1912 stabilisce il protettorato francese su... more Immediatamente dopo il trattato di Fez, che nel marzo 1912 stabilisce
il protettorato francese sul Sultanato ‘alawita, i territori dell’attuale Marocco prossimi ai confini con la colonia francese d’Algeria sono lo sfondo su cui vengono tessute indefinibili alleanze fra notabili locali ed europei. Il più delle volte si tratta di “associazioni” commerciali che mirano a sottrarsi alle dogane del moribondo stato ‘alawita o a imporre le proprie regole a margine delle autorità coloniali che stanno per prendere il sopravvento. Uno di questi episodi, definito negli archivi coloniali come affaire Cholvy de Tranoy & C. dal nome di uno dei protagonisti, legato a un tentativo d’importazione d’armi, mostra chiaramente l’ambiguità della relazione coloniale, quella “zona grigia” evocata da Daniel Rivet che permette di leggere la complessità del colonialismo in una chiave distinta dalla dicotomia dominazione/resistenza. Oggetto diquesto articolo è la sua descrizione ma anche l’espediente metodologico utilizzato in chiave microstorica, ispirato al Quarto stato di Giuseppe Pellizza da Volpedo.
Nuevos diálogos. Asia y África desde la mirada latinoamericana, 2019
El objetivo de este artículo es doble: por un lado, se trata de ilustrar uno de los caracteres pr... more El objetivo de este artículo es doble: por un lado, se trata de ilustrar uno de los caracteres principales de la política colonial española en el Sahara que, sobre todo en sus inicios, no se lleva a cabo siguiendo el principio de la conquista militar. Y esto, claramente, no por falta de voluntad sino por un déficit estructural de los medios militares, en particular después de la destrucción de la armada española a raíz de la guerra hispanoamericana de 1898. Por otro lado, se trata de focalizarse sobre la reacción de las poblaciones del Sahara Occidental, poniendo en evidencia las contradicciones de su acomodación a las medidas adoptadas por el gobierno colonial, en especial después de la época del yihad de los años 1956-1958.
S. Boulay, F. Correale (dir), Sahara Occidental. Conflit oublié, population en mouvement, Tours, PUFR, 2018, 2018
Oxford Bibliographies, 2018
Historically, the Spanish presence in Africa has been characterized by a relationship of converge... more Historically, the Spanish presence in Africa has been characterized by a relationship of convergences and divergences—particularly intense in the northwest part of the continent, most especially the northern region of early-21st-century Morocco and the hinterland of the Spanish cities of Ceuta and Melilla—and the traditional contacts maintained with the Atlantic fishing grounds near the Spanish archipelago of the Canary Islands. During the 19th century, Spanish interest expanded to other regions, such as Western Sahara and the Gulf of Guinea. After Spain lost its last colonies in Cuba and the Philippines in 1898, its interest in the African continent increased. The effective Spanish colonization of Africa was finally established in the first third of the 20th century. North Morocco, Ifni, the Tarfaya region, Western Sahara, and the territories of early-21st-century Equatorial Guinea comprised what broadly could be defined as Spanish colonial Africa. Spain’s colonial presence in Africa—with its different periods of colonization, various links between the colony and the metropoles, a plurality of legal forms (protectorate or colony), and diverse regional contexts (Arab world or sub-Saharan region)—produced a geographical and administrative division of the colonies. There was a distinction between North Morocco—whose very colonization was accompanied by a series of violent clashes that had immediate repercussions in Spain—and Spanish Western Africa, which constituted the other African colonial space. In the early 21st century, this division made by the Spanish administration is reflected in academic research, but few publications have made a comprehensive study of the Spanish colonization of Africa. Although the number of publications on Spanish colonial policy in Africa has increased in recent years, many subjects have not been addressed as of the mid-2010s. Political studies have only slowly given way to research into history, economy, anthropology, literature, health, education, and religion. Because of this research, it is now possible to have a broader understanding of this topic, with complementary views of Spanish colonization in Africa. Studies of Spanish colonial policy on the continent have not been grouped into a separate field; rather, these studies are incorporated into thematic areas or geographic areas. Thematic areas include modern history, political science, anthropology, and geography. Geographic areas include North African studies, North African and Middle East studies, and African studies (when the topic is North Morocco, Western Sahara, or Equatorial Guinea). This demonstrates the complexity of Spanish Colonial studies, the lack of interconnection in the field, and the dearth of comprehensive studies for the African context.
Awrāq. Estudios sobre el mundo árabe e islámico contemporáneo, 2000
Afriche e Orienti, 2017
Sull'organizzazione degli archivi del Ministero dell'Informazione della RASD
Paola Gandolfi (dir.) Le Maroc aujourd’hui, Quaderni Merifor, Bologna, Casa Editrice Il Ponte, 2008
A. A. AHMIDA (dir.) Bridges Across the Sahara: Social Economic and Cultural impact of the Trans-Sahara Trade during the 19th and 20th Centuries, Cambridge, Cambridge Scholars Press, 2009
L. Dakhli e V. Lemire (dir.) Étudier en liberté les mondes méditerranéens. Mélanges offerts à Robert Ilbert, Paris, Publications de la Sorbonne, 2016
Dictionnaire de la Méditerranée, D. Albera, M. Crivello, M. Tozy éd., Paris, Actes Sud, 2016
Notice sur la contrebande dans la Méditerranée
A l'Ecole de toute l'Italie. Carnet de l'Ecole Française de Rome, 2022
Francesco Correale, Alberto López Bargados, Laura Feliu, Rebelarse en el desierto Movilizaciones políticas en el Oeste sahariano (1932-2020), Barcelona, Edicions Bellaterra, 2022 ISBN: 978-84-18723-49-0., 2022
Francesco Correale, Alberto López Bargados eds, Rebelarse en el desierto. Movilizaciones populares en el Oeste sahariano, Ediciones Bellaterra, Barcelona, 2022
Diplomatie - Affaires stratégiques et relations internationales, 2021
Itinerario, 2020
In Spain’s last colony, Western Sahara, both efforts by the colonial power to stimulate developme... more In Spain’s last colony, Western Sahara, both efforts by the colonial power to stimulate development and
the negative impacts of colonisation intensified between the end of the Ifni-Sahara War (1957–58) and the
Spanish withdrawal in 1975. Spanish economical and geopolitical interests triggered an important
industrial and urban development of the territory. Cities such as Laayoune, Villa Cisneros, Smara, and the
Bou Craa phosphate deposits were to showcase Spanish modernising colonial policies.
However, the effects of war, the control of colonial frontiers, and severe droughts during the 1960s
strongly affected Sahrawi society. In this context, the Spanish colonial state developed new forms of
control over the Sahrawi population, which included the progressive (forced) settling of nomadic people
around military posts and Spanish cities, bringing about the adoption of new economic paradigms. Not
only did the Francoist government distribute subsidies, both money and goods; it furthermore
implemented policies aimed at controlling the Sahrawi way of life, particularly in the areas of hygiene,
education, and gender relations. The essay analyses these “carrot-and-stick” strategies at the intersection
of colonial control and forced sedentarisation with regard to the implementation of a market-oriented
economy in Western Sahara.
The European Union Approach Towards Western Sahara, 2017
S. Boulay, F. Freire (dir.) Culture et politique dans l 'ouest saharien, Igé, L'Etrave, 2017, p.211-241., 2017
S. Caratini (dir), La question du pouvoir en Afrique du Nord et de l'Ouest. Du rapport colonial au rapport de développement, L'Ouest Saharien, HS 9-1, Paris, L'Harmattan, p.103-152, 2009, 2009
Oltreconfine Temi e fonti per lo studio dell’Africa, 2019
Immediatamente dopo il trattato di Fez, che nel marzo 1912 stabilisce il protettorato francese su... more Immediatamente dopo il trattato di Fez, che nel marzo 1912 stabilisce
il protettorato francese sul Sultanato ‘alawita, i territori dell’attuale Marocco prossimi ai confini con la colonia francese d’Algeria sono lo sfondo su cui vengono tessute indefinibili alleanze fra notabili locali ed europei. Il più delle volte si tratta di “associazioni” commerciali che mirano a sottrarsi alle dogane del moribondo stato ‘alawita o a imporre le proprie regole a margine delle autorità coloniali che stanno per prendere il sopravvento. Uno di questi episodi, definito negli archivi coloniali come affaire Cholvy de Tranoy & C. dal nome di uno dei protagonisti, legato a un tentativo d’importazione d’armi, mostra chiaramente l’ambiguità della relazione coloniale, quella “zona grigia” evocata da Daniel Rivet che permette di leggere la complessità del colonialismo in una chiave distinta dalla dicotomia dominazione/resistenza. Oggetto diquesto articolo è la sua descrizione ma anche l’espediente metodologico utilizzato in chiave microstorica, ispirato al Quarto stato di Giuseppe Pellizza da Volpedo.
Nuevos diálogos. Asia y África desde la mirada latinoamericana, 2019
El objetivo de este artículo es doble: por un lado, se trata de ilustrar uno de los caracteres pr... more El objetivo de este artículo es doble: por un lado, se trata de ilustrar uno de los caracteres principales de la política colonial española en el Sahara que, sobre todo en sus inicios, no se lleva a cabo siguiendo el principio de la conquista militar. Y esto, claramente, no por falta de voluntad sino por un déficit estructural de los medios militares, en particular después de la destrucción de la armada española a raíz de la guerra hispanoamericana de 1898. Por otro lado, se trata de focalizarse sobre la reacción de las poblaciones del Sahara Occidental, poniendo en evidencia las contradicciones de su acomodación a las medidas adoptadas por el gobierno colonial, en especial después de la época del yihad de los años 1956-1958.
S. Boulay, F. Correale (dir), Sahara Occidental. Conflit oublié, population en mouvement, Tours, PUFR, 2018, 2018
Oxford Bibliographies, 2018
Historically, the Spanish presence in Africa has been characterized by a relationship of converge... more Historically, the Spanish presence in Africa has been characterized by a relationship of convergences and divergences—particularly intense in the northwest part of the continent, most especially the northern region of early-21st-century Morocco and the hinterland of the Spanish cities of Ceuta and Melilla—and the traditional contacts maintained with the Atlantic fishing grounds near the Spanish archipelago of the Canary Islands. During the 19th century, Spanish interest expanded to other regions, such as Western Sahara and the Gulf of Guinea. After Spain lost its last colonies in Cuba and the Philippines in 1898, its interest in the African continent increased. The effective Spanish colonization of Africa was finally established in the first third of the 20th century. North Morocco, Ifni, the Tarfaya region, Western Sahara, and the territories of early-21st-century Equatorial Guinea comprised what broadly could be defined as Spanish colonial Africa. Spain’s colonial presence in Africa—with its different periods of colonization, various links between the colony and the metropoles, a plurality of legal forms (protectorate or colony), and diverse regional contexts (Arab world or sub-Saharan region)—produced a geographical and administrative division of the colonies. There was a distinction between North Morocco—whose very colonization was accompanied by a series of violent clashes that had immediate repercussions in Spain—and Spanish Western Africa, which constituted the other African colonial space. In the early 21st century, this division made by the Spanish administration is reflected in academic research, but few publications have made a comprehensive study of the Spanish colonization of Africa. Although the number of publications on Spanish colonial policy in Africa has increased in recent years, many subjects have not been addressed as of the mid-2010s. Political studies have only slowly given way to research into history, economy, anthropology, literature, health, education, and religion. Because of this research, it is now possible to have a broader understanding of this topic, with complementary views of Spanish colonization in Africa. Studies of Spanish colonial policy on the continent have not been grouped into a separate field; rather, these studies are incorporated into thematic areas or geographic areas. Thematic areas include modern history, political science, anthropology, and geography. Geographic areas include North African studies, North African and Middle East studies, and African studies (when the topic is North Morocco, Western Sahara, or Equatorial Guinea). This demonstrates the complexity of Spanish Colonial studies, the lack of interconnection in the field, and the dearth of comprehensive studies for the African context.
Awrāq. Estudios sobre el mundo árabe e islámico contemporáneo, 2000
Afriche e Orienti, 2017
Sull'organizzazione degli archivi del Ministero dell'Informazione della RASD
Paola Gandolfi (dir.) Le Maroc aujourd’hui, Quaderni Merifor, Bologna, Casa Editrice Il Ponte, 2008
A. A. AHMIDA (dir.) Bridges Across the Sahara: Social Economic and Cultural impact of the Trans-Sahara Trade during the 19th and 20th Centuries, Cambridge, Cambridge Scholars Press, 2009
L. Dakhli e V. Lemire (dir.) Étudier en liberté les mondes méditerranéens. Mélanges offerts à Robert Ilbert, Paris, Publications de la Sorbonne, 2016
Dictionnaire de la Méditerranée, D. Albera, M. Crivello, M. Tozy éd., Paris, Actes Sud, 2016
Notice sur la contrebande dans la Méditerranée
Rashōmon in the Sahara is the result of a research project funded by the Gerda Henkel Foundation ... more Rashōmon in the Sahara is the result of a research project funded by the Gerda Henkel Foundation in Dusseldorf. An international team travels from different parts of Europe to document the so-called "Ifni-Sahara War", which took place between 1957 and 1958. It collects dozens of testimonies of combatants who took part in the conflict in Paris, Barcelona, La Unión, Casablanca, Rabat, Marrakech, Sidi Ifni, Tan Tan, Tarfaya, El Ayoun and Edchera.
Inspired by the film Rashōmon by Akira Kurosawa, in which a single event is explained from different points of view, this film brings together multiple narratives that make up a complex image of those related events.
Rashōmon team :
- Jean Philippe CORBELLINI ( Sound recording, cameraman, CNRS / MSH Val de Loire, Tours)
- Francesco CORREALE (Author, producer, CNRS / UMR 7324 CITERES, Tours)
- Camille EVRARD (Scientific expert, FRAMESPA, Université Toulouse Jean Jaurès)
- José GONZALEZ MORANDI (Director, editor, cameraman, Barcelone)
- Alberto LOPEZ BARGADOS (Author, producer, GRECS-Universitat de Barcelona)
Associated members in Western Sahara and Morocco
- Mohammed Mohammed Ahmed DAHMI (Traductor, independant researcher)
- Khalid EL MANSOURI (Traductor)
Film documentaire, retraçant l'histoire des camps de réfugiés sahraouis et les inondations qui le... more Film documentaire, retraçant l'histoire des camps de réfugiés sahraouis et les inondations qui les ont frappés en octobre 2015.
Qui a gardé souvenance de la bataille d'al-Harri, dans l'Atlas marocain, lourde défaite infligée ... more Qui a gardé souvenance de la bataille d'al-Harri, dans l'Atlas marocain, lourde défaite infligée en novembre 1914 aux forces françaises du Protectorat par une armée de Berbères ? Qui est instruit du projet de Lyautey, le « bâtisseur » du Maroc moderne, d'inonder de gaz toxiques les territoires de la résistance maghrébine au cours de l'année 1918 ? Mesurer la portée du premier conflit mondial impose la mise en lumière de la rive méridionale de la Méditerranée, ce front « oublié » de la Grande Guerre. Pour atteindre cet objectif, l'auteur a choisi d'évoquer un phénomène mal connu mais largement relaté par les sources coloniales : la « contrebande d'armes ». Ce faisant, il nous entraîne sur la piste d'hommes – quelquefois de femmes – qui, malgré l'état de siège proclamé en 1914 sur tout le territoire du Protectorat marocain, conspirent, s'associent, trafiquent, passent d'une région à l'autre dissimulant cartouches, fusils en pièces détachées, poudre et explosifs qu'ils transportent à dos de mules ou de chameaux. Il se fait également l'écho de rumeurs alimentées pour semer l'effroi au sein des autorités coloniales au point, parfois, d'immobiliser les colonnes militaires de l'occupant. Micro-histoire de la Première Guerre mondiale dans l'Ouest maghrébin, cet ouvrage montre l'importance des individus dans les mouvements de résistance et dévoile le rôle des apports en hommes, armes et argent envoyés par les Allemands et leurs alliés ottomans. À cette époque, l'occupation coloniale de cette partie de l'Afrique est loin d'être réalisée, et personne ne saurait affirmer qu'elle sera vraiment menée à terme.
Francesco CORREALE, historien au CNRS – UMR 7324 CITERES (CNRS/Un. F. Rabelais, Tours) – a travaillé sur l'histoire de la colonisation française dans l'Ouest maghrébin par une consultation systématique des archives francophones et hispanophones les plus importantes. Il poursuit actuellement ses recherches sur l'histoire coloniale du Sahara dans le cadre de l'équipe EMAM du laboratoire