Richard Grant Gilmore III | College of Charleston (original) (raw)

Books by Richard Grant Gilmore III

The comprehensive Encyclopedia of Caribbean Archaeology is a direct response to the growing need ... more The comprehensive Encyclopedia of Caribbean Archaeology is a direct response to the growing need among academics and the public to conveniently obtain scholarly information on Caribbean archaeology in one volume. The encyclopedia reflects the rich and complex human presence in the Caribbean by providing entries showcasing prehistoric and historical archaeology subjects from the Anglophone, Spanish, Francophone and Dutch Caribbean. Research topics addressed are diverse and cutting-edge, as the usual questions of colonization, adaptation, artifactual analysis, evolution, social and political organization and mythology are complemented by emerging issues such as historical ecology, geoinformatics, paleodemography, environmental archaeology, seafaring simulations, DNA and archaeometry. The periods explored, extend from the 7,000 year old Ortoiroid sites of Banwari Trace and St. John in Trinidad, to more contemporary entries, such as archaeological heritage management, UNESCO, and its affiliate organizations in the Caribbean. Many entries relate to the archaeological profiles of specific territories, sites, areas of interest, historic architecture, and the biographies of Caribbean archaeology luminaries who are now deceased. The volume will undoubtedly prove useful to archaeologists, historians, anthropologists, geographers, heritage professionals and advanced as well as novice archaeology students. Non-specialists as well as the general public will find the Encyclopedia’s writing style to be accessible through its concise and clear prose as well as the inclusion of a thorough glossary.

Peer Reviewed Chapters by Richard Grant Gilmore III

The first cultural heritage management organisation on St Eustatius, the St.Eustatius Historical ... more The first cultural heritage management organisation on St Eustatius, the St.Eustatius Historical Foundation, was established in 1974. During the 1980-1990snumerous archaeological projects, including site inventories, were conducted byNorman F. Barka and his students at the College of William and Mary (USA) andalso by Leiden University’s Aad Versteeg. Much of Barka’s work was conducted inconjunction with a number of building restoration/renovation projects completedduring the 1980s.The Island Territory first drafted a Monuments Ordinance in 1989. AMonuments Foundation was established in 1990, and in 1992 the Curaçao basedarchitecture firm Plan D2 compiled a “Master Plan for the Oranjestad HistoricCore Restoration,” which led to an inventory of 110 monument sites by Saskiade Kock in 1995, and two more urban historic renovation plans for the island in1996 (Plan D’2 1989; Haviser and Gilmore 2011). The St. Eustatius Center forArchaeological (SECAR) was initially conceived in 1997, however, funding for theproject was not made available until 2004. The author was the founding Directorand also acted as the Island Archaeologist in the service of the St Eustatius IslandGovernment. With SECAR, the significance of archaeological heritage on St.Eustatius is reaching a broader public and professional audience than ever before(Gilmore 2006a, 2006b, 2006c, 2006d, 2008, 2009, 2013, 2014a, 2014b).In May 2008, a monuments ordinance was passed by the Island Council,however, there is still no local protection for archaeological heritage in place; the St.Eustatius Center for Archaeological Research (SECAR) has spearheaded an effortto alleviate this issue. SECAR has an unusual opportunity to heavily influencehow Dutch heritage laws will be implemented on the BES islands (Gilmore &Dijkshoorn 2005). Of primary importance is the aforementioned European UnionValetta Convention. Under the Valetta Treaty, all archaeological heritage within asignatory’s country is protected. Each nation decides how to enforce the tenets ofthe treaty and to what extent research archaeology is permitted. As it now stands in the Netherlands, commercial archaeology conducted prior to developmentis the only option. Also, all archaeology is paid for by the developer—not thegovernment.The CRM project described here was conducted prior to the implementationof any EU or local legislation governing archaeological sites and architectural monuments. The project was planned, conceived and completed as a potentialmodel for future restoration and archaeological work on the island.

From 20 June to 12 August 2011 a team of the St. Eustatius Centre for ArchaeologicalResearch (SEC... more From 20 June to 12 August 2011 a team of the St. Eustatius Centre for ArchaeologicalResearch (SECAR) and the Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University under thedirection of Dr. R. Grant Gilmore III, Dr. Menno Hoogland and Prof. Corinne Hofman carried out Phase 2 of the archaeological assessment of the Cul-de-SacPlantation area on St. Eustatius, commonly known as The Farm. The project was initiated by NuStar Energy in concordance with the European Union Valetta Treaty(or Malta Convention), prior to the proposed expansion of the NuStar Energy oilterminal including the construction of a new jetty. The field team consisted ofSECAR staff members, students from Leiden University and volunteers.The main objective of this second phase was to assess the presence/absenceof pre-Columbian archaeological sites in the Cul-de-Sac Plantation area, lyingbetween the well-known prehistoric sites of Golden Rock (SE 6) and Godet/SmokeAlley (SE 203). Phase 2 built upon the earlier Phase 1 of this project by SECAR(Stelten 2011) which was carried out during the months of February through April2011 and which entailed a pedestrian assessment of the Cul-de-Sac Plantation areawith non-invasive techniques. Fifteen possible archaeological sites were identified.All of these sites were from the Colonial period.Phase 2 included mechanical excavation of a number of trenches with anexcavator provided by NuStar Energy in the most threatened areas of the Culde-Sac Plantation region in order to assess the subsurface presence/absence ofpre-Columbian sites or artifact scatters. In total, 21 lengthy test trenches were excavated.
In addition, in the area of a proposed jetty, two test pits of 1 m2 were excavatedin order to assess this area, which is known to contain a high number of pre-Columbian and Colonial period sites such as the leper colony burial ground(SE 127), the prehistoric sites of Godet (SE 6) and Smoke Alley (SE 203), the17th-18th century slave burials and colonial ruins, and underwater sites. Majorprehistoric and historic sites are known to be located directly adjacent to theproposed jetty area, primarily on government-owned land south of the access trackto the proposed new jetty.Furthermore, as a part of Phase 2 of the archaeological project, an assessmentof the known pre-Columbian sites in the direct vicinity of the Cul-de-SacPlantation area and others on the island was carried out, primarily to gain a betterunderstanding of their current state of preservation and the effects of erosionand slope wash processes. This survey relied on information gathered througharchaeological reports by Prof. J.P.B. De Josselin de Jong in 1923 (De Josselinde Jong 1947), and by Dr. Jay Haviser in 1981 and 1982 (Haviser 1985). Thecoastal site of Godet was originally investigated in 1975 by Dr. Alfredo Figueredo,however the results were never published. Large scale excavations were undertakenin the 1980s and 1990s by Dr. Aad Versteeg of Leiden University at the Saladoidperiod site of Golden Rock located near the island’s airport (Versteeg 1990, 1991;Versteeg & Schinkel 1992), the post-Saladoid sites of Godet and Smoke Alley(Versteeg et al. 1993) and later at the Archaic Age site of Corre Corre Bay 2. Thenumber of known pre-Columbian sites now totals 14 of which the majority werevisited during Haviser’s surveys. Because of their small size and limited materialculture assemblages, Haviser interpreted the majority of these sites as specializedsatellite sites around the major villages of pre-Columbian Golden Rock andGodet. Known sites have been relocated on the basis of Haviser’s (1985) writteninstructions, combined with GPS coordinates from SECAR’s AutoCAD map ofthe archaeological sites on St. Eustatius.

This chapter discusses the archaeological assessment of the remains of a nineteenthcenturysugar p... more This chapter discusses the archaeological assessment of the remains of a nineteenthcenturysugar plantation complex on the grounds of the Bethlehem Estate, St.Maarten (St. Martin). This estate is presently owned by the heirs of William R.Plantz and is in the process of being developed and/or subdivided for a variety ofland-use purposes by Bethlehem Real Estate Development NV (BRED NV). Tothis end a planning permit request has been prepared in consultation with islandgovernment representatives. BRED NV has agreed to make an effort to preservethe Bethlehem sugar estate ruins as a historic site, to be integrated in a parklikesetting within the future adjacent developments, which will be open to thepublic on conditions yet to be determined. The ruins of several sugar plantationshave been examined on the southern part of the island of St. Maarten over thepast few decades (Barka 1993, 1998). However, only a few of these have beenmapped into detail. Consequently, the opportunity to study another St. Maartensugar plantation was welcomed for the cultural heritage preservation needs of theisland as well as for comparison with sugar plantation sites on nearby St. Eustatius.The fieldwork was carried out from January 20th until February 6th, 2006 by ateam from Leiden University, The Netherlands, and the St. Eustatius Center forArchaeological Research (SECAR) under the direction of the first author.The archaeological assessment was aimed at acquiring all the informationnecessary for a responsible development as indicated above and as such had alimited scope. The assessment focused on a core plot of land of approximately6,000 m² (1,5 acres) on which the remains of the original plantation house and itsaccessory buildings are situated. The surrounding area has been assessed only for as far as this was necessary for orientation purposes. The purpose of the requiredassessment was to make recommendations to BRED NV concerning: (1) theboundaries of the area to be preserved, also in view of the natural properties ofthe terrain; (2) the conservation of the historic remains; and (3) the historicalinformation to be disseminated to the visitors of the site.as far as this was necessary for orientation purposes. The purpose of the requiredassessment was to make recommendations to BRED NV concerning: (1) theboundaries of the area to be preserved, also in view of the natural properties ofthe terrain; (2) the conservation of the historic remains; and (3) the historicalinformation to be disseminated to the visitors of the site.

The inaugural volume for series Multidisciplinary Perspectives in Archaeological Heritage Management, New York: Springerlink for ICOMOS and ICAHM, 2013

St. Eustatius in the Dutch Caribbean was at the nexus of an interdependent Atlantic World financi... more St. Eustatius in the Dutch Caribbean was at the nexus of an interdependent Atlantic World financial network at the end of the eighteenth century. Trading was so great on St. Eustatius that a significant proportion of capital made available to the burgeoning Industrial Revolution via investment banks was as a direct result of profits derived from this small island. A combination of economic theory, documentary and archaeological evidence helps to characterize the extent and value of St. Eustatius’ contributions to the Atlantic World economy during this pivotal period in the development of Capitalism as a global economic force.

The Encyclopaedia of Caribbean Archaeology. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. (20,000 words), 2013

P. Siegel and E. Righter (Eds.) Protecting Heritage in the Caribbean. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2011

Free-Ports of the Caribbean. National Archaeological Anthropological Memory Management (NAAM): Curacao, N.A., 2009

Archaeology and Geoinformatics: Case Studies from the Caribbean. Ed. Basil Reid. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press., 2008

African Re-genesis: confronting social issues in the African Diaspora, London: Routledge (One World Archaeology Series), 2006

Cities in the World, 1500-2000, London: Maney, 2006

Archeology in the Caribbean and the World Heritage List, an archeological approach towards the Global Strategy", ed. Nuria Sanz. Paris:UNESCO, 2005

Journal Articles by Richard Grant Gilmore III

The Dutch had a nearly blank slate on which to produce their new colony when they settled the Car... more The Dutch had a nearly blank slate on which to produce their new colony when they settled the Caribbean island of St. Eustatius in 1636. The colonists sought to create a productive agricultural colony, which would require a structured system of economic production and a means for social reproduction. The Dutch elites strategically situated churches on the island’s landscape to produce St. Eustatius as a social space. There were two key tensions that shaped the Dutch elites' decisions on where to construct religious places on the island landscape: how to maintain the Dutch Reformed Church as the sole public religion while respecting individuals’ right to the freedom of conscience, and how to find the proper balance between capitalist accumulation and Protestant aestheticism. While the Dutch elites hoped that their positioning of religious places would create a stable society, the majority of the population lived this space in a manner different from the Dutch elites’ plan.

FORT: The International Journal of Fortifications and Military Architecture, May 2013

In Archaeobrief: Vakblad voor de Nederlandse archaeologie. The Journal for Stichting voor de Nederlandse Archaeologie. Vol. 9:1

In Archaeobrief: Vakblad voor de Nederlandse archaeologie. The Journal for Stichting voor de Nederlandse Archaeologie. Vol. 9:1, 2006

Archaeological Society of Virginia Quarterly Bulletin. Volume 52, Number 2. Pages 77-89, 1997

Book Reviews by Richard Grant Gilmore III

Journal Articles Under Review by Richard Grant Gilmore III

The Journal of Ecclesiastical History

The inaugural volume for series Multidisciplinary Perspectives in Archaeological Heritage Management, New York: Springerlink for ICOMOS and ICAHM, 2013

The Encyclopaedia of Caribbean Archaeology. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. (20,000 words), 2013

P. Siegel and E. Righter (Eds.) Protecting Heritage in the Caribbean. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2011

Free-Ports of the Caribbean. National Archaeological Anthropological Memory Management (NAAM): Curacao, N.A., 2009

Archaeology and Geoinformatics: Case Studies from the Caribbean. Ed. Basil Reid. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press., 2008

African Re-genesis: confronting social issues in the African Diaspora, London: Routledge (One World Archaeology Series), 2006

Cities in the World, 1500-2000, London: Maney, 2006

Archeology in the Caribbean and the World Heritage List, an archeological approach towards the Global Strategy", ed. Nuria Sanz. Paris:UNESCO, 2005

FORT: The International Journal of Fortifications and Military Architecture, May 2013

In Archaeobrief: Vakblad voor de Nederlandse archaeologie. The Journal for Stichting voor de Nederlandse Archaeologie. Vol. 9:1

In Archaeobrief: Vakblad voor de Nederlandse archaeologie. The Journal for Stichting voor de Nederlandse Archaeologie. Vol. 9:1, 2006

Archaeological Society of Virginia Quarterly Bulletin. Volume 52, Number 2. Pages 77-89, 1997

The Journal of Ecclesiastical History

Cultural, social, economic and geographic issues facing historic preservation practitioners acros... more Cultural, social, economic and geographic issues facing historic preservation practitioners across the Atlantic World will be explored in this talk. Special emphasis will be placed on those working in the Caribbean, Central/South America, West Africa and Europe where boundaries are sometimes irrelevant and being on the periphery is significant. Local/indigenous experiences and observations regarding valuing the historic past will be critically addressed. Participants will also gain insights into the variation in historic preservation law across the Atlantic Word.

International Association for Caribbean Archaeology (IACA) Conference, Antigua. Paper entitled “

2010 Charleston, SC February 25-27, 2010“

Given by the Dutch Royal Family in recognition of the successful cooperative research programme b... more Given by the Dutch Royal Family in recognition of the successful cooperative research programme between the Leiden Archaeology Faculty and the St. Eustatius Center for Archaeological Research it was one of only two given.

In March through June 1999, Colonial Williamsburg’s Department of Archaeological Research (DAR) c... more In March through June 1999, Colonial Williamsburg’s Department of Archaeological Research (DAR) conducted Phase II archaeological investigations of four multi-component archaeological sites at George WashingtonBirthplace National Monument (GWBNM)in Westmoreland County, Virginia. This research was conducted under a cooperative agreement with the National Park Service. These sites (state site numbers 44WM89, 44WM218, 44WM259, and 44WM272) were originally identified during previous archaeological surveys conducted by the College of William & Mary and Dr. David Orr of the National Park Service. The current investigations were carried out in order to determine the sites’ boundaries, refine our understanding of the time periods that these sites were occupied, and to determine their potential eligibility for nomination to the National Register of Historic Places. In addition, the new information provided by these investigations will be used to augment current interpretive strategies at the park. At this time, the lives of enslaved Africans are not a significant component of public interpretation at GWBNM. The results of the Phase II work completed this spring provide a framework through which slave life at Popes Creek may be interpreted to the public. If you are interested in a copy of this report please ask at Colonial Williamsburg or the National Park service.

This comprehensive volume will relate archaeological and architectural research that has been con... more This comprehensive volume will relate archaeological and architectural research that has been conducted over the past 130 years on one of the best preserved historic landscapes in the Caribbean.

For the past four decades there has been only one book that every historical/colonial/post-mediev... more For the past four decades there has been only one book that every historical/colonial/post-medieval archaeologist has kept close by in the field or lab--Ivor Noel Hume's Guide to Colonial Artifacts. Although succinct, it is relatively thorough and has been a good friend to most of us as archaeologists, collectors, historians and museologists. However, there are limits to the volume and its practical advice for field archaeologists.
The present book is written and built for travel in a field bag, glove compartment, or tablet computer. Color illustrations and line drawings provide clear visual references as biological and geological field guides have done for decades. The current knowledge with regard to identification, nomenclature, manufacturing technology, place of origin and decorative variation are indicated. Finally, the latest field conservation techniques are explained to enhance the chances that found artifacts are brought in from the field to the lab in ideal condition.
The author(s) hope that you enjoy using this book as much as we enjoyed writing it. We would enjoying hearing about your adventures in colonial archaeology, how you found this book useful and where we may improve upon it for future editions.

In this thesis, a synthetic analysis of historical and archaeological material from slave sites a... more In this thesis, a synthetic analysis of historical and archaeological material from slave sites across the Americas is used to identify the cultural role of the slave holder in transforming African-American societies. Using a comparative approach, I have
reviewed patterns associated with each European colonial power. It is generally believed that environmental conditions determined much in the way of slave architecture and foodways. However, I will show that ther are specific patterns in slave related architecture, foodways, religion and laws that are linked to Euro-ethinic cultural patterns in English, French, Spanish, Dutch and Danish colonies during the seventeenth to nineteenth centuries. I have also identified the temporal changes in the treatment of
slaves during the pre-emancipation period that have specific material cultural patterns associated with the Euro-ethnic identity of each colonial power.
Using St. Eustatius in the Netherlands Antilles as a case study, I demonstrate the efficacy of comparative analyses in identifying Euro-ethnic cultural trends that guided and affected enslaved African’s lives and are reflected in material cultural remains.
These cultural markers can be classified within three thematic catagories that will provide common threads thoughout the thesis. First, ethnicity, comprising the Euroethnic origins of masters, Native American communities, and diverse African cultural
legacies, influenced slaves’ lives. Second, slave roles as agricultural labourers, skilled tradesmen, soldiers, watchmen and then as natives of the various colonies clearly affected their sense of identity. Third, power relations between masters and slaves
influenced aspects of slaves’ daily life to varying degrees in each colony.
On St. Eustatius the comparisons are articulated on two levels. First, slave involvement in the colonial economy on St. Eustatius was unlike that found in the other colonies in that slaves were much more active actors within it. The Statian economy
was not based upon plantation monoculture but on providing a free trade port that was then unequalled in the West Indies. In this economy, slaves were not commodities but also direct participants as merchants and traders themselves to a degree not found
anywhere else. No previous researcher has attempted to reconstruct how slaves worked in this trade economy. Second, this involvement of slaves in the economy led to a unique position in the cultural and economic landscape as perceived by their masters on the island. This is reflected in the location of slave housing, laws governing slave participation in economic activities, slave religion, and in opportunities for escape and
resistence.
As part of this comparative analysis, I have also conducted a thin-section analysis of slave produced ceramics or Afro-Caribbean ware from St. Eustatius, Nevis, St. Lucia, Antigua, St. Croix and Barbuda. The goal was to examine any island specific
differences in clay types to provide evidence for possible circum-Caribbean trade networks for these ceramics. I have determined that each island produced unique ceramic types and that there may have been some exchange of these vessels among
islands.
The conclusion reveals that only a comparative analysis on a global scale can identify the unique parameters impacting slave material culture under each European power. It is hoped that this thesis will encourage further comparative research, particularly in French, Spanish and Portuguese colonial areas.